Nina Jablonski breaks the illusion of skin color

316,358 views ใƒป 2009-08-07

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hyoungjin Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Young-ho Park
ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์€
00:19
Interestingly, Charles Darwin
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00:22
was born a very lightly pigmented man,
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ด ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒ€์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์—
00:26
in a moderately-to-darkly pigmented world.
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์˜…์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
Over the course of his life,
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๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ํฐ ํŠน๊ถŒ์„
00:33
Darwin had great privilege.
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๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
He lived in a fairly wealthy home.
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๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ๊ฝค ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
He was raised by very supportive and interested parents.
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์คฌ์ฃ .
00:42
And when he was in his 20s
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์œˆ์€ 20๋Œ€์—
00:44
he embarked upon a remarkable voyage on the ship the Beagle.
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๋น„๊ธ€ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
And during the course of that voyage,
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์ด ํ•ญํ•ด ๋„์ค‘
00:51
he saw remarkable things:
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
tremendous diversity of plants and animals, and humans.
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์‹๋ฌผ, ๋™๋ฌผ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„์š”.
00:57
And the observations that he made
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ฌํ–‰์—์„œ
00:59
on that epic journey
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๋‹ค์œˆ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
01:01
were to be eventually distilled
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด 150๋…„ ์ „ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋œ
01:03
into his wonderful book, "On the Origin of Species,"
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ €์„œ,
01:05
published 150 years ago.
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ใ€Ž์ข…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›ใ€์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
Now what is so interesting
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ใ€Ž์ข…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›ใ€์—์„œ
01:11
and to some, the extent, what's a bit infamous
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ , ๋‹ค์†Œ
01:15
about "The Origin of Species,"
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๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ ์€
01:17
is that there is only one line in it
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:19
about human evolution.
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๋‹จ ํ•œ ์ค„๋งŒ ์จ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
"Light will be thrown on the origin of man
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โ€œ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์›๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—
01:25
and his history."
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๋น›์ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ€
01:27
It wasn't until much longer,
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ธธ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋žœ
01:29
much later,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ
01:31
that Darwin actually spoke
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๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:33
and wrote about humans.
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์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €์ˆ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
Now in his years of
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๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ๋น„๊ธ€ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ 
01:38
traveling on the Beagle,
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ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ
01:40
and from listening to the accounts
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ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผํ•™์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์€
01:42
or explorers and naturalists,
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
01:44
he knew that skin color
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•จ์—
01:48
was one of the most important ways
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ
01:50
in which people varied.
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์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
And he was somewhat interested in the pattern of skin color.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:56
He knew that darkly pigmented peoples
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๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ง™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
01:58
were found close to the equator;
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์ ๋„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
lightly pigmented peoples, like himself,
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์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ‰์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์˜…์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
02:03
were found closer to the poles.
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๊ทน์ง€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
So what did he make of all this?
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๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:08
Well he didn't write anything about it in The Origin of Species.
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๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ใ€Ž์ข…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›ใ€์— ์ „ํ˜€ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
But much later, in 1871,
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๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ•œ์ฐธ ํ›„์ธ 1871๋…„
02:14
he did have something to say about it.
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์ด ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธด ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
And it was quite curious. He said,
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๊ฝค ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„
02:18
"Of all the differences between the races of men,
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โ€œ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐจ์ด์  ์ค‘์—
02:21
the color of the skin is the most conspicuous
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ณ 
02:23
and one of the best marked."
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ํŠน์ง•์ โ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:25
And he went on to say,
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์ด์–ด์„œ
02:27
"These differences do not coincide
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โ€œ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์˜
02:30
with corresponding differences in climate."
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๊ธฐํ›„ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
So he had traveled all around.
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๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
He had seen people of different colors
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰
02:38
living in different places.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
And yet he rejected the idea
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ๊ฐ€
02:42
that human skin pigmentation
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๊ธฐํ›„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
02:45
was related to the climate.
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์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
If only Darwin lived today.
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๋‹ค์œˆ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:51
If only Darwin had NASA.
