How pollution is changing the ocean's chemistry | Triona McGrath

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Sanda L

Do you ever think about how important the oceans are in our daily lives?

Razmišljate li ikada kako su oceani važni za naš svakodnevni život?

The oceans cover two-thirds of our planet.

Oceani zauzimaju dvije trećine našeg planeta.

They provide half the oxygen we breathe.

Oni proizvode polovicu kisika kojeg udišemo.

They moderate our climate.

Oni modeliraju našu klimu.

And they provide jobs and medicine and food

I daju poslove, lijekove i hranu,

including 20 percent of protein to feed the entire world population.

uključujući 20 posto proteina za prehranu ukupne ljudske populacije.

People used to think that the oceans were so vast

Ljudi su mislili da su oceani toliko veliki

that they wouldn't be affected by human activities.

da neće biti pogođeni ljudskom aktivnošću.

Well today I'm going to tell you about a serious reality

Danas ću vam pričati o ozbiljnoj stvarnosti

that is changing our oceans called ocean acidification,

koja mijenja naše oceane, zvano oceansko zakiseljavanje,

or the evil twin of climate change.

ili zli blizanac klimatskih promjena.

Did you know that the oceans have absorbed 25 percent of all of the carbon dioxide

Znate li da je ocean apsorbirao 25 posto ukupnog ugljikovog dioksida

that we have emitted to the atmosphere?

kojeg smo ispustili u atmosferu?

Now this is just another great service provided by the oceans

To je samo još jedna dobra stvar kod oceana

since carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases

jer je ugljikov dioksid jedan od stakleničkih plinova

that's causing climate change.

koji uzrokuje klimatske promjene.

But as we keep pumping more and more and more

Kako mi i dalje ispuštamo sve više, više i više

carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

ugljikovog dioksida u atmosferu,

more is dissolving into the oceans.

sve više ga biva otopljeno u oceanima.

And this is what's changing our ocean chemistry.

I to je ono što mijenja kemijski sastav oceana.

When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater,

Kada se ugljikov dioksid otopi u morskoj vodi,

it undergoes a number of chemical reactions.

prolazi kroz niz kemijskih reakcija.

Now lucky for you,

Srećom za vas,

I don't have time to get into the details of the chemistry for today.

danas nemam vremena ući u detalje kemije.

But I'll tell you as more carbon dioxide enters the ocean,

Ali ću vam reći, što više ugljikovog dioksida uđe u ocean,

the seawater pH goes down.

pH morske vode opada.

And this basically means that there is an increase in ocean acidity.

Ovo, u osnovi, znači da postoji porast kiselosti oceana.

And this whole process is called ocean acidification.

I ovaj proces se zove zakiseljavanje.

And it's happening alongside climate change.

I događa se zajedno s klimatskim promjenama.

Scientists have been monitoring ocean acidification for over two decades.

Znastvenici prate oceansko zakiseljavanje više od dva desetljeća.

This figure is an important time series in Hawaii,

Ovo je važan vremenski niz na Hawaiima

and the top line shows steadily increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide,

i gornja linija pokazuje stalni porast koncentracije ugljikovog dioksida,

or CO2 gas, in the atmosphere.

ili CO2 plina u atmosferi.

And this is directly as a result of human activities.

I to je izravan rezultat ljudske aktivnosti.

The line underneath shows the increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide

Linija ispod pokazuje porast koncentracije ugljikovog dioksida

that is dissolved in the surface of the ocean

koji je otopljen na površini oceana,

which you can see is increasing at the same rate

koji se, kao što možete vidjeti, povećava istom brzinom

as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere since measurements began.

kao i ugljikov dioksid u atmosferi otkada su mjerenja započela.

The line on the bottom shows then shows the change in chemistry.

Donja linija pokazuje promjene u kemijskom sastavu.

As more carbon dioxide has entered the ocean,

Što je više ugljikovog dioksida ušlo u ocean,

the seawater pH has gone down,

to je pH morske vode više opao,

which basically means there has been an increase in ocean acidity.

što, u osnovici, znači da je došlo do povećanja oceanske kiselosti.

Now in Ireland, scientists are also monitoring ocean acidification --

U Irskoj, znanstvenici također prate oceansko zakiseljavanje,

scientists at the Marine Institute and NUI Galway.

znastvenici Oceanografskog instituta i NUI Galway.

And we, too, are seeing acidification at the same rate

I također možemo vidjeti kiselost po istoj stopi,

as these main ocean time-series sites around the world.

kao i one dobivene mjerenjima oceana u stanicama diljem svijeta.

