Steven Schwaitzberg: A universal translator for surgeons

Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Aniko Kovac Lektor: Mile Živković

So I want to talk to you about two things tonight.

Večeras želim da vam govorim o dve stvari.

Number one:

Prva:

Teaching surgery and doing surgery

obrazovanje hirurga i hirurgija

is really hard.

su veoma teški.

And second,

A druga je

that language is one of the most profound things

da je jezik jedna od najosnovnijih stvari

that separate us all over the world.

koje nas razdvajaju širom sveta.

And in my little corner of the world,

A u mom malom delu sveta,

these two things are actually related,

ove dve stvari su u stvari povezane

and I want to tell you how tonight.

i večeras želim da vam kažem kako.

Now, nobody wants an operation.

Niko ne želi operaciju.

Who here has had surgery?

Ko od prisutnih je imao operaciju?

Did you want it?

Da li ste je želeli?

Keep your hands up if you wanted an operation.

Držite ruke gore ako ste želeli operaciju.

Nobody wants an operation.

Niko ne želi operaciju.

In particular, nobody wants an operation

Tačnije, niko ne želi operaciju

with tools like these through large incisions

sa instrumentima poput ovog, preko velikih rezova

that cause a lot of pain,

koji prouzrokuju mnogo bola,

that cause a lot of time out of work or out of school,

zbog kojih gubimo mnogo vremena na poslu ili u školi,

that leave a big scar.

koji ostavljaju veliki ožiljak.

But if you have to have an operation,

Ali ukoliko morate da imate operaciju,

what you really want is a minimally invasive operation.

ono što zaista želite je da ona bude minimalno invazivna.

That's what I want to talk to you about tonight --

To je ono o čemu želim večeras da vam pričam -

how doing and teaching this type of surgery

kako su nas ovi tipovi operacija

led us on a search

doveli do potrage

for a better universal translator.

za boljim univerzalnim prevodiocem.

Now, this type of surgery is hard,

Ovaj tip operacija je težak,

and it starts by putting people to sleep,

počinje uspavljivanjem ljudi,

putting carbon dioxide in their abdomen,

punjenjem njihovog abdomena ugljen-dioksidom,

blowing them up like a balloon,

naduvavanjem ljudi kao balona,

sticking one of these sharp pointy things into their abdomen --

guranjem jedne od ovih oštrih stvarčica u njihov abdomen -

it's dangerous stuff --

što je opasna stvar -

and taking instruments and watching it on a TV screen.

i uzimanjem instrumenata i praćenjem na TV ekranu.

So let's see what it looks like.

Hajde da vidimo kako to izgleda.

So this is gallbladder surgery.

Ovo je operacija žučne kese.

We perform a million of these a year

Radimo ih na milione godišnje

in the United States alone.

uzimajući u obzir samo one u Americi.

This is the real thing. There's no blood.

Ovo je prava stvar. Nema krvi.

And you can see how focused the surgeons are,

Možete da vidite koliko su hirurzi usredsređeni,

how much concentration it takes.

koliko je koncentracije potrebno za ovo.

You can see it in their faces.

Možete to da vidite na njihovim licima.

It's hard to teach, and it's not all that easy to learn.

Teško je naučiti nekoga ovome i teško je nekome da to nauči.

We do about five million of these in the United States

Radimo oko pet miliona ovih operacija u Americi

and maybe 20 million of these worldwide.

i možda 20 miliona na celom svetu.

All right, you've all heard the term:

U redu, svi smo čuli izraz:

"He's a born surgeon."

"On je rođeni hirurg."

Let me tell you, surgeons are not born.

Dozvolite mi da vam kažem, hirurzi nisu rođeni.

Surgeons are not made either.

Hirurzi se čak ni ne stvaraju.

There are no little tanks where we're making surgeons.

Ne postoje mali rezervoari u kojima pravimo hirurge.

Surgeons are trained one step at a time.

Hirurzi se obučavaju korak po korak.

It starts with a foundation, basic skills.

Počinjemo sa osnovama, osnovnim veštinama.

We build on that and we take people, hopefully, to the operating room

Krećemo od toga i uvodimo ih, u idealnim uslovima, u operacione sale

where they learn to be an assistant.

gde uče kako da budu asistenti.

Then we teach them to be a surgeon in training.

Onda ih učimo kako da budu hirurzi na praksi.

And when they do all of that for about five years,

I onda, kada se bave time otprilike pet godina,

they get the coveted board certification.

oni dobijaju dugo priželjikavani sertifikat komore.

If you need surgery, you want to be operated on

Ako vam je potrebna operacija, želite da vas operiše

by a board-certified surgeon.

hirurg koji ima ovaj sertifikat.

