Bart Knols: Cheese, dogs and a pill to kill mosquitoes and end malaria

21,598 views ・ 2015-07-15

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Mile Živković
00:12
(Mosquito buzzing)
1
12800
5866
(Zujanje komarca)
00:22
(Swat)
2
22040
1200
(Udarac)
00:25
Gotcha.
3
25480
1150
Imam te.
00:27
Mosquitoes.
4
27960
1200
Komarci. Mrzim ih.
00:29
I hate them.
5
29880
1200
Zar vi ne?
00:32
Don't you?
6
32120
1200
00:33
That awful buzzing sound at night around your ears
7
33960
2616
Taj grozan zvuk zujanja oko vaše glave noću
00:36
that drives you absolutely crazy?
8
36600
1600
koji vas potpuno izluđuje?
Znanje da on želi da zabode iglu u vašu kožu i isisa vam krv?
00:39
Knowing that she wants to stick a needle in your skin
9
39280
2496
00:41
and suck out your blood?
10
41800
1200
00:43
That's awful, right?
11
43520
1200
To je grozno, zar ne?
00:45
In fact, there's only one good thing I can think of when it gets to mosquitoes.
12
45280
4560
U stvari, ima samo jedna dobra stvar koje mogu da se setim
u vezi sa komaracima.
00:51
When they fly into our bedroom at night,
13
51000
1920
Kada ulete noću u našu sobu,
00:53
they prefer to bite my wife.
14
53800
1334
radije ujedu moju ženu.
00:55
(Laughter)
15
55601
1215
00:56
But that's fascinating, right?
16
56840
1456
Ali to je fascinantno, zar ne?
00:58
Why does she receive more bites than I do?
17
58320
3440
Zašto nju više ujedaju nego mene?
01:02
And the answer is smell,
18
62600
2416
I odgovor je miris, miris njenog tela.
01:05
the smell of her body.
19
65040
1200
I pošto svi imamo drugačiji miris i proizvodimo hemikalije
01:07
And since we all smell different and produce chemicals on our skin
20
67120
3856
u našoj koži koje ili privlače ili odbijaju komarce,
01:11
that either attract or repel mosquitoes,
21
71000
2936
01:13
some of us are just more attractive than others.
22
73960
2680
neki od nas su prosto privlačniji od drugih.
01:17
So my wife smells nicer than I do, or I just stink more than she does.
23
77360
5240
Tako moja žena miriše lepše nego ja
ili ja više smrdim od nje.
01:23
Either way, mosquitoes find us in the dark by sniffing us out. They smell us.
24
83560
6216
U svakom slučaju, komarci nas nađu u mraku tako što nas njuše.
Namirišu nas.
01:29
And during my PhD, I wanted to know exactly
25
89800
3296
I u toku mog doktorata, hteo sam da znam tačno
koje hemikalije iz naše kože komarci koriste,
01:33
what chemicals from our skin African malaria mosquitoes use
26
93120
4080
afrički malarični komarci, da nas nađu noću.
01:37
to track us down at night.
27
97224
1240
01:39
And there's a whole range of compounds that they do use.
28
99680
2640
I ima čitav niz jedinjenja koje koriste.
01:42
And this was not going to be an easy task.
29
102760
2040
Izgledalo je da to neće biti lak zadatak.
01:45
And therefore we set up various experiments.
30
105600
3040
I zbog toga, sproveli smo razne eksperimente.
01:49
Why did we set up these experiments?
31
109640
2176
Zašto smo sproveli ove eksperimente?
01:51
Because half the world's population
32
111840
2296
Zato što je polovina svetskog stanovništva pod rizikom
01:54
runs the risk of contracting a killer disease like malaria
33
114160
4296
da dobije smrtonosnu bolest kao što je malarija
01:58
through a simple mosquito bite.
34
118480
1560
putem običnog ujeda komarca.
02:00
Every 30 seconds, somewhere on this planet,
35
120840
2416
Svakih 30 sekundi negde na ovoj planeti
02:03
a child dies of malaria,
36
123280
2456
umre jedno dete od malarije i Pol Levi je jutros
02:05
and Paul Levy this morning, he was talking about the metaphor
37
125760
2896
govorio o metafori Boinga 727 koji se ruši u Sjedinjenim Državama.
02:08
of the 727 crashing into the United States.
38
128680
2496
U Africi imamo ekvivalent od sedam džambo džetova 747
02:11
Well, in Africa, we have the equivalent of seven jumbo 747s
39
131200
5656
02:16
crashing every day.
