Nina Jablonski breaks the illusion of skin color

324,295 views ใƒป 2009-08-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Gad Amit ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shahar Kaiser
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ
00:19
Interestingly, Charles Darwin
0
19450
2880
00:22
was born a very lightly pigmented man,
1
22330
4000
ื ื•ืœื“ ืขื ืคื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:26
in a moderately-to-darkly pigmented world.
2
26330
4000
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช-ืœื›ื”ื”.
00:30
Over the course of his life,
3
30330
3000
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•,
00:33
Darwin had great privilege.
4
33330
2000
ืœื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:35
He lived in a fairly wealthy home.
5
35330
3000
ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืžื™ื“.
00:38
He was raised by very supportive and interested parents.
6
38330
4000
ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื•ืžืื“ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
00:42
And when he was in his 20s
7
42330
2000
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืœื—ื™ื™ื•
00:44
he embarked upon a remarkable voyage on the ship the Beagle.
8
44330
4000
ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืกืข ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”"ื‘ื™ื’ืœ".
00:48
And during the course of that voyage,
9
48330
3000
ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืกืข,
00:51
he saw remarkable things:
10
51330
2000
ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ.
00:53
tremendous diversity of plants and animals, and humans.
11
53330
4000
ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
00:57
And the observations that he made
12
57330
2000
ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื•.
00:59
on that epic journey
13
59330
2000
ื‘ืžืกืขื• ื”ืืจื•ืื™ ื•ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
01:01
were to be eventually distilled
14
61330
2000
ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœ"ื–ื™ืงื•ืง" ืžืคื•ืจื˜
01:03
into his wonderful book, "On the Origin of Species,"
15
63330
2000
ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื• "ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื",
01:05
published 150 years ago.
16
65330
4000
ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ืœืคื ื™ 150 ืฉื ื”.
01:09
Now what is so interesting
17
69330
2000
ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
01:11
and to some, the extent, what's a bit infamous
18
71330
4000
ื•ืœืื—ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข
01:15
about "The Origin of Species,"
19
75330
2000
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื,
01:17
is that there is only one line in it
20
77330
2000
ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•
01:19
about human evolution.
21
79330
3000
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
01:22
"Light will be thrown on the origin of man
22
82330
3000
"ืื•ืจ (ื”ื‘ื ื”) ื™ื•ืฉืœื— ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื
01:25
and his history."
23
85330
2000
ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื•"
01:27
It wasn't until much longer,
24
87330
2000
ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
01:29
much later,
25
89330
2000
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ
01:31
that Darwin actually spoke
26
91330
2000
ืขื“ ืฉื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ
01:33
and wrote about humans.
27
93330
3000
ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื
01:36
Now in his years of
28
96330
2000
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื
01:38
traveling on the Beagle,
29
98330
2000
ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื’ืœ,
01:40
and from listening to the accounts
30
100330
2000
ื•ืžืžื” ืฉืฉืžืข ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื
01:42
or explorers and naturalists,
31
102330
2000
ืฉืœ ืžื’ืœื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:44
he knew that skin color
32
104330
4000
ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจ
01:48
was one of the most important ways
33
108330
2000
ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืกืžืžื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
01:50
in which people varied.
34
110330
2000
ื”ืžื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
01:52
And he was somewhat interested in the pattern of skin color.
35
112330
4000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ.
01:56
He knew that darkly pigmented peoples
36
116330
2000
ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื’ื™ืžื ื˜ ื›ื”ื”
01:58
were found close to the equator;
37
118330
3000
ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”.
02:01
lightly pigmented peoples, like himself,
38
121330
2000
ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื’ื™ืžื ื˜ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื›ืžื•ื”ื•,
02:03
were found closer to the poles.
39
123330
3000
ื ืžืฆืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื˜ื‘ื™ื.
02:06
So what did he make of all this?
40
126330
2000
ืื– ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”?
02:08
Well he didn't write anything about it in The Origin of Species.
41
128330
3000
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.
02:11
But much later, in 1871,
42
131330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1871
02:14
he did have something to say about it.
43
134330
2000
ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
02:16
And it was quite curious. He said,
44
136330
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
02:18
"Of all the differences between the races of men,
45
138330
3000
"ืžื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ืขื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
02:21
the color of the skin is the most conspicuous
46
141330
2000
ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:23
and one of the best marked."