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NASA๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ฌ๋ž์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Now, one of the wonderful things that NASA does
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  NASA๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์ผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
02:58
is it puts up a variety of satellites
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ
03:00
that detect all sort of interesting things about our environment.
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๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ„์„ฑ์„ ์˜์•„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
And for many decades now
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ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
03:06
there have been a series of TOMS satellites
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์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š”
03:09
that have collected data about the radiation of the Earth's surface.
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ TOMS ์œ„์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
The TOMS 7 satellite data, shown here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” TOMS 7 ์œ„์„ฑ ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ
03:16
show the annual average
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์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์—ฐํ‰๊ท 
03:18
ultraviolet radiation at the Earth's surface.
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์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
Now the really hot pink and red areas
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์•„์ฃผ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰, ๋ถ‰์€ ์ƒ‰ ์ง€์—ญ์€
03:24
are those parts of the world that receive the highest amounts
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•œ ํ•ด ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€
03:27
of UV during the year.
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์ž์™ธ์„ (UV)์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
The incrementally cooler colors --
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๋” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ์ƒ‰์ธ
03:33
blues, greens, yellows, and finally grays --
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ํŒŒ๋ž‘, ๋…น์ƒ‰, ๋…ธ๋ž‘, ํšŒ์ƒ‰์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ
03:36
indicate areas of much lower ultraviolet radiation.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
What's significant to the story of human skin pigmentation
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€
03:43
is just how much of the Northern Hemisphere
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๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ์ง€๋Œ€์—
03:47
is in these cool gray zones.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
This has tremendous implications for our understanding
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ
03:53
of the evolution of human skin pigmentation.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
And what Darwin could not appreciate,
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๋‹ค์œˆ์ด ์ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์ ,
03:59
or didn't perhaps want to appreciate at the time,
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ํ˜น์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ์ ์€
04:02
is that there was a fundamental relationship
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์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์™€
04:05
between the intensity of ultraviolet radiation
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ๊ฐ„์—
04:08
and skin pigmentation.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
And that skin pigmentation itself
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€
04:13
was a product of evolution.
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์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
And so when we look at a map of skin color,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ
04:19
and predicted skin color, as we know it today,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์€, ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ ๋“ฏ์ด
04:22
what we see is a beautiful gradient
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์ ๋„ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ง™์–ด์ง€๊ณ 
04:25
from the darkest skin pigmentations toward the equator,
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๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์˜…์–ด์ง€๋Š”
04:28
and the lightest ones toward the poles.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ƒ‰๋น„ํƒˆ์„ ์ด๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
What's very, very important here
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
04:35
is that the earliest humans
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š”
04:37
evolved in high-UV environments,
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UV๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธ ์ ๋„ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ
04:40
in equatorial Africa.
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์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
The earliest members of our lineage,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ˜ˆํ†ต๋“ค์ธ
04:45
the genus Homo, were darkly pigmented.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์†(ๅฑฌ)์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ง™์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
And we all share this incredible heritage
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ 200๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„์—์„œ 150๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „
04:52
of having originally been
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์›๋ž˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ด ์ง™์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
04:54
darkly pigmented,
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์œ ์‚ฐ์„
04:56
two million to one and half million years ago.
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๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
Now what happened in our history?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:04
Let's first look at the relationship
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๋จผ์ € ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ
05:06
of ultraviolet radiation to the Earth's surface.
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์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ณต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
In those early days of our evolution,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ
05:12
looking at the equator,
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์ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
05:14
we were bombarded by high levels of ultraviolet radiation.
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์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์Ÿ์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
The UVC, the most energetic type,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์ธ UVC๋Š”
05:20
was occluded by the Earth's atmosphere.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
But UVB and UVA
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ UVB์™€ UVA๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ
05:25
especially, came in unimpeded.
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๋ฐฉํ•ด ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ†ต๊ณผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
UVB turns out to be incredibly important.
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UVB๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
It's very destructive,
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UBV๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํ•ด๋กญ์ง€๋งŒ
05:33
but it also catalyzes the production of vitamin D in the skin,
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
vitamin D being a molecule that we very much need
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๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D๋Š” ํŠผํŠผํ•œ ๋ผˆ, ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•,
05:41
for our strong bones, the health of our immune system,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—
05:45
and myriad other important functions in our bodies.