You get your board certificate,

Posle dobijanja sertifikata,

and you can go out into practice.

možete da radite.

And eventually, if you're lucky, you achieve mastery.

I konačno, ako imate sreće, dostići ćete savršenstvo.

Now that foundation is so important

Osnova o kojoj sam govorio je toliko bitna

that a number of us

da je jedan deo nas

from the largest general surgery society in the United States, SAGES,

iz najvećeg društva za opštu hirurgiju u SAD, "SAGES",

started in the late 1990s a training program

krajem '90-ih godina započeo program obuke

that would assure that every surgeon who practices minimally invasive surgery

koji bi osigurao da svaki hirurg koji se bavi minimalno invazivnom hirurgijom

would have a strong foundation of knowledge and skills

ima dobro osnovno znanje i potrebne veštine

necessary to go on and do procedures.

koje su neophodne da bi vršili operacije.

Now the science behind this is so potent

Nauka na kojoj se ovo zasniva je toliko značajna

that it became required by the American Board of Surgery

da Američka hirurška komora zahteva ovaj program

in order for a young surgeon to become board certified.

kao preduslov da bi jedan mladi hirurg dobio njihov sertifikat.

It's not a lecture, it's not a course,

To nije predavanje, nije kurs,

it's all of that plus a high-stakes assessment.

to je sve to uz dodatne zadatke visokog rizika.

It's hard.

Teško je.

Now just this past year,

Samo ove protekle godine,

one of our partners, the American College of Surgeons,

jedan od naših partnera, Američki koledž za hirurge,

teamed up with us to make an announcement

objavio je u saradnji sa nama obaveštenje

that all surgeons should be FLS (Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery)-certified

da bi svi hirurzi trebalo da imaju sertifikat iz osnova laparoskopskih operacija

before they do minimally invasive surgery.

pre nego što počnu da rade minimalno invazivne operacije.

And are we talking about just people here in the U.S. and Canada?

Da li govorimo samo o ljudima ovde, u Americi i Kanadi?

No, we just said all surgeons.

Ne, mislili smo na sve hirurge.

So to lift this education and training worldwide

Proširenje ovog obrazovanja i obuke širom sveta

is a very large task,

je veoma zahtevan zadatak,

something I'm very personally excited about as we travel around the world.

nešto zbog čega sam lično veoma uzbuđen dok putujemo širom sveta.

SAGES does surgery all over the world, teaching and educating surgeons.

"SAGES" radi operacije širom sveta, podučavajući i obrazujući hirurge.

So we have a problem, and one of the problems is distance.

Ali tu postoje problemi, jedan od kojih je daljina.

We can't travel everywhere.

Ne možemo svuda da putujemo.

We need to make the world a smaller place.

Moramo svet da učinimo manjim.

And I think that we can develop some tools to do so.

I smatram da možemo da razvijemo određena sredstva za to.

And one of the tools I like personally is using video.

Jedno od ovih sredstava koje ja lično volim jeste upotreba video snimaka.

So I was inspired by a friend.

Inspirisao me je jedan prijatelj.

This is Allan Okrainec from Toronto.

Ovo je Alan Okrenik iz Toronta.

And he proved

On je dokazao

that you could actually teach people to do surgery

da je u stvari moguće naučiti ljude da izvode operacije

using video conferencing.

putem video konferencija.

So here's Allan teaching an English-speaking surgeon in Africa

Ovo je Alan dok uči jednog hirurga koji govori engleski u Africi

these basic fundamental skills

osnovnim veštinama

necessary to do minimally invasive surgery.

potrebnim za minimalno invazivne operacije.

Very inspiring.

Veoma nadahnjujuće.

But for this examination, which is really hard,

Ali kada je u pitanju ispit, koji je veoma težak,

we have a problem.

postoji problem.

Even people who say they speak English,

Čak i od ljudi koji tvrde da znaju engleski,

only 14 percent pass.

samo 14 procenata položi ispit.

Because for them it's not a surgery test,

Zato što za njih to nije test iz hirurgije,

it's an English test.

nego test engleskog.

Let me bring it to you locally.

Hajde da vam to predstavim na primeru.

I work at the Cambridge Hospital.

Ja radim u bolnici Kembridž.

It's the primary Harvard Medical School teaching facility.

Ona je prva ustanova za obuku Harvardske medicinske škole.

We have more than 100 translators covering 63 languages,

Imamo više od 100 prevodilaca koji rade sa 63 jezika

and we spend millions of dollars just in our little hospital.

i trošimo milione dolara samo u našoj maloj bolnici.

It's a big labor-intensive effort.

To je veoma naporan poduhvat.