40
136880
1280
koji se ruše svakog dana.
02:19
But perhaps if we can attract these mosquitoes to traps,
41
139320
3295
Ali možda, ako bismo mogli da privučemo ove komarce u zamke,
02:22
bait it with our smell,
42
142639
1577
namamimo ih našim mirisom,
02:24
we may be able to stop transmission of disease.
43
144240
2920
možda ćemo uspeti da zaustavimo prenošenje zaraze.
Rešenje ove zagonetke nije bilo lako
02:28
Now, solving this puzzle was not an easy thing,
44
148360
2216
02:30
because we produce hundreds of different chemicals on the skin,
45
150600
2976
zato što proizvodimo stotine raznih hemikalija na koži,
02:33
but we undertook some remarkable experiments
46
153600
2656
ali smo sproveli neke neobične eksperimente
koji su nam omogućili da rešimo ovu zagonetku veoma brzo.
02:36
that managed us to resolve this puzzle very quickly indeed.
47
156280
3296
02:39
First, we observed that not all mosquito species
48
159600
3336
Prvo smo gledali da ne ujedaju sve vrste komaraca isti deo tela.
02:42
bite on the same part of the body.
49
162960
1920
02:45
Strange.
50
165600
1216
Čudno.
02:46
So we set up an experiment
51
166840
1576
Tako da smo izveli eksperiment
02:48
where we put a naked volunteer in a large cage,
52
168440
3357
gde smo stavili nagog dobrovoljca u veliki kavez
02:51
(Laughter)
53
171821
1015
02:52
and in that cage, we released mosquitoes
54
172860
2436
i u taj kavez pustili komarce
02:55
to see where they were biting on the body of that person.
55
175320
2680
da vidimo koji deo tela te osobe ujedaju.
02:58
And we found some remarkable differences.
56
178600
1960
I otkrili smo neke neobične razlike.
03:01
On the left here you see the bites
57
181000
3016
Ovde levo vidite ujede
holandskog malaričnog komarca na ovoj osobi.
03:04
by the Dutch malaria mosquito on this person.
58
184040
2256
03:06
They had a very strong preference for biting on the face.
59
186320
2680
Oni su veoma naginjali ka ujedanju lica.
03:09
In contrast, the African malaria mosquito
60
189840
2496
Nasuprot tome, afrički malarični komarac
je veoma naginjao ka ujedanju za članke i stopala ove osobe
03:12
had a very strong preference for biting the ankles and feet of this person.
61
192360
5176
03:17
And that, of course, we should have known all along,
62
197560
2456
i to je naravno trebalo već da znamo
03:20
because they're called mosqui-toes, you see?
63
200040
3136
jer se oni zovu "mosqui-toes" (toes - prsti na nogama), vidite? (Smeh)
03:23
(Laughter)
64
203200
1336
03:24
That's right.
65
204560
1216
Tako je. (Aplauz)
03:25
(Applause)
66
205800
2256
I tako smo počeli da se fokusiramo na miris stopala,
03:28
And so we started focusing on the smell of feet ...
67
208080
4360
03:33
on the smell of human feet,
68
213240
1816
na miris ljudskih stopala,
sve dok nismo naišli na neobičnu izjavu u literaturi
03:35
until we came across a remarkable statement in the literature
69
215080
3736
03:38
that said that cheese smells after feet
70
218840
3776
koja kaže da sir miriše na noge, a ne obrnuto.
03:42
rather than the reverse.
71
222640
1600
03:44
Think of it.
72
224840
1456
Razmislite o tome.
03:46
And this triggered us to do a remarkable experiment.
73
226320
2429
I ovo nas je podstaklo da napravimo neobičan eksperiment.
03:48
We tried, with a tiny little piece of Limburger cheese,
74
228773
5043
Probali smo, sa komadićem limburškog sira,
03:53
which smells badly after feet,
75
233840
1760
koji gadno smrdi na noge,
da privučemo afričke malarične komarce.
03:56
to attract African malaria mosquitoes.
76
236240
2136
03:58
And you know what? It worked.
77
238400
1880
I znate šta? Uspelo je.
U stvari, uspelo je tako dobro da sada imamo sintetičku mešavinu
04:01
In fact, it worked so well
78
241440
2976
04:04
that now we have a synthetic mixture of the aroma of Limburger cheese
79
244440
4536
arome limburškog sira koji smo koristili u Tanzaniji
04:09
that we're using in Tanzania
80
249000
1776
04:10
and has been shown there
81
250800
1216
i tamo se pokazalo da je dva do tri puta
04:12
to be two to three times more attractive to mosquitoes than humans.