47
143330
2000
ื•ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ"
02:25
And he went on to say,
48
145330
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
02:27
"These differences do not coincide
49
147330
3000
"ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื
02:30
with corresponding differences in climate."
50
150330
3000
ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืืงืœื™ื"
02:33
So he had traveled all around.
51
153330
2000
ืื– ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื
02:35
He had seen people of different colors
52
155330
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื”
02:38
living in different places.
53
158330
2000
ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:40
And yet he rejected the idea
54
160330
2000
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”
02:42
that human skin pigmentation
55
162330
3000
ืฉื”ืคื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
02:45
was related to the climate.
56
165330
3000
ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืืงืœื™ื.
02:48
If only Darwin lived today.
57
168330
3000
ืื ืจืง ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:51
If only Darwin had NASA.
58
171330
3000
ืื ืจืง ืœื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืืช NASA ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื•.
02:54
Now, one of the wonderful things that NASA does
59
174330
4000
ื›ืขืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืื“ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” NASA
02:58
is it puts up a variety of satellites
60
178330
2000
ื–ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื
03:00
that detect all sort of interesting things about our environment.
61
180330
3000
ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:03
And for many decades now
62
183330
3000
ื•ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช
03:06
there have been a series of TOMS satellites
63
186330
3000
ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ TOMS
03:09
that have collected data about the radiation of the Earth's surface.
64
189330
3000
ืฉืื•ืกืคื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
03:12
The TOMS 7 satellite data, shown here,
65
192330
4000
ื ืชื•ื ื™ TOMS-7 ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
03:16
show the annual average
66
196330
2000
ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืฉื ืชื™
03:18
ultraviolet radiation at the Earth's surface.
67
198330
3000
ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:21
Now the really hot pink and red areas
68
201330
3000
ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื•ืจื•ื“ ื”ื—ื ื•ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืง
03:24
are those parts of the world that receive the highest amounts
69
204330
3000
ื”ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืจื™ื ื”
03:27
of UV during the year.
70
207330
3000
ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื”.
03:30
The incrementally cooler colors --
71
210330
3000
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื,
03:33
blues, greens, yellows, and finally grays --
72
213330
3000
ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื™ืจื•ืง, ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืืคื•ืจ,
03:36
indicate areas of much lower ultraviolet radiation.
73
216330
3000
ืžืจืื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:39
What's significant to the story of human skin pigmentation
74
219330
4000
ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
03:43
is just how much of the Northern Hemisphere
75
223330
4000
ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™
03:47
is in these cool gray zones.
76
227330
3000
ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืืคื•ืจ.
03:50
This has tremendous implications for our understanding
77
230330
3000
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•
03:53
of the evolution of human skin pigmentation.
78
233330
3000
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
03:56
And what Darwin could not appreciate,
79
236330
3000
ื•ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš,
03:59
or didn't perhaps want to appreciate at the time,
80
239330
3000
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš,
04:02
is that there was a fundamental relationship
81
242330
3000
ื–ื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
04:05
between the intensity of ultraviolet radiation
82
245330
3000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื”
04:08
and skin pigmentation.
83
248330
2000
ื•ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
04:10
And that skin pigmentation itself
84
250330
3000
ื•ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื”
04:13
was a product of evolution.
85
253330
3000
ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
04:16
And so when we look at a map of skin color,
86
256330
3000
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืคืช ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ,
04:19
and predicted skin color, as we know it today,
87
259330
3000
ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจ ืฆืคื•ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
04:22
what we see is a beautiful gradient
88
262330
3000
ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ื•ื™ืคื”
04:25
from the darkest skin pigmentations toward the equator,
89
265330
3000
ืžืคื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจ ื›ื”ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”,
04:28
and the lightest ones toward the poles.
90
268330
3000
ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื.
04:31
What's very, very important here
91
271330
4000
ืžื” ืฉืžืื“ ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ
04:35
is that the earliest humans
92
275330
2000
ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:37
evolved in high-UV environments,
93
277330
3000
ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื”,
04:40
in equatorial Africa.
94
280330
2000
ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
04:42
The earliest members of our lineage,
95
282330
3000
ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ืฆืื ื•,
04:45
the genus Homo, were darkly pigmented.
96
285330
3000
ืฉืœ ื”"ื’ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ืžื•" ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื›ื”ื”.
