How pollution is changing the ocean's chemistry | Triona McGrath

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

Do you ever think about how important the oceans are in our daily lives?

Da li ikada razmišljate o tome koliko su okeani važni

u našem svakodnevnom životu?

The oceans cover two-thirds of our planet.

Okeani prekrivaju dve trećine naše planete.

They provide half the oxygen we breathe.

Daju polovinu kiseonika koji udišemo.

They moderate our climate.

Ublažavaju nam klimu.

And they provide jobs and medicine and food

Obezbeđuju i poslove, lekove i hranu,

including 20 percent of protein to feed the entire world population.

uključujući 20 odsto proteina za prehranu celokupne svetske populacije.

People used to think that the oceans were so vast

Ljudi su ranije mislili da su okeani toliko ogromni

that they wouldn't be affected by human activities.

da na njih neće uticati ljudske aktivnosti.

Well today I'm going to tell you about a serious reality

Pa, danas ću vam govoriti o ozbiljnoj realnosti

that is changing our oceans called ocean acidification,

koja menja naše okeane, a zove se acidifikacija okeana

or the evil twin of climate change.

ili zli blizanac klimatskih promena.

Did you know that the oceans have absorbed 25 percent of all of the carbon dioxide

Da li ste znali da okeani apsorbuju 25 procenata celokupnog ugljen-dioksida

that we have emitted to the atmosphere?

koji oslobađamo u atmosferu?

Now this is just another great service provided by the oceans

To je samo još jedna sjajna usluga koju pružaju okeani,

since carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases

jer je ugljen-dioksid jedan od gasova staklene bašte

that's causing climate change.

koji izazivaju klimatske promene.

But as we keep pumping more and more and more

Ali kako nastavljamo da pumpamo sve više i više

carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

ugljen-dioksida u atmosferu,

more is dissolving into the oceans.

više ga se rastvara u okeanima,

And this is what's changing our ocean chemistry.

a to je ono što menja hemiju naših okeana.

When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater,

Kada se ugljen-dioksid rastvara u morskoj vodi,

it undergoes a number of chemical reactions.

prolazi kroz niz hemijskih reakcija.

Now lucky for you,

Srećom po vas,

I don't have time to get into the details of the chemistry for today.

danas nemam vremena da ulazim u detalje vezane za hemiju,

But I'll tell you as more carbon dioxide enters the ocean,

ali reći ću vam da, što više ugljen-dioksida ulazi u okean,

the seawater pH goes down.

pH vrednost morske vode opada.

And this basically means that there is an increase in ocean acidity.

To u suštini znači da postoji povećanje kiselosti okeana.

And this whole process is called ocean acidification.

Čitav ovaj proces naziva se acidifikacija okeana

And it's happening alongside climate change.

i dešava se uporedo sa klimatskim promenama.

Scientists have been monitoring ocean acidification for over two decades.

Naučnici prate acidifikaciju okeana više od dve decenije.

This figure is an important time series in Hawaii,

Ove brojke predstavljaju važan vremenski niz sa Havaja

and the top line shows steadily increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide,

i gornja linija pokazuje stalno povećanje koncentracija ugljen-dioksida,

or CO2 gas, in the atmosphere.

ili gasa CO2, u atmosferi.

And this is directly as a result of human activities.

Ovo direktno nastaje kao rezultat ljudskih aktivnosti.

The line underneath shows the increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide

Linija ispod pokazuje porast koncentracije ugljen-dioksida

that is dissolved in the surface of the ocean

koji se rastvara na površini okeana,

which you can see is increasing at the same rate

što možete videti da raste istom brzinom

as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere since measurements began.

kao i ugljen-dioksid u atmosferi otkad su merenja otpočela.

The line on the bottom shows then shows the change in chemistry.

Linija na dnu zatim pokazuje promenu u hemiji.

As more carbon dioxide has entered the ocean,

Što je više ugljen-dioksida ulazilo u okean,

the seawater pH has gone down,

pH vrednost morske vode je opadala,

which basically means there has been an increase in ocean acidity.

što u suštini znači da je došlo do porasta kiselosti okeana.

Now in Ireland, scientists are also monitoring ocean acidification --

Naučnici u Irskoj takođe prate acidifikaciju okeana -

naučnici na Morskom institutu

scientists at the Marine Institute and NUI Galway.

i Nacionalnom irskom univerzitetu u Galveju.

And we, too, are seeing acidification at the same rate

Mi takođe uočavamo acidifikaciju iste brzine

as these main ocean time-series sites around the world.

kao i ovi glavni vremenski nizovi u okeanima širom sveta.

