Steven Schwaitzberg: A universal translator for surgeons

22,636 views ใƒป 2013-01-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Mark Freehoff ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
So I want to talk to you about two things tonight.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘.
00:19
Number one:
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ:
00:21
Teaching surgery and doing surgery
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ื”ื•ืจืืช ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื›ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื”
00:24
is really hard.
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ื”ื ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
00:27
And second,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช,
00:28
that language is one of the most profound things
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ืฉืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:31
that separate us all over the world.
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ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
00:34
And in my little corner of the world,
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ื•ื‘ืคื™ื ืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”,
00:36
these two things are actually related,
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ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”,
00:38
and I want to tell you how tonight.
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ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืขืจื‘.
00:40
Now, nobody wants an operation.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
00:44
Who here has had surgery?
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ืžื™ ื›ืืŸ ื ื•ืชื—?
00:48
Did you want it?
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ื”ืื ืจืฆื™ืชื ื‘ื›ืš?
00:49
Keep your hands up if you wanted an operation.
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ืฉืžืจื• ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื ืจืฆื™ืชื ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
00:51
Nobody wants an operation.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
00:53
In particular, nobody wants an operation
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—
00:56
with tools like these through large incisions
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ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ืชื›ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
01:01
that cause a lot of pain,
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ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื ื›ืื‘ ืจื‘,
01:03
that cause a lot of time out of work or out of school,
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื,
01:07
that leave a big scar.
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ืฉืžื•ืชื™ืจื™ื ืฆืœืงืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
01:09
But if you have to have an operation,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืืœืฆืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
01:12
what you really want is a minimally invasive operation.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื–ื” ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™.
01:14
That's what I want to talk to you about tonight --
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื ื”ืขืจื‘--
01:16
how doing and teaching this type of surgery
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ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื”
01:19
led us on a search
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
01:21
for a better universal translator.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:23
Now, this type of surgery is hard,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื”
01:26
and it starts by putting people to sleep,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื“ืžืช ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:29
putting carbon dioxide in their abdomen,
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ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœื—ืœืœ ื‘ื˜ื ื,
01:31
blowing them up like a balloon,
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ืœื ืคื— ืื•ืชื ื›ื‘ืœื•ืŸ,
01:33
sticking one of these sharp pointy things into their abdomen --
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ืชื—ื™ื‘ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืฆื™ื ื”ื—ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื—ืœืœ ื‘ื˜ื ื --
01:38
it's dangerous stuff --
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ื–ื” ืขืกืง ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ --
01:42
and taking instruments and watching it on a TV screen.
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ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืžืกืš ื˜ืœื‘ื™ื–ื™ื”.
01:46
So let's see what it looks like.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
01:48
So this is gallbladder surgery.
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืก ื”ืžืจื”.
01:50
We perform a million of these a year
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื”
01:52
in the United States alone.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:54
This is the real thing. There's no blood.
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื“ื.
01:56
And you can see how focused the surgeons are,
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื,
02:00
how much concentration it takes.
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ื›ืžื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ื“ืจืฉ.
02:02
You can see it in their faces.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื.
02:04
It's hard to teach, and it's not all that easy to learn.
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ืงืฉื” ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื–ื”,
02:10
We do about five million of these in the United States
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืืœื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
02:12
and maybe 20 million of these worldwide.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:17
All right, you've all heard the term:
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™:
02:20
"He's a born surgeon."
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"ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ ืžืœื™ื“ื”."
02:22
Let me tell you, surgeons are not born.
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ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื, ืฉืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื›ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื .
02:26
Surgeons are not made either.
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ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื.
02:29
There are no little tanks where we're making surgeons.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื.
02:33
Surgeons are trained one step at a time.
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ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืฉืจื”, ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื‘.
02:37
It starts with a foundation, basic skills.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“, ืžืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
02:41
We build on that and we take people, hopefully, to the operating room
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืขื“ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
02:46
where they learn to be an assistant.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื™ืขื ื™ื.