04:48
And we all share this incredible heritage
97
288330
4000
ื•ืื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช
04:52
of having originally been
98
292330
2000
ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื•
04:54
darkly pigmented,
99
294330
2000
ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื,
04:56
two million to one and half million years ago.
100
296330
3000
ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:59
Now what happened in our history?
101
299330
5000
ื›ืขืช ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•?
05:04
Let's first look at the relationship
102
304330
2000
ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื
05:06
of ultraviolet radiation to the Earth's surface.
103
306330
3000
ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:09
In those early days of our evolution,
104
309330
3000
ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
05:12
looking at the equator,
105
312330
2000
ื•ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื”,
05:14
we were bombarded by high levels of ultraviolet radiation.
106
314330
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• "ื—ื˜ืคื ื•" ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:17
The UVC, the most energetic type,
107
317330
3000
ืงืจื™ื ืช ื” UVC ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:20
was occluded by the Earth's atmosphere.
108
320330
3000
ื ื—ืชื›ื” ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:23
But UVB and UVA
109
323330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื™ื ืช ื” UVB ื•ื”-UVA
05:25
especially, came in unimpeded.
110
325330
2000
ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื”.
05:27
UVB turns out to be incredibly important.
111
327330
4000
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืงืจื™ื ืช ื”UVB ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:31
It's very destructive,
112
331330
2000
ื”ื™ื ืžืื“ ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช.
05:33
but it also catalyzes the production of vitamin D in the skin,
113
333330
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื‘ืขื•ืจ.
05:37
vitamin D being a molecule that we very much need
114
337330
4000
ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื”ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉืื ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”
05:41
for our strong bones, the health of our immune system,
115
341330
4000
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช,
05:45
and myriad other important functions in our bodies.
116
345330
3000
ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•.
05:48
So, living at the equator, we got
117
348330
2000
ื›ืš, ืฉื›ืฉื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
05:50
lots and lots of ultraviolet radiation
118
350330
3000
ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืื“ื™ืจื”
05:53
and the melanin --
119
353330
3000
ื•ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ (ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื›ื”ื” ื‘ืขื•ืจ)
05:56
this wonderful, complex, ancient polymer
120
356330
4000
ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ืขืชื™ืง ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื•ื ืคืœื
06:00
compound in our skin --
121
360330
2000
ืฉืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
06:02
served as a superb natural sunscreen.
122
362330
4000
ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืชื›ืฉื™ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ.
06:06
This polymer is amazing
123
366330
2000
ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื
06:08
because it's present in so many different organisms.
124
368330
3000
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
06:11
Melanin, in various forms, has probably been on the Earth
125
371330
2000
ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
06:13
a billion years,
126
373330
3000
ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”.
06:16
and has been recruited over and over again
127
376330
2000
ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืคืขื ืื—ืจื™ ืคืขื
06:18
by evolution, as often happens.
128
378330
4000
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช.
06:22
Why change it if it works?
129
382330
2000
ืœืžื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
06:24
So melanin was recruited, in our lineage,
130
384330
4000
ืื– ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืก ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
06:28
and specifically in our earliest ancestors
131
388330
3000
ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฉืืจื™ ื‘ืฉืจื ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
06:31
evolving in Africa,
132
391330
2000
ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
06:33
to be a natural sunscreen.
133
393330
2000
ืœื™ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื”.
06:35
Where it protected the body
134
395330
2000
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
06:37
against the degradations of ultraviolet radiation,
135
397330
3000
ืžื”ืชืคืจื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื”,
06:40
the destruction, or damage to DNA,
136
400330
3000
ืžื”ืจืก ืื• ื ื–ืง ืœ-DNA
06:43
and the breakdown of a very important molecule called folate,
137
403330
4000
ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ืคื•ืœืื˜",
06:47
which helps to fuel cell production,
138
407330
3000
ืฉืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
06:50
and reproduction in the body.
139
410330
3000
ื•ืœื’ื“ื™ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
06:53
So, it's wonderful. We evolved this very protective,
140
413330
3000
ืื– ื–ื” ื ืคืœื. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื–ื•,
06:56
wonderful covering of melanin.
141
416330
3000
ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ.
06:59
But then we moved.
142
419330
4000
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืขื‘ืจื ื•.
07:03
And humans dispersed -- not once, but twice.