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๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
So, living at the equator, we got
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ๋„์— ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
05:50
lots and lots of ultraviolet radiation
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ 
05:53
and the melanin --
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๋Š”
05:56
this wonderful, complex, ancient polymer
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ธ
06:00
compound in our skin --
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๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์ด
06:02
served as a superb natural sunscreen.
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์ž์™ธ์„  ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
This polymer is amazing
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์ด ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด๋ฐ
06:08
because it's present in so many different organisms.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
Melanin, in various forms, has probably been on the Earth
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๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์•„๋งˆ๋„
06:13
a billion years,
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10์–ต๋…„์€ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
and has been recruited over and over again
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
06:18
by evolution, as often happens.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
Why change it if it works?
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ๋ฐ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
06:24
So melanin was recruited, in our lineage,
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๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ด,
06:28
and specifically in our earliest ancestors
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ํŠนํžˆ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ
06:31
evolving in Africa,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด
06:33
to be a natural sunscreen.
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์ฒœ์—ฐ ์ž์™ธ์„  ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
Where it protected the body
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๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€
06:37
against the degradations of ultraviolet radiation,
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์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ณ ,
06:40
the destruction, or damage to DNA,
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DNA๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:43
and the breakdown of a very important molecule called folate,
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”
06:47
which helps to fuel cell production,
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์—ฝ์‚ฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€
06:50
and reproduction in the body.
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๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
So, it's wonderful. We evolved this very protective,
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๋†€๋ž์ฃ . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
06:56
wonderful covering of melanin.
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์•„์ฃผ ํŠผํŠผํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ง‰์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
But then we moved.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
And humans dispersed -- not once, but twice.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ํฉ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
Major moves, outside of our equatorial homeland,
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์ ๋„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ
07:11
from Africa into other parts of the Old World,
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๊ตฌ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ด๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
07:15
and most recently, into the New World.
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์ตœ๊ทผ์—” ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
When humans dispersed into these latitudes,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ„๋„๋กœ ํฉ์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ
07:20
what did they face?
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:22
Conditions were significantly colder,
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๊ธฐ์˜จ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์•˜๊ณ 
07:25
but they were also less intense
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์ž์™ธ์„ ์€
07:27
with respect to the ultraviolet regime.
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๋” ์•ฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
So if we're somewhere in the Northern Hemisphere,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:33
look at what's happening to the ultraviolet radiation.
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์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
07:36
We're still getting a dose of UVA.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ UVA๋ฅผ ์ผ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋งŒ
07:39
But all of the UVB,
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๋ชจ๋“ , ํ˜น์€
07:41
or nearly all of it,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  UVB๋Š”
07:43
is dissipated through the thickness of the atmosphere.
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๋‘ํ„ฐ์šด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํฉ์–ด์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
In the winter, when you are skiing in the Alps,
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๊ฒจ์šธ์— ์•Œํ”„์Šค์—์„œ ์Šคํ‚ค๋ฅผ ํƒ„๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:50
you may experience ultraviolet radiation.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
But it's all UVA,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘ UVA์ด๋ฉฐ
07:55
and, significantly, that UVA
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€ UVA๊ฐ€
07:57
has no ability to make vitamin D in your skin.
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
So people inhabiting northern hemispheric environments
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
08:07
were bereft of the potential
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ ๋…„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D๋ฅผ
08:10
to make vitamin D in their skin for most of the year.
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๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
This had tremendous consequences
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ์ง„ํ™”์—
08:16
for the evolution of human skin pigmentation.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
Because what happened, in order to ensure health and well-being,
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์•ž์„œ ๋งํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ, ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ
08:23
these lineages of people
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์ด ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
08:25
dispersing into the Northern Hemisphere
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
08:29
lost their pigmentation.
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
There was natural selection
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์˜…๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ
08:33
for the evolution of lightly pigmented skin.
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์ž์—ฐ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
Here we begin to see the evolution
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํŠน์ง•์ง“๋Š”
08:40
of the beautiful sepia rainbow
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์„ธํ”ผ์•„ ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ๋น›์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„
08:42
that now characterizes all of humanity.