02:47
Then we teach them to be a surgeon in training.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื”,
02:50
And when they do all of that for about five years,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืฉืš 5 ืฉื ื™ื,
02:52
they get the coveted board certification.
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกืžื›ื” ื”ื ื›ืกืคืช.
02:56
If you need surgery, you want to be operated on
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ืžื™ ืฉื–ืงื•ืง ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—, ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืข
02:58
by a board-certified surgeon.
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ืข"ื™ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ ืžื•ืกืžืš.
03:01
You get your board certificate,
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ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกืžื›ื”,
03:03
and you can go out into practice.
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช.
03:05
And eventually, if you're lucky, you achieve mastery.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื–ืœ, ืืชื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื.
03:10
Now that foundation is so important
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
03:14
that a number of us
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ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
03:16
from the largest general surgery society in the United States, SAGES,
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ืž"ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื" ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, SAGES,
03:19
started in the late 1990s a training program
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ื”ืงืžื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื”
03:22
that would assure that every surgeon who practices minimally invasive surgery
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ืฉืชื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ืช ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช
03:26
would have a strong foundation of knowledge and skills
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื™ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
03:31
necessary to go on and do procedures.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื.
03:34
Now the science behind this is so potent
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ื”ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ืื™ืชืŸ,
03:38
that it became required by the American Board of Surgery
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ืขื“ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื
03:41
in order for a young surgeon to become board certified.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกืžื›ื”.
03:45
It's not a lecture, it's not a course,
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ืœื ื”ืจืฆืื” ื•ืœื ืงื•ืจืก,
03:49
it's all of that plus a high-stakes assessment.
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ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
03:52
It's hard.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื”.
03:54
Now just this past year,
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
03:58
one of our partners, the American College of Surgeons,
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ืื—ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืชื™ื ื•, ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื”,
04:01
teamed up with us to make an announcement
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื”
04:02
that all surgeons should be FLS (Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery)-certified
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ืช,
04:06
before they do minimally invasive surgery.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื”.
04:09
And are we talking about just people here in the U.S. and Canada?
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืงื ื“ื”?
04:12
No, we just said all surgeons.
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ืœื. ืืžืจื ื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื.
04:14
So to lift this education and training worldwide
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ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
04:19
is a very large task,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืœื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจื” ,
04:20
something I'm very personally excited about as we travel around the world.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืฉื™ืช ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืจื’ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ืจื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
04:24
SAGES does surgery all over the world, teaching and educating surgeons.
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SAGES ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืœืžื“ ื•ืžื—ื ืš ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื.
04:29
So we have a problem, and one of the problems is distance.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืจื—ืง.
04:33
We can't travel everywhere.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:35
We need to make the world a smaller place.
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:38
And I think that we can develop some tools to do so.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื— ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
04:41
And one of the tools I like personally is using video.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื•.
04:45
So I was inspired by a friend.
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ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื—ื‘ืจ.
04:47
This is Allan Okrainec from Toronto.
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ื–ื” ืืœืŸ ืื•ืงืจื™ื™ื ืง ืžื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื•.
04:49
And he proved
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—
04:52
that you could actually teach people to do surgery
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื”, ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”,
04:56
using video conferencing.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื•.
04:59
So here's Allan teaching an English-speaking surgeon in Africa
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ื”ื ื” ืืœืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
05:03
these basic fundamental skills
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ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืืœื•
05:06
necessary to do minimally invasive surgery.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืงืฆืช.
05:09
Very inspiring.
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ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”.
05:10
But for this examination, which is really hard,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”,
05:14
we have a problem.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”.
05:17
Even people who say they speak English,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
05:19
only 14 percent pass.
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ืจืง 14 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:22
Because for them it's not a surgery test,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื ื–ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:24
it's an English test.
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
05:28
Let me bring it to you locally.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื .
05:29
I work at the Cambridge Hospital.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'.
05:31
It's the primary Harvard Medical School teaching facility.