So it's happening right at our doorstep.

Sve se to događa točno ispred nas.

Now I'd like to give you an example of just how we collect our data

Sada bih vam htjela dati primjer kako mi prikupljamo naše podatke

to monitor a changing ocean.

za praćenje promjene oceana.

Firstly we collect a lot of our samples in the middle of winter.

Prvo prikupljamo puno uzoraka sredinom zime.

So as you can imagine, in the North Atlantic

Kao što možete zamisliti, u Sjevernom Atlantiku

we get hit with some seriously stormy conditions --

znamo biti zahvaćeni ozbiljnim olujama,

so not for any of you who get a little motion sickness,

tako da to nije za vas koji imate morsku bolest,

but we are collecting some very valuable data.

ali prikupljamo neke vrlo značajne podatke.

So we lower this instrument over the side of the ship,

Spuštamo ovaj instrument sa strane broda

and there are sensors that are mounted on the bottom

i tamo su senzori, montirani na dnu,

that can tell us information about the surrounding water,

koji nam mogu dati informacije o vodi

such as temperature or dissolved oxygen.

kao što je temperatura ili otpušten kisik.

And then we can collect our seawater samples in these large bottles.

I tada možemo prikupiti uzorke morske vode u ove velike boce.

So we start at the bottom, which can be over four kilometers deep

Počinjemo na dnu, što može biti duboko preko četiri kilometra

just off our continental shelf,

dalje od naše kontinentalne obale,

and we take samples at regular intervals right up to the surface.

te uzimamo uzorke u pravilnim razmacima sve do površine.

We take the seawater back on the deck,

Morsku vodu dignemo na brod

and then we can either analyze them on the ship

gdje je možemo ili analizirati na brodu,

or back in the laboratory for the different chemicals parameters.

ili u laboratoriju za različite kemijske parametre.

But why should we care?

A zašto bi nas to zanimalo?

How is ocean acidification going to affect all of us?

Kako će oceansko zakiseljavanje utjecati na sve nas?

Well, here are the worrying facts.

Tu su zabrinjavajuće činjenice.

There has already been an increase in ocean acidity of 26 percent

Već je došlo do povećanja kiselosti oceana za 26 posto

since pre-industrial times, which is directly due to human activities.

od vremena prije industrije, koje je izravno povezano s ljudskom aktivnošću.

Unless we can start slowing down our carbon dioxide emissions,

Jedino ako ne smanjimo naše ispuštanje ugljikovog dioksida,

we're expecting an increase in ocean acidity of 170 percent

očekujemo povećanje oceanske kiselosti za 170 posto

by the end of this century.

do kralja stoljeća.

I mean this is within our children's lifetime.

Mislim, to je unutar razdoblja života naše djece.

This rate of acidification is 10 times faster

Ova stopa zakiseljavanja je 10 puta brža

than any acidification in our oceans for over 55 million years.

od bilo kojeg zakiseljavanja oceana tijekom više od 55 milijuna godina.

So our marine life have never, ever experienced

Morski život nikada prije nije doživio

such a fast rate of change before.

toliko brzu stopu promjena.

So we literally could not know how they're going to cope.

Tako da ne možemo ni znati kako će se to svladati.

Now there was a natural acidification event millions of years ago,

Postojalo je i prirodno zakiseljavanje milijunima godina prije,

which was much slower than what we're seeing today.

koje je bilo puno sporije od onoga što imamo danas.

And this coincided with a mass extinction of many marine species.

I ovo se podudara s masivnim izumiranjima mnogih morskih organizama.

So is that what we're headed for?

Je li to ono čemu stremimo?

Well, maybe.

Možda.

Studies are showing some species are actually doing quite well

Istraživanja pokazuju kako je nekim vrstama, zapravo, dobro,

but many are showing a negative response.

ali mnoge pokazuju negativan odgovor.

One of the big concerns is as ocean acidity increases,

Kako kiselost oceana raste, jedna od velikih briga je

the concentration of carbonate ions in seawater decrease.

što koncentracija karbonatnih iona u morskim vodama opada.

Now these ions are basically the building blocks

Ti su ioni, u osnovici, gradivni blokovi

for many marine species to make their shells,

za stvaranje oklopa mnogih morskih organizama,

for example crabs or mussels, oysters.

kao, na primjer, rakova, dagnji, kamenica.

Another example are corals.

Drugi primjer su koralji.