143
423330
4000
ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชืคื–ืจื• ืœื ืคืขื ืื—ืช - ืืœื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
07:07
Major moves, outside of our equatorial homeland,
144
427330
4000
ืชื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืื ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™,
07:11
from Africa into other parts of the Old World,
145
431330
4000
ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ,
07:15
and most recently, into the New World.
146
435330
2000
ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
07:17
When humans dispersed into these latitudes,
147
437330
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชืคื–ืจื• ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืืœื”
07:20
what did they face?
148
440330
2000
ืžื” ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื•?
07:22
Conditions were significantly colder,
149
442330
3000
ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:25
but they were also less intense
150
445330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื
07:27
with respect to the ultraviolet regime.
151
447330
2000
ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื”.
07:29
So if we're somewhere in the Northern Hemisphere,
152
449330
4000
ื›ืš ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
07:33
look at what's happening to the ultraviolet radiation.
153
453330
3000
ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื”.
07:36
We're still getting a dose of UVA.
154
456330
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงืจื™ื ืช UVA.
07:39
But all of the UVB,
155
459330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”-UVB
07:41
or nearly all of it,
156
461330
2000
ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื”,
07:43
is dissipated through the thickness of the atmosphere.
157
463330
3000
ืžืชืžื•ืกืกืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
07:46
In the winter, when you are skiing in the Alps,
158
466330
4000
ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื—ืœื™ืง ื‘ืืœืคื™ื,
07:50
you may experience ultraviolet radiation.
159
470330
3000
ืืชื” ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื”.
07:53
But it's all UVA,
160
473330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ UVA,
07:55
and, significantly, that UVA
161
475330
2000
ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ืœ-UVA
07:57
has no ability to make vitamin D in your skin.
162
477330
5000
ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœืš.
08:02
So people inhabiting northern hemispheric environments
163
482330
5000
ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
08:07
were bereft of the potential
164
487330
3000
ืœื ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื”ื
08:10
to make vitamin D in their skin for most of the year.
165
490330
3000
ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื”.
08:13
This had tremendous consequences
166
493330
3000
ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช
08:16
for the evolution of human skin pigmentation.
167
496330
2000
ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
08:18
Because what happened, in order to ensure health and well-being,
168
498330
5000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื” ืฉืงืจื”, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
08:23
these lineages of people
169
503330
2000
ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื–ืืช
08:25
dispersing into the Northern Hemisphere
170
505330
4000
ืฉื”ืชืคื–ืจื” ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
08:29
lost their pigmentation.
171
509330
2000
ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืคื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
08:31
There was natural selection
172
511330
2000
ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
08:33
for the evolution of lightly pigmented skin.
173
513330
5000
ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ ืขื ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžืขื˜ื”.
08:38
Here we begin to see the evolution
174
518330
2000
ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
08:40
of the beautiful sepia rainbow
175
520330
2000
ื›ืžื• ืงืฉืช ืกืคื™ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”
08:42
that now characterizes all of humanity.
176
522330
3000
ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
08:45
Lightly pigmented skin evolved not just once,
177
525330
4000
ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœื ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช,
08:49
not just twice, but probably three times.
178
529330
3000
ืœื ืจืง ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื.
08:52
Not just in modern humans,
179
532330
2000
ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™,
08:54
but in one of our distant unrelated ancestors,
180
534330
4000
ืืœื” ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ื ื•,
08:58
the Neanderthals.
181
538330
2000
ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจืชืœื™.
09:00
A remarkable, remarkable testament
182
540330
2000
ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžืžืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื›ืœืœ
09:02
to the power of evolution.
183
542330
2000
ืœื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
09:04
Humans have been on the move for a long time.
184
544330
3000
ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื“ื“ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš.
09:07
And just in the last 5,000 years,
185
547330
2000
ื•ืจืง ื‘-5,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
09:09
in increasing rates, over increasing distances.
186
549330
3000
ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:12
Here are just some of the biggest movements of people,
187
552330
4000
ื”ื ื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:16
voluntary movements, in the last 5,000 years.
188
556330
3000
ื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 5,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
09:19
Look at some of the major latitudinal transgressions:
189
559330
3000
ื•ืืœื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘.
09:22
people from high UV areas
190
562330
2000
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
09:24
going to low UV and vice versa.
191
564330
3000
ื–ื–ื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืœื”ืคืš.
09:27
And not all these moves were voluntary.
