How pollution is changing the ocean's chemistry | Triona McGrath

120,738 views ใƒป 2017-06-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Assaf Linial ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Do you ever think about how important the oceans are in our daily lives?
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ื”ืื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืคืขื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?
00:19
The oceans cover two-thirds of our planet.
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืžื›ืกื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:23
They provide half the oxygen we breathe.
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ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื.
00:25
They moderate our climate.
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ื”ื ืžื•ื•ืกืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:27
And they provide jobs and medicine and food
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
00:32
including 20 percent of protein to feed the entire world population.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
00:38
People used to think that the oceans were so vast
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
00:40
that they wouldn't be affected by human activities.
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
00:44
Well today I'm going to tell you about a serious reality
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช
00:47
that is changing our oceans called ocean acidification,
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ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื ืงืจืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
00:52
or the evil twin of climate change.
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ืื• ื”ืชืื•ื ื”ืจืฉืข ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
00:55
Did you know that the oceans have absorbed 25 percent of all of the carbon dioxide
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ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืกืคื’ื• 25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™
01:01
that we have emitted to the atmosphere?
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ืฉืคืœื˜ื ื• ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”?
01:03
Now this is just another great service provided by the oceans
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžืกืคืง
01:07
since carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืคื—ืžืŸ-ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”
01:10
that's causing climate change.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
01:13
But as we keep pumping more and more and more
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“
01:17
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
01:19
more is dissolving into the oceans.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื• ื ืžืก ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:22
And this is what's changing our ocean chemistry.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:27
When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater,
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ื›ืฉืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื ืžืก ื‘ืžื™-ื™ื,
01:29
it undergoes a number of chemical reactions.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
01:32
Now lucky for you,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžื–ืœื›ื,
01:33
I don't have time to get into the details of the chemistry for today.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:37
But I'll tell you as more carbon dioxide enters the ocean,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:40
the seawater pH goes down.
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ืจืžืช ื”-pH ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ืช
01:43
And this basically means that there is an increase in ocean acidity.
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื.
01:48
And this whole process is called ocean acidification.
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ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:52
And it's happening alongside climate change.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
01:56
Scientists have been monitoring ocean acidification for over two decades.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
02:00
This figure is an important time series in Hawaii,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืกื“ืจืช ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื™,
02:03
and the top line shows steadily increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide,
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจืื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
02:08
or CO2 gas, in the atmosphere.
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ืื• ื’ื– CO2, ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:11
And this is directly as a result of human activities.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื.
02:15
The line underneath shows the increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide
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ื”ืงื• ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™
02:19
that is dissolved in the surface of the ocean
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ืฉืžื•ืžืก ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™-ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
02:22
which you can see is increasing at the same rate
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืงืฆื‘
02:25
as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere since measurements began.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžืื– ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.
02:28
The line on the bottom shows then shows the change in chemistry.
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”.
02:31
As more carbon dioxide has entered the ocean,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
02:34
the seawater pH has gone down,
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ืจืžืช ื”-pH ืฉืœ ืžื™-ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ืช,
02:37
which basically means there has been an increase in ocean acidity.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
02:43
Now in Ireland, scientists are also monitoring ocean acidification --
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ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื’ื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก -
02:47
scientists at the Marine Institute and NUI Galway.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื™ื ื” ื•-NUI ื’ืืœื•ื•ื™.
02:50
And we, too, are seeing acidification at the same rate
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ื•ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื—ืžืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืงืฆื‘
02:54
as these main ocean time-series sites around the world.
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ื›ืžื• ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืคื–ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
02:57
So it's happening right at our doorstep.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ืœืคืชื—ื ื•.
03:01
Now I'd like to give you an example of just how we collect our data
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•
03:04
to monitor a changing ocean.
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ืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”.
03:07
Firstly we collect a lot of our samples in the middle of winter.
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ืงื•ื“ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
03:10
So as you can imagine, in the North Atlantic
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ืื– ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™
03:12
we get hit with some seriously stormy conditions --
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ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืชื ืื™ ืกื•ืคื” ื“ื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื
03:14
so not for any of you who get a little motion sickness,
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ืื– ืœื ืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžื—ืœืช-ื™ื,
03:17
but we are collecting some very valuable data.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ืงืจ-ืขืจืš ืžืื•ื“.
03:20
So we lower this instrument over the side of the ship,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”,
03:23
and there are sensors that are mounted on the bottom
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช
03:25
that can tell us information about the surrounding water,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื,
03:28
such as temperature or dissolved oxygen.
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ื›ืžื• ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื•ืžืก.
03:31
And then we can collect our seawater samples in these large bottles.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™-ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:35
So we start at the bottom, which can be over four kilometers deep
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
03:38
just off our continental shelf,
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื“ ืžื“ืฃ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:40
and we take samples at regular intervals right up to the surface.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื“ ืคื ื™-ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
03:44
We take the seawater back on the deck,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืžื™-ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืŸ,
03:47
and then we can either analyze them on the ship
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืชื— ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”
03:49
or back in the laboratory for the different chemicals parameters.
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ืื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ืœืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:52
But why should we care?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื›ืคืช?
03:54
How is ocean acidification going to affect all of us?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•?
04:00
Well, here are the worrying facts.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืื™ื’ื•ืช.
04:04
There has already been an increase in ocean acidity of 26 percent
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ 26 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
04:10
since pre-industrial times, which is directly due to human activities.