If you think about the worldwide burden

Ako zamislite svetski problem

of trying to talk to your patients --

pri razgovoru sa pacijentima -

not just teaching surgeons, just trying to talk to your patients --

ne samo za obuku hirurga, i za razgovor sa pacijentima -

there aren't enough translators in the world.

ne postoji dovoljno prevodilaca na svetu.

We need to employ technology to assist us in this quest.

Potrebno nam je da uključimo tehnologiju da nam pomogne u ovoj misiji.

At our hospital we see everybody from Harvard professors

U našoj bolnici viđamo svakakve ljude od profesora na Harvardu,

to people who just got here last week.

do ljudi koji su stigli u državu pre nedelju dana.

And you have no idea how hard it is

Nemate predstavu koliko je teško

to talk to somebody or take care of somebody you can't talk to.

pričati s nekim ili se brinuti za nekoga s kim ne možete da razgovarate.

And there isn't always a translator available.

I prevodioci nisu uvek dostupni.

So we need tools.

Zato su nam potrebne alatke.

We need a universal translator.

Potreban nam je univerzalni prevodilac.

One of the things that I want to leave you with as you think about this talk

Jedna od stvari koje želim da se setite kada budete razmišljali o ovom govoru

is that this talk is not just about us preaching to the world.

jeste da ovaj govor nije samo propovedanje svetu.

It's really about setting up a dialogue.

Ovo je u stvari jedan dijalog.

We have a lot to learn.

Imamo mnogo toga da naučimo.

Here in the United States we spend more money per person

Ovde u SAD trošimo više novca po osobi

for outcomes that are not better than many countries in the world.

za stvari koje nisu ništa bolje nego u nekim drugim državama u svetu.

Maybe we have something to learn as well.

Možda i mi imamo ponešto da naučimo.

So I'm passionate about teaching these FLS skills all over the world.

Veoma sam strastven kada je u pitanju podučavanje osnova laparaskopije u svetu.

This past year I've been in Latin America, I've been in China,

Prošle godine sam bio u Latinskoj Americi, bio sam u Kini

talking about the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery.

i govorio sam o osnovama laparoskopskih operacija.

And everywhere I go the barrier is:

I svugde gde odem prepreka je:

"We want this, but we need it in our language."

"Želimo ovo, ali nam je potrebno da to bude na našem jeziku."

So here's what we think we want to do:

Evo šta mislimo da želimo da uradimo:

Imagine giving a lecture

zamislite da držite predavanje

and being able to talk to people in their own native language simultaneously.

i da ste sposobni da ljudima istovremeno govorite na njihovom jeziku.

I want to talk to the people in Asia, Latin America, Africa, Europe

Želim da pričam sa ljudima u Aziji, Latinskoj Americi, Africi, Evropi

seamlessly, accurately

bez prepreka, tačno

and in a cost-effective fashion using technology.

i na isplativ način, uz pomoć tehnologije.

And it has to be bi-directional.

I to mora biti u oba smera.

They have to be able to teach us something as well.

Oni moraju biti u mogućnosti da i nas nečemu nauče.

It's a big task.

To je veliki zadatak.

So we looked for a universal translator; I thought there would be one out there.

I tako smo potražili univerzalni prevodilac; mislio sam da postoji neki u svetu.

Your webpage has translation, your cellphone has translation,

Veb stranice imaju prevod, telefoni imaju prevod,

but nothing that's good enough to teach surgery.

ali ništa od toga nije dovoljno dobro da bi se podučavale operacije.

Because we need a lexicon. What is a lexicon?

Zato što nam je potreban leksikon. Šta je leksikon?

A lexicon is a body of words that describes a domain.

Leksikon je korpus reči koji opisuje jednu oblast.

I need to have a health care lexicon.

Meni je potreban leksikon zdravstvene zaštite.

And in that I need a surgery lexicon.

I u okviru njega mi je potreban leksikon hirurgije.

That's a tall order. We have to work at it.

To je veliki zahtev. Moramo da radimo na njemu.

So let me show you what we're doing.

Dozvolite mi da vam pokažem šta mi radimo.

This is research -- can't buy it.

Ovo je istraživanje - ne možete ga kupiti.

We're working with the folks at IBM Research from the Accessibility Center

Radimo sa ljudima iz IBM-ove grupe za istraživanje iz Centra za pristupačnost (Accessibility Center)

to string together technologies to work towards the universal translator.

kako bismo povezali tehnologije u radu ka razvijanju univerzalnog prevodioca.

It starts with a framework system

To počinje sa okvirom

where when the surgeon delivers the lecture

u koji kada hirurg održi lekciju

using a framework of captioning technology,

koristeći tehnologiju natpisa

we then add another technology to do video conferencing.

dodajemo još jedan deo tehnologije pri video konferencijama.