192
567330
4000
ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
09:31
Between 1520 and 1867,
193
571330
3000
ื‘ื™ืŸ 1520 ื•-1867
09:34
12 million, 500 people
194
574330
4000
12 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
09:38
were moved from high UV
195
578330
2000
ื”ื•ื–ื–ื• ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
09:40
to low UV areas
196
580330
2000
ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจื™ื ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
09:42
in the transatlantic slave trade.
197
582330
3000
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื ืก-ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
09:45
Now this had all sorts of invidious social consequences.
198
585330
4000
ื›ืขืช, ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
09:49
But it also had deleterious
199
589330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
09:52
health consequences to people.
200
592330
2000
ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืจืคืื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
09:54
So what? We've been on the move.
201
594330
3000
ืื– ืžื”? ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื–ื•ื–ื”
09:57
We're so clever we can overcome all of these
202
597330
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš
10:00
seeming biological impediments.
203
600330
3000
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื—ืกื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
10:03
Well, often we're unaware
204
603330
2000
ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘
10:05
of the fact that we're living
205
605330
2000
ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื
10:07
in environments in which our skin
206
607330
2000
ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•
10:09
is inherently poorly adapted.
207
609330
3000
ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืœื“.
10:12
Some of us with lightly pigmented skin
208
612330
2000
ื—ืœืงื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ
10:14
live in high-UV areas.
209
614330
2000
ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
10:16
Some of us with darkly pigmented skin
210
616330
2000
ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืขื•ืจ ื›ื”ื”
10:18
live in low-UV areas.
211
618330
3000
ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
10:21
These have tremendous consequences for our health.
212
621330
4000
ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:25
We have to, if we're lightly pigmented,
213
625330
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื’ื™ืžื ื˜ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ
10:28
be careful about the problems of skin cancer,
214
628330
4000
ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจ,
10:32
and destruction of folate in our bodies,
215
632330
3000
ื•ื”ืจืก ืชืื™ ื”"ืคื•ืœื˜" ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
10:35
by lots of sun.
216
635330
2000
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื”.
10:37
Epidemiologists and doctors
217
637330
2000
ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžื’ืคื•ืช
10:39
have been very good about telling us
218
639330
2000
ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื•
10:41
about protecting our skin.
219
641330
2000
ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ
10:43
What they haven't been so good about instructing people
220
643330
5000
ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
10:48
is the problem of darkly pigmented people
221
648330
3000
ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืขื•ืจ ื›ื”ื”
10:51
living in high latitude areas,
222
651330
3000
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”,
10:54
or working inside all the time.
223
654330
2000
ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื’ื•ืจ.
10:56
Because the problem there is just as severe,
224
656330
3000
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
10:59
but it is more sinister,
225
659330
2000
ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ืฉืขืช!
11:01
because vitamin D deficiency,
226
661330
2000
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ D
11:03
from a lack of ultraviolet B radiation,
227
663330
4000
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื’ B
11:07
is a major problem.
228
667330
2000
ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
11:09
Vitamin D deficiency creeps up on people,
229
669330
2000
ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ D ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื”
11:11
and causes all sorts of health problems to their bones,
230
671330
3000
ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช,
11:14
to their gradual decay of their immune systems,
231
674330
4000
ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช,
11:18
or loss of immune function,
232
678330
2000
ืื• ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช,
11:20
and probably some problems
233
680330
2000
ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
11:22
with their mood and health,
234
682330
3000
ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
11:25
their mental health.
235
685330
2000
ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช.
11:27
So we have, in skin pigmentation,
236
687330
3000
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ
11:30
one of these wonderful products of evolution
237
690330
3000
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
11:33
that still has consequences for us today.
238
693330
2000
ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
11:35
And the social consequences,
239
695330
2000
ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
11:37
as we know, are incredibly profound.
240
697330
3000
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
11:40
We live in a world where we
241
700330
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
11:42
have lightly and darkly pigmented people
242
702330
4000
ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื”ื™ื
11:46
living next to one another,
243
706330
2000
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
11:48
but often brought into proximity initially
244
708330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงื™ืจื‘ื”
11:51
as a result of very invidious social interactions.
245
711330
4000
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื”
11:55
So how can we overcome this?
246
715330
3000
ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš?
11:58
How can we begin to understand it?
247
718330
2000
ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”?
12:00
Evolution helps us.
248
720330
4000
ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื•.
12:04
200 years after Darwin's birthday,
249
724330
4000
200 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ
12:08
we have the first moderately pigmented President of the United States.