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๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
Lightly pigmented skin evolved not just once,
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์˜…์€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:49
not just twice, but probably three times.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
Not just in modern humans,
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ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:54
but in one of our distant unrelated ancestors,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ˜ˆ์—ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด ๋จผ ์„ ์กฐ์ธ ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ๋„
08:58
the Neanderthals.
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์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
A remarkable, remarkable testament
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์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
09:02
to the power of evolution.
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์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ, ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
Humans have been on the move for a long time.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
And just in the last 5,000 years,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚œ 5,000๋…„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์—
09:09
in increasing rates, over increasing distances.
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๊ทธ ์†๋„์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
Here are just some of the biggest movements of people,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ง€๋‚œ 5,000๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ์ด๋™,
09:16
voluntary movements, in the last 5,000 years.
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์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๊ฑด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
Look at some of the major latitudinal transgressions:
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์œ„๋„ ์ผํƒˆ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:22
people from high UV areas
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๊ณ  UV ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ € UV ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ
09:24
going to low UV and vice versa.
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
And not all these moves were voluntary.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋™์ด ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
Between 1520 and 1867,
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1520๋…„์—์„œ 1867๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด
09:34
12 million, 500 people
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1250๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด
09:38
were moved from high UV
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๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ํšก๋‹จ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ ๋ฌด์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
09:40
to low UV areas
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๊ณ  UV ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
09:42
in the transatlantic slave trade.
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์ € UV ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
Now this had all sorts of invidious social consequences.
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๋…ธ์˜ˆ ๋ฌด์—ญ์€ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
But it also had deleterious
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด
09:52
health consequences to people.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
So what? We've been on the move.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ์š”? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Š˜ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
We're so clever we can overcome all of these
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฆฌํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ
10:00
seeming biological impediments.
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๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
Well, often we're unaware
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ
10:05
of the fact that we're living
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๋ณธ๋ž˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ ์‘ํ•˜์ง€
10:07
in environments in which our skin
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๋ชปํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
10:09
is inherently poorly adapted.
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์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
Some of us with lightly pigmented skin
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์ด ์˜…์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
10:14
live in high-UV areas.
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๊ณ  UV ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
Some of us with darkly pigmented skin
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์ด ์ง™์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
10:18
live in low-UV areas.
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์ € UV ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
These have tremendous consequences for our health.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
We have to, if we're lightly pigmented,
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์ƒ‰์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์˜…๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ–‡๋ณ•์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฌˆ์„ ๋•Œ
10:28
be careful about the problems of skin cancer,
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€์•”์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
10:32
and destruction of folate in our bodies,
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๋ชธ์—์„œ ์—ฝ์‚ฐ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
10:35
by lots of sun.
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์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
Epidemiologists and doctors
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์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ํ•™์ž์™€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
10:39
have been very good about telling us
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์ž์™ธ์„ ์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
10:41
about protecting our skin.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
What they haven't been so good about instructing people
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•œ ์ ์€
10:48
is the problem of darkly pigmented people
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๊ณ ์œ„๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
10:51
living in high latitude areas,
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๋Š˜ ์‹ค๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ด ์ง™์€
10:54
or working inside all the time.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
Because the problem there is just as severe,
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์˜…์€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
10:59
but it is more sinister,
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋”์šฑ ํ•ด๋กญ์ฃ .
11:01
because vitamin D deficiency,
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์ž์™ธ์„  B ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”
11:03
from a lack of ultraviolet B radiation,
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๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D ๊ฒฐํ•์€ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ
11:07
is a major problem.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
Vitamin D deficiency creeps up on people,
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๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D ๊ฒฐํ•์€ ์‚ด๋ฉฐ์‹œ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€
11:11
and causes all sorts of health problems to their bones,
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๋ผˆ์— ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ 
11:14
to their gradual decay of their immune systems,
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ฐจ ๋ถ•๊ดด์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
11:18
or loss of immune function,
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๋ฉด์—ญ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:20
and probably some problems
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•,
11:22
with their mood and health,
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์ •์‹  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์—
11:25
their mental health.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
So we have, in skin pigmentation,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์†Œ๋Š”
11:30
one of these wonderful products of evolution
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
11:33
that still has consequences for us today.