So it's happening right at our doorstep.

Dakle, ovo se dešava na našem pragu.

Now I'd like to give you an example of just how we collect our data

Sada bih htela da vam dam primer načina na koji prikupljamo podatke

to monitor a changing ocean.

da bismo pratili promene u okeanu.

Firstly we collect a lot of our samples in the middle of winter.

Najpre prikupljamo veliki deo naših uzoraka usred zime.

Kao što možete pretpostaviti, na Severnom Atlantiku

So as you can imagine, in the North Atlantic

we get hit with some seriously stormy conditions --

nas pogađaju ozbiljne oluje,

so not for any of you who get a little motion sickness,

tako da ovo nije za one među vama koji dobijaju morsku bolest,

but we are collecting some very valuable data.

ali prikupljamo vrlo vredne podatke.

So we lower this instrument over the side of the ship,

Spuštamo ovaj instrument sa strane broda

and there are sensors that are mounted on the bottom

i tu su senzori koji su postavljeni na dnu

that can tell us information about the surrounding water,

koji nam mogu dati informacije o okolnoj vodi,

such as temperature or dissolved oxygen.

kao što su podaci o temperaturi ili rastvorenom kiseoniku.

And then we can collect our seawater samples in these large bottles.

Onda možemo prikupiti uzorke morske vode u ovim velikim bocama.

So we start at the bottom, which can be over four kilometers deep

Počinjemo sa dna, što može biti na dubini od preko četiri kilometara

just off our continental shelf,

tik od našeg kontinentalnog praga,

and we take samples at regular intervals right up to the surface.

i uzimamo uzorke u pravilnim intervalima sve do površine.

We take the seawater back on the deck,

Donesemo morsku vodu na palubu,

and then we can either analyze them on the ship

a zatim je možemo analizirati ili na brodu

or back in the laboratory for the different chemicals parameters.

ili nazad u laboratoriji u pogledu raznih hemijskih parametara.

But why should we care?

Ali zašto bi nas bilo briga?

How is ocean acidification going to affect all of us?

Kako će acidifikacija okeana uticati na sve nas?

Well, here are the worrying facts.

Pa, evo zabrinjavajućih činjenica.

There has already been an increase in ocean acidity of 26 percent

Već je došlo do povećanja kiselosti okeana od 26 procenata

since pre-industrial times, which is directly due to human activities.

od preindustrijskog vremena,

što je direktno posledica ljudskih aktivnosti.

Unless we can start slowing down our carbon dioxide emissions,

Ukoliko ne počnemo da smanjujemo ispuštanje ugljen-dioksida,

we're expecting an increase in ocean acidity of 170 percent

očekujemo povećanje kiselosti okeana od 170 procenata

by the end of this century.

do kraja ovog veka.

I mean this is within our children's lifetime.

Mislim, ovo obuhvata živote naše dece.

This rate of acidification is 10 times faster

Ova stopa acidifikacije je 10 puta brža

than any acidification in our oceans for over 55 million years.

nego ijedna acidifikacija u našim okeanima tokom više od 55 miliona godina.

So our marine life have never, ever experienced

Dakle, život u našim morima nikada ranije nije prolazio

such a fast rate of change before.

kroz promene tako velikom brzinom,

So we literally could not know how they're going to cope.

tako da bukvalno nismo mogli da znamo kako će se sa tim izboriti.

Now there was a natural acidification event millions of years ago,

Dogodila se prirodna acidifikacija pre više miliona godina

which was much slower than what we're seeing today.

koja je bila mnogo sporija od onoga što uočavamo danas,

And this coincided with a mass extinction of many marine species.

a to se poklopilo sa masovnim izumiranjem mnogih morskih vrsta.

So is that what we're headed for?

Dakle, da li smo se u tom pravcu uputili?

Well, maybe.

Pa, možda.

Studies are showing some species are actually doing quite well

Studije pokazuju da neke vrste zapravo dobro funkcionišu,

but many are showing a negative response.

ali mnoge pokazuju negativnu reakciju.

One of the big concerns is as ocean acidity increases,

Jedna od stvari koje veoma zabrinjavaju je što, dok se povećava kiselost okeana,

the concentration of carbonate ions in seawater decrease.

smanjuje se koncentracija karbonatnih jona u morskoj vodi.

Now these ions are basically the building blocks

Ovi joni su u suštini gradivni materijal

for many marine species to make their shells,

za mnoge morske vrste, za izgradnju njihovih ljuštura,

for example crabs or mussels, oysters.

na primer, kod kraba ili školjki, ostriga.