82
252040
3960
privlačniji komarcima nego što su to ljudi.
04:16
Limburg, be proud of your cheese,
83
256760
3496
Limburg, budi ponosan na svoj sir,
04:20
as it is now used in the fight against malaria.
84
260280
3136
jer se on sada koristi u borbi protiv malarije.
04:23
(Applause)
85
263440
6258
(Aplauz)
04:30
That's the cheese, just to show you.
86
270279
2120
Ovo je taj sir, samo da vam pokažem.
04:33
My second story is remarkable as well.
87
273399
2481
Moja druga priča je isto tako neobična.
04:36
It's about man's best friend. It's about dogs.
88
276720
2360
Ona je o čovekovom najboljem prijatelju. O psima.
04:39
And I will show you how we can use dogs in the fight against malaria.
89
279960
3360
I ja ću vam pokazati
kako možemo da koristimo pse u borbi protiv malarije.
04:44
One of the best ways of killing mosquitoes
90
284880
2856
Jedan od najboljih načina za ubijanje komaraca
04:47
is not to wait until they fly around like adults
91
287760
3296
nije da čekamo dok ne počnu da lete kao odrasli
i ujedaju ljude i prenose bolest,
04:51
and bite people and transmit disease.
92
291080
1880
04:53
It's to kill them when they're still in the water as larvae.
93
293800
3400
već da ih ubijemo dok se još nalaze u vodi kao larve.
04:57
Why?
94
297920
1216
Zašto? Jer su oni baš kao CIA.
04:59
Because they are just like the CIA.
95
299160
2360
05:02
In that pool of water, these larvae are concentrated.
96
302480
3976
U toj bari su ove larve koncentrisane.
05:06
They're all together there. They are immobile.
97
306480
2656
Sve zajedno su ovde. Nepokretne su.
05:09
They can't escape from that water.
98
309160
1656
Ne mogu da pobegnu iz te vode. Ne mogu da lete.
05:10
They can't fly.
99
310840
1576
05:12
And they're accessible.
100
312440
2696
I pristupačne su.
05:15
You can actually walk up to that pool and you can kill them there, right?
101
315160
4040
Možete da došetate do te bare i ubijete ih tu, zar ne?
05:20
So the problem that we face with this
102
320120
3616
Problem sa kojim se ovde suočavamo je taj da su,
05:23
is that, throughout the landscape, all these pools of water with the larvae,
103
323760
3896
širom predela, sve ove bare sa larvama
05:27
they are scattered all over the place,
104
327680
1976
razbacane na sve strane,
05:29
which makes it very hard for an inspector like this
105
329680
3216
što znatno otežava nadzorniku poput ovog
05:32
to actually find all these breeding sites and treat them with insecticides.
106
332920
3560
da nađe sva ova legla i poprska ih insekticidima.
I prošle godine smo razmišljali intenzivno kako da rešimo ovaj problem.
05:37
And last year we thought very, very hard, how can we resolve this problem?
107
337040
4200
05:41
Until we realized that just like us -- we have a unique smell --
108
341960
4456
Dok nismo shvatili
da kao što mi imamo jedinstven miris,
tako i larve komarca imaju vrlo jedinstven miris.
05:46
mosquito larvae also have a very unique smell.
109
346440
3280
05:50
And so we set up another crazy experiment,
110
350480
2176
I tako smo izveli još jedan ludi eksperiment,
05:52
because we collected the smell of these larvae,
111
352680
2336
zato što smo pokupili miris ovih larvi,
stavili ga na komade tkanine i onda uradili nešto vrlo neobično.
05:55
put it on pieces of cloth, and then did something very remarkable.
112
355040
3280
05:58
Here we have a bar with four holes
113
358960
2416
Ovde imamo gredu sa četiri rupe
06:01
and we put the smell of these larvae in the left hole.
114
361400
2776
i stavili smo miris larvi u levu rupu.
06:04
Oh, that was very quick.
115
364200
1216
O, to je bilo brzo.
06:05
And then you see the dog. It's called Tweed. It's a border collie.
116
365440
3136
I onda vidite psa. Zove se Tvid. On je Border Koli.
On pretražuje ove rupe i sada je već našao.
06:08
He's examining these holes and now he's got it already.