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์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
And the social consequences,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
11:37
as we know, are incredibly profound.
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์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋†€๋ž๋„๋ก ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๊นŠ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
We live in a world where we
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ด ์˜…์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ
11:42
have lightly and darkly pigmented people
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์ง™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ด์›ƒ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
living next to one another,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ข…์ข… ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์•„์ฃผ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ
11:48
but often brought into proximity initially
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ
11:51
as a result of very invidious social interactions.
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
So how can we overcome this?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:58
How can we begin to understand it?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:00
Evolution helps us.
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์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ตํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
200 years after Darwin's birthday,
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๋‹ค์œˆ ํƒ„์ƒ 200๋…„ ํ›„,
12:08
we have the first moderately pigmented President of the United States.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ด ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:14
How wonderful is that?
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„๊ฐ€์š”?
12:16
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:18
This man is significant for a whole host of reasons.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
But we need to think about how he compares,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
12:25
in terms of his pigmentation, to other people on Earth.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
He, as one of many urban admixed populations,
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๋„์‹œ์— ์‚ด๋ฉฐ ์ธ์ข…์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ธ
12:31
is very emblematic
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋’ค์„ž์ธ ํ˜ˆํ†ต๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์„
12:33
of a mixed parentage, of a mixed pigmentation.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
And he resembles, very closely,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋‚˜ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์—
12:38
people with moderate levels of pigmentation
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์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ด ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ
12:41
who live in southern Africa, or Southeast Asia.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ผญ ๋‹ฎ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
These people have a tremendous potential
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํƒœ์–‘์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด
12:47
to tan, to develop more pigment in their skin,
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ํ–‡๋ณ•์— ํƒ€๊ณ , ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ 
12:50
as a result of exposure to sun.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
They also run the risk of vitamin D deficiency,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
12:56
if they have desk jobs, like that guy.
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๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์งˆ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
So lets all wish for his great health,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:04
and his awareness of his own skin pigmentation.
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์ž๊ธฐ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž์‹œ๋‹ค.
13:09
Now what is wonderful
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ์ง„ํ™”,
13:12
about the evolution of human skin pigmentation,
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋งํ•ด ์ƒ‰์†Œ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์—์„œ
13:16
and the phenomenon of pigmentation,
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์€
13:18
is that it is the demonstration,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชธ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
13:21
the evidence, of evolution
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์ž์—ฐ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ
13:24
by natural selection,
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์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์ฆ๋ช…,
13:26
right on your body.
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
When people ask you, "What is the evidence for evolution?"
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด โ€œ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€์š”?โ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:33
You don't have to think about some exotic examples, or fossils.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋‚˜ ํ™”์„์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ํ•„์š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
You just have to look at your skin.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
Darwin, I think, would have appreciated this,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋‹ค์œˆ์ด ์ƒ์ „ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์ง„ํ™”์—
13:44
even though he eschewed the importance
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๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ธด ํ–ˆ์–ด๋„
13:47
of climate on the evolution of pigmentation during his own life.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
I think, were he able to look
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋‹ค์œˆ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„
13:54
at the evidence we have today, he would understand it.
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
He would appreciate it.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
And most of all, he would teach it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
You, you can teach it.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
You can touch it.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
You can understand it.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
Take it out of this room.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
14:13
Take your skin color,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์„œ
14:15
and celebrate it.
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š”.
14:17
Spread the word.
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์†Œ๋ฌธ์„ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š”.
14:19
You have the evolution
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—๋Š”
14:21
of the history of our species,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€
14:25
part of it, written in your skin.
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์ ํ˜€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
Understand it. Appreciate it. Celebrate it.
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿฌ
14:30
Go out. Isn't it beautiful? Isn't it wonderful?
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๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”. ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”? ๋†€๋ž์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
14:34
You are the products of evolution.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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