But we don't have the words yet, so we add a third technology.

Ali još uvek nemamo reči i zato dodajemo jednu treću tehnologiju.

And now we've got the words,

I sada imamo reči

and we can apply the special sauce: the translation.

i možemo da primenimo poseban sastojak: prevod.

We get the words up in a window and then apply the magic.

Prikažemo reči na ekranu i onda izvedemo čudo.

We work with a fourth technology.

Radimo sa četvrtom tehnologijom.

And we currently have access to eleven language pairs.

Trenutno radimo sa jedanaest parova jezika.

More to come as we think about trying to make the world a smaller place.

Još toga sledi dok razmišljamo o tome kako svet da načinimo manjim mestom.

And I'd like to show you our prototype

Želeo bih da vam pokažem prototip

of stringing all of these technologies that don't necessarily always talk to each other

povezivanja svih ovih tehnologija, koje baš i ne sarađuju svaki put,

to become something useful.

da bi postale nešto korisno.

Narrator: Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery.

Narator: Osnove laparoskopskih operacija

Module five: manual skills practice.

Peti modul: uvežbavanje manuelnih veštna.

Students may display captions in their native language.

Studenti mogu da prikažu natpise na svom maternjem jeziku.

Steven Schwaitzberg: If you're in Latin America,

Stiven Švajcberg: Ako ste u Latinskoj Americi,

you click the "I want it in Spanish" button

kliknete na dugme: "Želim to na španskom"

and out it comes in real time in Spanish.

i natpis se poljavljuje na španskom u realnom vremenu.

But if you happen to be sitting in Beijing at the same time,

Ali ako ste u tom trenutku u Pekingu

by using technology in a constructive fashion,

upotrebom ove tehnologije na koristan način

you could get it in Mandarin or you could get it in Russian --

možete da dobijete natpis na mandarinskom ili na ruskom -

on and on and on, simultaneously without the use of human translators.

i tako dalje, istovremeno, bez upotrebe prevodilaca.

But that's the lectures.

Ali to su predavanja.

If you remember what I told you about FLS at the beginning,

Ako se sećate šta sam vam rekao o osnovama laparoskopskih operacija na početku

it's knowledge and skills.

to podrazumeva znanje i veštine.

The difference in an operation

Razlika između uspešne

between doing something successfully and not

i neuspešne operacije

may be moving your hand this much.

može biti ovako malo pomeranje ruku.

So we're going to take it one step further;

Povešćemo ovo korak dalje;

we've brought my friend Allan back.

evo mog prijatelja Alana ponovo.

Allan Okrainec: Today we're going to practice suturing.

Alan Okrenik: Danas ćemo vežbati ušivanje.

This is how you hold the needle.

Igla se drži ovako.

Grab the needle at the tip.

Uhvati je pri vrhu.

It's important to be accurate.

Važno je biti precizan.

Aim for the black dots.

Ciljaj crne tačkice.

Orient your loop this way.

Okreni petlju ka ovamo.

Now go ahead and cut.

Sada možeš da presečeš.

Very good Oscar. I'll see you next week.

Veoma dobro, Oskare. Vidimo se sledeće nedelje.

SS: So that's what we're working on

SŠ: Dakle, to je ono na čemu radimo

in our quest for the universal translator.

u našoj potrazi za univerzalnim prevodiocem.

We want it to be bi-directional.

Želimo da on bude dvosmeran.

We have a need to learn as well as to teach.

Imamo potrebu da učimo kao i da podučavamo.

I can think of a million uses for a tool like this.

Mogu da zamislim milione upotreba alatke kao što je ova.

As we think about intersecting technologies --

Dok razmiljamo o ukrštanju tehnologija -

everybody has a cell phone with a camera --

svako ima telefon sa kamerom -

we could use this everywhere,

mogli bismo ovo da upotrebimo svuda,

whether it be health care, patient care,

bez obzira da li su u pitanju zdravstvo, nega pacijenata,

engineering, law, conferencing, translating videos.

mašinstvo, pravo, konferencije, prevođenje snimaka.

This is a ubiquitous tool.

To je alatka koja se može primeniti svuda.

In order to break down our barriers,

Kako bismo porušili zidove

we have to learn to talk to people,

moramo da naučimo da razgovaramo s ljudima,

to demand that people work on translation.

da zahtevamo od ljudi da rade na prevodu.

We need it for our everyday life,

Potrebno nam je to u svakodnevnom životu

in order to make the world a smaller place.

kako bismo svet načinili manjim mestom.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam puno.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)