They also need these carbonate ions in seawater

Oni također trebaju karbonatne ione u morskoj vodi

to make their coral structure in order to build coral reefs.

za izgradnju koraljnih struktura, to jest, stvaranje koraljnih grebena.

As ocean acidity increases

Porastom kiselosti oceana

and the concentration of carbonate ions decrease,

i opadanjem koncentracije karbonatnih iona,

these species first find it more difficult to make their shells.

ove vrste teže izgrađuju svoje oklope,

And at even even lower levels, they can actually begin to dissolve.

a pri nižim razinama mogu se čak početi i otapati.

This here is a pteropod, it's called a sea butterfly.

Ovaj pteropod zove se morski leptir.

And it's an important food source in the ocean for many species,

Važan je izvor hrane za mnoge vrste u oceanu,

from krill to salmon right up to whales.

od planktona do lososa pa sve do kitova.

The shell of the pteropod was placed into seawater

Oklop pteropoda stavljen je u morsku vodu,

at a pH that we're expecting by the end of this century.

pH vrijednosti koju očekujemo do kraja ovog stoljeća.

After only 45 days at this very realistic pH,

Nakon samo 45 dana pri ovoj realnoj pH vrijednosti,

you can see the shell has almost completely dissolved.

možemo vidjeti da je oklop gotovo u potpunosti otopljen.

So ocean acidification could affect right up through the food chain --

Znači, oceansko zakiseljavanje može utjecati na hranidbeni lanac

and right onto our dinner plates.

i izravno na našu prehranu.

I mean who here likes shellfish? Or salmon?

Tko ovdje voli školjke? Ili lososa?

Or many other fish species

Ili mnoge druge riblje vrste

whose food source in the ocean could be affected?

čiji izvori hrane mogu biti zahvaćeni.

These are cold-water corals.

Tu su i koralji hladnih voda.

And did you know we actually have cold-water corals in Irish waters,

Jeste li znali da mi u Irskoj, zapravo, imamo koralje hladnih voda

just off our continental shelf?

dalje od kontinentalne obale?

And they support rich biodiversity, including some very important fisheries.

Oni podržavaju bogatu bioraznolikost, uključujući neke vrlo važne ribnjake.

It's projected that by the end of this century,

Pretpostavlja se da će do kraja ovog stoljeća,

70 percent of all known cold-water corals in the entire ocean

70 posto svih poznatih koralja hladnih voda u cijelom oceanu

will be surrounded by seawater that is dissolving their coral structure.

biti okruženo morskom vodom koja otapa njihove koraljne strukture.

The last example I have are these healthy tropical corals.

Zadnji primjer kojeg imam su ovi zdravi tropski koralji.

They were placed in seawater at a pH we're expecting by the year 2100.

Stavljeni su u morsku vodu pH vrijednosti koja se očekuje do 2100. godine.

After six months, the coral has almost completely dissolved.

Nakon šest mjeseci, koralji su se gotovo u potpunosti otopili.

Now coral reefs support

Koraljni grebeni održavaju

25 percent of all marine life in the entire ocean.

25 posto cijelog morskog života u oceanu.

All marine life.

Ukupan morski život.

So you can see: ocean acidification is a global threat.

Kako možete vidjeti, oceansko zakiseljavanje je globalna prijetnja.

I have an eight-month-old baby boy.

Imam sina starog osam mjeseci.

Unless we start now to slow this down,

Ako ne počnemo usporavati cijeli ovaj proces,

I dread to think what our oceans will look like when he's a grown man.

bojim se i pomisliti kako će naši oceani izgledati kada on bude odrastao muškarac.

We will see acidification.

Vidjet ćemo posljedice zakiseljavanja.

We have already put too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Već smo sada ispustili previše ugljikovog dioksida u atmosferu.

But we can slow this down.

Ali ovo možemo usporiti.

We can prevent the worst-case scenario.

Možemo spriječiti najgori mogući ishod.

The only way of doing that

Jedini način kako to možemo je

is by reducing our carbon dioxide emissions.

smanjiti ispuštanje ugljikovog dioksida.

This is important for both you and I, for industry, for governments.

Ovo je jednako bitno kako za vas i mene, tako i za industriju i vladu.

We need to work together, slow down global warming

Moramo raditi zajedno, usporiti globalno zagrijavanje,

slow down ocean acidification

usporiti oceansko zakiseljavanje

and help to maintain a healthy ocean and a healthy planet

i pomoći održavati čist ocean i čist planet

for our generation and for generations to come.

za našu generaciju i za generacije koje dolaze.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)