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ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“.
05:34
We have more than 100 translators covering 63 languages,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 100 ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœ 63 ืฉืคื•ืช
05:40
and we spend millions of dollars just in our little hospital.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
05:45
It's a big labor-intensive effort.
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ื–ื” ืžืืžืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจื•ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
05:47
If you think about the worldwide burden
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
05:51
of trying to talk to your patients --
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื --
05:52
not just teaching surgeons, just trying to talk to your patients --
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื, ื ืกื• ืจืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื --
05:55
there aren't enough translators in the world.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:58
We need to employ technology to assist us in this quest.
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
06:04
At our hospital we see everybody from Harvard professors
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœ ืžืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“
06:07
to people who just got here last week.
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ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ.
06:10
And you have no idea how hard it is
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื”
06:12
to talk to somebody or take care of somebody you can't talk to.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื•.
06:15
And there isn't always a translator available.
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ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืฆื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
06:18
So we need tools.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ื.
06:22
We need a universal translator.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
06:26
One of the things that I want to leave you with as you think about this talk
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•
06:30
is that this talk is not just about us preaching to the world.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืคื” ืœืขื•ืœื.
06:36
It's really about setting up a dialogue.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื ืช ื“ื•-ืฉื™ื—.
06:38
We have a lot to learn.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“.
06:40
Here in the United States we spend more money per person
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืื“ื
06:45
for outcomes that are not better than many countries in the world.
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ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:49
Maybe we have something to learn as well.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“.
06:52
So I'm passionate about teaching these FLS skills all over the world.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื ืœื”ื‘ ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”-FLS ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
06:57
This past year I've been in Latin America, I've been in China,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
07:00
talking about the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™.
07:04
And everywhere I go the barrier is:
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื•ื:
07:07
"We want this, but we need it in our language."
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืคืชื ื•."
07:12
So here's what we think we want to do:
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉื ืขืฉื”:
07:15
Imagine giving a lecture
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชืŸ ื”ืจืฆืื”
07:17
and being able to talk to people in their own native language simultaneously.
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ื•ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืชื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
07:22
I want to talk to the people in Asia, Latin America, Africa, Europe
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืกื™ื”, ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
07:28
seamlessly, accurately
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ื—ืœืง, ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
07:33
and in a cost-effective fashion using technology.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
07:37
And it has to be bi-directional.
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•-ืกื™ื˜ืจื™.
07:38
They have to be able to teach us something as well.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื.
07:41
It's a big task.
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ื–ื• ืžื˜ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
07:43
So we looked for a universal translator; I thought there would be one out there.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืคืฉื ื• ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™: ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื” ืื™ ืฉื.
07:46
Your webpage has translation, your cellphone has translation,
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ืœื“ืฃ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœืš ื™ืฉ ืชืจื’ื•ื, ืœื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœืš ื™ืฉ ืชืจื’ื•ื,
07:50
but nothing that's good enough to teach surgery.
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ืืš ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื”.
07:55
Because we need a lexicon. What is a lexicon?
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ื›ื™ ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื• ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ. ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ?
07:57
A lexicon is a body of words that describes a domain.
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ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืืจ ืžืจื—ื‘.
08:01
I need to have a health care lexicon.
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ืื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™.
08:04
And in that I need a surgery lexicon.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื”.
08:08
That's a tall order. We have to work at it.
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ื–ื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
08:12
So let me show you what we're doing.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
08:14
This is research -- can't buy it.
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ื–ื” ืžื—ืงืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืชื•.
08:16
We're working with the folks at IBM Research from the Accessibility Center
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ IBM ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช
08:20
to string together technologies to work towards the universal translator.
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ืœืฆืจืฃ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
08:25
It starts with a framework system
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืชื™ืช
08:27
where when the surgeon delivers the lecture
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ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืจืฆืื”
08:30
using a framework of captioning technology,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
08:33
we then add another technology to do video conferencing.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื•.
08:38
But we don't have the words yet, so we add a third technology.