117
368600
2616
Vraća se da proveri kontrolne rupe ponovo,
06:11
He's going back to check the control holes again,
118
371240
2336
06:13
but he's coming back to the first one,
119
373600
1856
ali se vraća do prve,
i sada pamti taj miris,
06:15
and now he's locking into that smell,
120
375480
1816
06:17
which means that now, we can use dogs with these inspectors
121
377320
3616
što znači da sada možemo da koristimo pse
sa ovim nadzornicima da mnogo lakše nađemo
06:20
to much better find the breeding sites of mosquitoes in the field,
122
380960
3216
legla komaraca u polju
06:24
and therefore have a much bigger impact on malaria.
123
384200
2400
i tako imamo mnogo veći uticaj na malariju.
06:27
This lady is Ellen van der Zweep.
124
387320
1616
Ova dama je Elen van der Zvep.
06:28
She's one of the best dog trainers in the world,
125
388960
2239
Ona je jedan od najboljih dresera pasa na svetu
06:31
and she believes that we can do a lot more.
126
391223
2040
i ona veruje da možemo da uradimo mnogo više.
Pošto znamo takođe da ljudi koji nose parazite malarije
06:34
Since we also know that people that carry malaria parasites
127
394160
3456
06:37
smell different compared to people that are uninfected,
128
397640
2856
mirišu drugačije od ljudi koji nisu zaraženi,
06:40
she's convinced that we can train dogs to find people that carry the parasite.
129
400520
4400
ona je ubeđena da možemo da dresiramo pse
da nađu ljude koji nose parazite.
06:46
That means that in a population where malaria has gone down all the way
130
406800
3416
To znači da u populaciji u kojoj je malarija pobeđena
06:50
and there's few people remaining with parasites,
131
410240
2416
i malo je ljudi ostalo sa parazitima,
06:52
that the dogs can find these people,
132
412680
1736
psi mogu da nađu ove ljude,
06:54
we can treat them with antimalarial drugs and give the final blow to malaria.
133
414440
3896
možemo ih lečiti anti-malaričnim lekovima i zadati konačan udarac malariji.
06:58
Man's best friend in the fight against malaria.
134
418360
2280
Čovekov najbolji prijatelj u borbi protiv malarije.
Moja treća priča je možda još neobičnija.
07:02
My third story is perhaps even more remarkable ...
135
422080
2366
i nikada do danas nije pokazana javnosti.
07:05
and, I should say, has never been shown to the public until today.
136
425280
3476
07:08
(Audience cheers)
137
428780
1001
07:09
Yeah.
138
429805
1200
Da.
07:11
It's a crazy story, but I believe it's perhaps the best and ultimate revenge
139
431760
4976
Priča je luda, ali verujem da je to možda najbolja
i konačna osveta komarcima.
07:16
against mosquitoes ever.
140
436760
1200
07:18
In fact, people have told me
141
438440
1496
U stvari, ljudi su mi rekli da će sada uživati
07:19
that now they will enjoy being bitten by mosquitoes.
142
439960
3480
u ujedima komaraca.
07:24
And the question of course is,
143
444520
1536
I pitanje je naravno, zbog čega bi neko
07:26
what would make someone enjoy being bitten by mosquitoes?
144
446080
3160
uživao u ujedima komaraca?
07:29
And the answer I have right here ...
145
449800
2320
I odgovor
imam upravo ovde u džepu,
07:33
in my pocket --
146
453080
1442
07:34
(Laughter)
147
454546
1001
07:35
if I get it.
148
455571
1200
ako ga nađem.
07:37
It's a tablet.
149
457960
1200
To je tableta, obična tableta
07:40
A simple tablet,
150
460000
1216
07:41
and when I take it with water ...
151
461240
2360
i kada je popijem s vodom,
07:44
it does miracles.
152
464480
1600
ona čini čuda.
07:48
Thank you.
153
468960
1280
Hvala.
07:56
Now, let me show you how this works.
154
476360
2920
Da vam pokažem kako ovo radi.
07:59
Here in this box, I have a cage
155
479960
2720
Ovde u kutiji imam kavez
sa nekoliko stotina gladnih
08:04
with several hundred hungry female mosquitoes ...
156
484014
6978
ženki komaraca
08:11
(Laughter)
157
491016
1280
08:12
that I'm just about to release.
158
492320
2456
koje ću upravo pustiti. (Smeh)
08:14
(Laughter)
159
494800
1776
08:16
Just kidding, just kidding.