Another example are corals.

Još jedan primer su korali.

They also need these carbonate ions in seawater

Njima su takođe potrebni ovi karbonatni joni u morskoj vodi

to make their coral structure in order to build coral reefs.

za stvaranje koralne strukture kako bi izgradili koralne grebene.

As ocean acidity increases

Kako se kiselost okeana povećava

and the concentration of carbonate ions decrease,

i koncentracija karbonatnih jona smanjuje,

these species first find it more difficult to make their shells.

ovim vrstama je teže da proizvedu svoje omotače.

And at even even lower levels, they can actually begin to dissolve.

Čak i na nižim nivoima mogu početi da se rastvaraju.

This here is a pteropod, it's called a sea butterfly.

Ovo ovde je pteropod; zove se morski leptir.

And it's an important food source in the ocean for many species,

To je važan izvor hrane u okeanu za mnoge vrste,

from krill to salmon right up to whales.

od račića do lososa, pa sve do kitova.

The shell of the pteropod was placed into seawater

Ljuštura pteropode je stavljena u morsku vodu

at a pH that we're expecting by the end of this century.

sa pH vrednošću koju očekujemo do kraja ovog veka.

After only 45 days at this very realistic pH,

Nakon svega 45 dana na ovoj veoma realističnoj pH vrednosti,

you can see the shell has almost completely dissolved.

možete videti da se ljuštura skoro potpuno rastvorila.

So ocean acidification could affect right up through the food chain --

Dakle, acidifikacija okeana može uticati direktno kroz lanac ishrane -

and right onto our dinner plates.

i pravo na naš tanjir.

I mean who here likes shellfish? Or salmon?

Mislim, ko ovde voli školjke? Ili lososa?

Or many other fish species

Ili mnoge druge vrste riba

whose food source in the ocean could be affected?

čiji bi izvor hrane u okeanu mogao bio pogođen?

These are cold-water corals.

Ovo su hladnovodni korali.

And did you know we actually have cold-water corals in Irish waters,

A da li ste znali da zaista imamo hladnovodne korale u irskim vodama,

just off our continental shelf?

nedaleko od našeg kontinentalnog praga?

And they support rich biodiversity, including some very important fisheries.

Oni podržavaju bogatu bioraznolikost, uključujući neka važna ribolovna područja.

It's projected that by the end of this century,

Predviđa se da će do kraja ovog veka

70 posto svih poznatih hladnovodnih korala u celom okeanu

70 percent of all known cold-water corals in the entire ocean

will be surrounded by seawater that is dissolving their coral structure.

biti okruženo morskom vodom koja rastvara njihovu koralnu strukturu.

The last example I have are these healthy tropical corals.

Poslednji primer koji imam su ovi zdravi tropski korali.

They were placed in seawater at a pH we're expecting by the year 2100.

Oni su stavljeni u morsku vodu na pH vrednosti

koju očekujemo do 2100. godine.

After six months, the coral has almost completely dissolved.

Nakon šest meseci, koral se skoro potpuno rastvorio.

Now coral reefs support

Koralni grebeni podržavaju

25 percent of all marine life in the entire ocean.

25 posto celokupnog morskog života u čitavom okeanu.

All marine life.

Celokupnog morskog života.

So you can see: ocean acidification is a global threat.

Dakle, možete uvideti, acidifikacija okeana je globalna pretnja.

I have an eight-month-old baby boy.

Imam dečaka starog osam meseci.

Unless we start now to slow this down,

Osim ako ne počnemo da usporavamo ovo sada,

I dread to think what our oceans will look like when he's a grown man.

bojim se da razmišljam o tome kako će naši okeani izgledati

kada on bude odrasli čovek.

We will see acidification.

Videćemo acidifikaciju.

We have already put too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Već smo ispustili previše ugljen-dioksida u atmosferu.

But we can slow this down.

Ali možemo ovo usporiti.

We can prevent the worst-case scenario.

Možemo sprečiti najgori scenario.

The only way of doing that

Jedini način da to uradimo

is by reducing our carbon dioxide emissions.

je smanjenje naše emisije ugljen-dioksida.

This is important for both you and I, for industry, for governments.

Ovo je važno i za vas i mene, za industriju, za vlasti.

We need to work together, slow down global warming

Moramo da radimo zajedno, da usporimo globalno zagrevanje,

slow down ocean acidification

usporimo acidifikaciju okeana

and help to maintain a healthy ocean and a healthy planet

i pomognemo da se održi zdrav okean i zdrava planeta

for our generation and for generations to come.

za našu generaciju i buduće generacije.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)