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ืžืื– ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื.
04:15
Unless we can start slowing down our carbon dioxide emissions,
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ืื ืœื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
04:19
we're expecting an increase in ocean acidity of 170 percent
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 170 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
04:26
by the end of this century.
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”.
04:29
I mean this is within our children's lifetime.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•.
04:33
This rate of acidification is 10 times faster
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ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืžืฆื” ื–ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ 10
04:38
than any acidification in our oceans for over 55 million years.
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ืžื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘-55 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:45
So our marine life have never, ever experienced
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื•ื•
04:50
such a fast rate of change before.
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ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
04:53
So we literally could not know how they're going to cope.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“.
04:58
Now there was a natural acidification event millions of years ago,
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ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื—ืžืฆื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
05:03
which was much slower than what we're seeing today.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:06
And this coincided with a mass extinction of many marine species.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
05:12
So is that what we're headed for?
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ืื– ื”ืื ืœืฉื ืคื ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช?
05:15
Well, maybe.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™.
05:16
Studies are showing some species are actually doing quite well
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
05:20
but many are showing a negative response.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช.
05:24
One of the big concerns is as ocean acidity increases,
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืขื•ืœื”,
05:29
the concentration of carbonate ions in seawater decrease.
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ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื—ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“.
05:34
Now these ions are basically the building blocks
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื ื™-ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
05:37
for many marine species to make their shells,
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ืœื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
05:40
for example crabs or mussels, oysters.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื, ืžื•ืœื™ื, ืฆื“ืคื•ืช.
05:45
Another example are corals.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
05:47
They also need these carbonate ions in seawater
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ื’ื ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื—ืžื” ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžื™-ื”ื™ื
05:50
to make their coral structure in order to build coral reefs.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:56
As ocean acidity increases
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืขื•ืœื”
05:58
and the concentration of carbonate ions decrease,
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ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื—ืžื” ื™ื•ืจื“,
06:02
these species first find it more difficult to make their shells.
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ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
06:07
And at even even lower levels, they can actually begin to dissolve.
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ื•ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืก.
06:12
This here is a pteropod, it's called a sea butterfly.
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ื–ื• ืชื•ืœืขืช ืจื‘-ื–ื™ืคื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืคืจืคืจ ื™ื,
06:15
And it's an important food source in the ocean for many species,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืœืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื,
06:18
from krill to salmon right up to whales.
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ืžืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื.
06:23
The shell of the pteropod was placed into seawater
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ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืœืขืช ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ื‘ืžื™-ื™ื
06:26
at a pH that we're expecting by the end of this century.
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ื‘ืจืžืช pH ืœื” ืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
06:31
After only 45 days at this very realistic pH,
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ืื—ืจื™ 45 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘-pH ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ ื”ื–ื”,
06:36
you can see the shell has almost completely dissolved.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื•ืกืกื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
06:41
So ocean acidification could affect right up through the food chain --
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ืื– ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ -
06:45
and right onto our dinner plates.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ืฆืœื—ืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:48
I mean who here likes shellfish? Or salmon?
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืžื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช-ื™ื? ืื• ืกืœืžื•ืŸ?
06:52
Or many other fish species
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ืื• ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
06:54
whose food source in the ocean could be affected?
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ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืข?
06:57
These are cold-water corals.
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ืืœื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื,
06:59
And did you know we actually have cold-water corals in Irish waters,
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ื•ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ืžื™ื-ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“,
07:03
just off our continental shelf?
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ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืฃ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™?
07:05
And they support rich biodiversity, including some very important fisheries.
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ื•ื”ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™-ื“ื™ื’ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
07:10
It's projected that by the end of this century,
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ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช,
07:14
70 percent of all known cold-water corals in the entire ocean
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70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื›ื•ืœื•
07:20
will be surrounded by seawater that is dissolving their coral structure.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™-ื™ื ืฉืžืžื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
07:28
The last example I have are these healthy tropical corals.
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:32
They were placed in seawater at a pH we're expecting by the year 2100.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘-pH ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2100.
07:39
After six months, the coral has almost completely dissolved.
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ืื—ืจื™ 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ืกืกื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
07:45
Now coral reefs support
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ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช
07:48
25 percent of all marine life in the entire ocean.
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ื‘-25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื›ื•ืœื•,
07:55
All marine life.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
07:57
So you can see: ocean acidification is a global threat.
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ืื– ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื™ื ืื™ื•ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™.
08:02
I have an eight-month-old baby boy.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
08:05
Unless we start now to slow this down,
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ืื ืœื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
08:09
I dread to think what our oceans will look like when he's a grown man.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืžืื™ืš ืฉื™ืจืื• ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
08:15
We will see acidification.
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ื ืจืื” ื”ื—ืžืฆื”.
08:17
We have already put too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืจืžื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
08:22
But we can slow this down.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื–ื”.
08:25
We can prevent the worst-case scenario.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:30
The only way of doing that
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
08:32
is by reducing our carbon dioxide emissions.
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ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:36
This is important for both you and I, for industry, for governments.
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ื•ืœื™, ืœืชืขืฉื™ื”, ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช.
08:41
We need to work together, slow down global warming
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“, ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช
08:45
slow down ocean acidification
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ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
08:47
and help to maintain a healthy ocean and a healthy planet
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ื
08:52
for our generation and for generations to come.
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ืœื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื
08:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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