250
728330
5000
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ืคื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืืžืฆืขื™ืช
12:13
(Applause)
251
733330
1000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:14
How wonderful is that?
252
734330
2000
ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื ืคืœื?
12:16
(Applause)
253
736330
2000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:18
This man is significant for a whole host of reasons.
254
738330
4000
ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช.
12:22
But we need to think about how he compares,
255
742330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื•ื•ื”
12:25
in terms of his pigmentation, to other people on Earth.
256
745330
2000
ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
12:27
He, as one of many urban admixed populations,
257
747330
4000
ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™,
12:31
is very emblematic
258
751330
2000
ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’
12:33
of a mixed parentage, of a mixed pigmentation.
259
753330
3000
ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช.
12:36
And he resembles, very closely,
260
756330
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“
12:38
people with moderate levels of pigmentation
261
758330
3000
ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ืคื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช
12:41
who live in southern Africa, or Southeast Asia.
262
761330
4000
ืžื™ ืฉื’ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืื• ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”.
12:45
These people have a tremendous potential
263
765330
2000
ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืขืฆื•ื
12:47
to tan, to develop more pigment in their skin,
264
767330
3000
ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื—ื•ื, ื•ืœืคืชื— ืคื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื”ื”,
12:50
as a result of exposure to sun.
265
770330
2000
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฉืžืฉ.
12:52
They also run the risk of vitamin D deficiency,
266
772330
4000
ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D
12:56
if they have desk jobs, like that guy.
267
776330
4000
ืื ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
13:00
So lets all wish for his great health,
268
780330
4000
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืื—ืœ ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช
13:04
and his awareness of his own skin pigmentation.
269
784330
5000
ื•ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืคื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื•
13:09
Now what is wonderful
270
789330
3000
ื›ืขืช ืžื” ืฉื ืคืœื
13:12
about the evolution of human skin pigmentation,
271
792330
4000
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
13:16
and the phenomenon of pigmentation,
272
796330
2000
ื•ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
13:18
is that it is the demonstration,
273
798330
3000
ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื”
13:21
the evidence, of evolution
274
801330
3000
ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
13:24
by natural selection,
275
804330
2000
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
13:26
right on your body.
276
806330
4000
ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœืš.
13:30
When people ask you, "What is the evidence for evolution?"
277
810330
3000
ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชืš "ืžื”ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”?"
13:33
You don't have to think about some exotic examples, or fossils.
278
813330
4000
ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ืช, ืื• ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
13:37
You just have to look at your skin.
279
817330
3000
ืืชื” ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจืš.
13:40
Darwin, I think, would have appreciated this,
280
820330
4000
ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจื™ืš ื–ืืช,
13:44
even though he eschewed the importance
281
824330
3000
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฅ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช
13:47
of climate on the evolution of pigmentation during his own life.
282
827330
4000
ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจ, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื•.
13:51
I think, were he able to look
283
831330
3000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ
13:54
at the evidence we have today, he would understand it.
284
834330
3000
ืขื ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”
13:57
He would appreciate it.
285
837330
2000
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื–ื”
13:59
And most of all, he would teach it.
286
839330
4000
ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ื–ื”.
14:03
You, you can teach it.
287
843330
3000
ืืชื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื–ื”.
14:06
You can touch it.
288
846330
2000
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื–ื”.
14:08
You can understand it.
289
848330
2000
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
14:10
Take it out of this room.
290
850330
3000
ืงื—ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
14:13
Take your skin color,
291
853330
2000
ืงื—ื• ืืช ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
14:15
and celebrate it.
292
855330
2000
ื•ืชื—ื’ื’ื• ืื•ืชื•.
14:17
Spread the word.
293
857330
2000
ืชืคื™ืฆื• ื–ืืช.
14:19
You have the evolution
294
859330
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
14:21
of the history of our species,
295
861330
4000
ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
14:25
part of it, written in your skin.
296
865330
2000
ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
14:27
Understand it. Appreciate it. Celebrate it.
297
867330
3000
ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื—ื’ื’ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
14:30
Go out. Isn't it beautiful? Isn't it wonderful?
298
870330
4000
ืฆืื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืคื™ืคื”? ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ?
14:34
You are the products of evolution.
299
874330
3000
ืืชื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
14:37
Thank you.
300
877330
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
14:39
(Applause)
301
879330
4000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7