160
496600
1341
Šalim se, šalim se.
08:17
(Laughter)
161
497965
1371
08:19
What I'm going to show you is, I'm gonna stick my arm into it
162
499360
3056
Gurnuću ruku unutra
08:22
and I will show you how quickly they will bite.
163
502440
2280
i pokazaću vam koliko brzo će oni ujedati.
08:25
There we go.
164
505480
1200
Idemo.
Ne brinite, radim ovo stalno u laboratoriji.
08:27
Don't worry, I do this all the time in the lab.
165
507480
2191
08:30
There we go.
166
510320
1200
Tako. Okej.
08:32
OK.
167
512560
1200
08:34
Now, on the video --
168
514240
2000
Sada, na snimku, na video snimku,
08:37
on the video here,
169
517320
1816
08:39
I'm going to show you exactly the same thing,
170
519160
2136
pokazaću vam upravo istu stvar,
osim što se, ono što vam pokazujem na videu
08:41
except that what I'm showing you on the video
171
521320
2136
08:43
happened one hour after I took the tablet.
172
523480
2800
desilo jedan sat pošto sam popio tabletu.
08:46
Have a look.
173
526799
1201
Pogledajte. Ovo ne radi. Izvinite.
08:48
That doesn't work.
174
528720
1216
08:49
OK. Sorry about that.
175
529960
1199
08:51
I'm sticking in my arm, I'm giving them a big juicy blood meal,
176
531600
2976
Uvlačim ruku. Dajem im veliki sočni
08:54
I'm shaking them off, and we follow them through time
177
534600
2496
obrok od krvi, stresam ih sa ruke i pratimo ih kroz vreme
da bismo videli da se ovi komarci razboljevaju,
08:57
to see these mosquitoes get very, very sick indeed,
178
537120
2496
08:59
here shown in fast motion.
179
539640
1520
ovde je pokazano ubrzano
09:01
And three hours later, what we see at the bottom of the cage
180
541920
3936
i tri sata kasnije vidimo na dnu kaveza mrtve komarce,
09:05
is dead mosquitoes ...
181
545880
1200
potpuno mrtve komarce i reći ću, dame i gospodo,
09:08
very dead mosquitoes.
182
548000
1960
09:10
And I'm going to say, ladies and gentlemen,
183
550800
2016
09:12
we have swapped the cards with mosquitoes.
184
552840
2000
zamenili smo uloge sa komarcima.
09:14
They don't kill us. We kill them.
185
554864
3552
Ne ubijaju oni nas. Mi ubijamo njih.
09:18
(Applause)
186
558440
7000
(Aplauz)
Sada - (Smeh) -
09:27
Now --
187
567640
1200
09:29
(Laughter)
188
569960
3176
09:33
Maastricht, be prepared.
189
573160
1520
Mastriht, budi spreman.
Pomislite šta možemo da uradimo sa ovim.
09:35
Now, think of what we can do with this.
190
575400
1896
09:37
We can actually use this to contain outbreaks
191
577320
2136
Možemo da iskoristimo ovo da zaustavimo izbijanje zaraza
09:39
of mosquito-born diseases, of epidemics, right?
192
579480
3080
koje potiču od komaraca, zar ne?
I još bolje, zamislite šta bi se desilo kad bi,
09:43
And better still, imagine what would happen
193
583160
2016
na jako velikom podučju, svi uzeli ovaj lek,
09:45
if, in a very large area, everyone would take these drugs, for just three weeks.
194
585200
4200
samo na tri nedelje
09:49
That would give us an opportunity
195
589920
1616
To bi nam dalo mogućnost da u stvari eliminišemo
09:51
to actually eliminate malaria as a disease.
196
591560
2120
malariju kao bolest.
Znači sir, psi i pilula za ubijanje komaraca.
09:54
So cheese, dogs and a pill to kill mosquitoes.
197
594360
3936
09:58
That's the kind of out-of-the-box science that I love doing ...
198
598320
2960
To je vrsta kreativne nauke koju ja volim da praktikujem,
za poboljšanje čovečanstva
10:02
for the betterment of mankind,
199
602160
1976
10:04
but especially for her,
200
604160
1616
ali naročito za nju, da bi ona mogla da odraste
10:05
so that she can grow up in a world without malaria.
201
605800
3896
u svetu bez malarije. Hvala vam. (Aplauz)
10:09
Thank you.
202
609720
1216
10:10
(Applause)
203
610960
1381
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7