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ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช.
08:41
And now we've got the words,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
08:44
and we can apply the special sauce: the translation.
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืงืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“: ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื.
08:48
We get the words up in a window and then apply the magic.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืื– ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืกื.
08:53
We work with a fourth technology.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช.
08:55
And we currently have access to eleven language pairs.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืฆืžื“ื™ ืฉืคื”.
08:59
More to come as we think about trying to make the world a smaller place.
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ืขื•ื“ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื ื˜ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืงื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:04
And I'd like to show you our prototype
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ื•ืืฉืžื— ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ืื‘-ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœื ื•
09:06
of stringing all of these technologies that don't necessarily always talk to each other
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ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
09:11
to become something useful.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
09:15
Narrator: Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery.
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ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ: ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ืช.
09:19
Module five: manual skills practice.
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ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช: ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช
09:22
Students may display captions in their native language.
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคืช ืืžื.
09:29
Steven Schwaitzberg: If you're in Latin America,
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื‘ืจื’: ืื ืืชื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
09:31
you click the "I want it in Spanish" button
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ืืชื” ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”-"ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช"
09:33
and out it comes in real time in Spanish.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช.
09:37
But if you happen to be sitting in Beijing at the same time,
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ืืš ืื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
09:40
by using technology in a constructive fashion,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื”,
09:43
you could get it in Mandarin or you could get it in Russian --
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืื• ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช --
09:46
on and on and on, simultaneously without the use of human translators.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื” ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื” ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”, ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
09:52
But that's the lectures.
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ืืš ืืœื• ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช.
09:54
If you remember what I told you about FLS at the beginning,
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ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœ- FLS ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
09:57
it's knowledge and skills.
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ื–ื” ื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
10:00
The difference in an operation
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—
10:02
between doing something successfully and not
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื
10:07
may be moving your hand this much.
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ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื–ืช ื”ื™ื“ ื›ื›ื”.
10:10
So we're going to take it one step further;
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ืื– ื ื ื•ืข ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”:
10:12
we've brought my friend Allan back.
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ื”ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืืœืŸ ื—ื–ืจื”.
10:14
Allan Okrainec: Today we're going to practice suturing.
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ืืœืŸ ืื•ืงืจื™ื™ื ืง: ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืชืจื’ืœ ืชืคื™ืจื”.
10:20
This is how you hold the needle.
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ื›ืš ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื˜.
10:22
Grab the needle at the tip.
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ืื—ื–ื• ื‘ืžื—ื˜ ื‘ืงืฆื”.
10:27
It's important to be accurate.
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ื™ื™ืง.
10:29
Aim for the black dots.
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ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
10:33
Orient your loop this way.
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ื”ืกื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ืœืื” ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืš.
10:37
Now go ahead and cut.
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ื›ืขืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื—ืชื•ืš.
10:41
Very good Oscar. I'll see you next week.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ืกืงืจ. ื ืชืจืื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื.
10:45
SS: So that's what we're working on
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ืก.ืฉ. : ืื– ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
10:48
in our quest for the universal translator.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
10:51
We want it to be bi-directional.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•-ืกื˜ืจื™.
10:53
We have a need to learn as well as to teach.
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ืœื ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื’ื ืœืœืžื“.
10:57
I can think of a million uses for a tool like this.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
11:01
As we think about intersecting technologies --
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ืช --
11:04
everybody has a cell phone with a camera --
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืขื ืžืฆืœืžื” --
11:07
we could use this everywhere,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
11:09
whether it be health care, patient care,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
11:11
engineering, law, conferencing, translating videos.
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ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ืžืฉืคื˜, ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
11:15
This is a ubiquitous tool.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ ืจื‘ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
11:18
In order to break down our barriers,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
11:20
we have to learn to talk to people,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื,
11:22
to demand that people work on translation.
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ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื.
11:26
We need it for our everyday life,
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•,
11:28
in order to make the world a smaller place.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืงื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:31
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
11:33
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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