Bart Knols: Cheese, dogs and a pill to kill mosquitoes and end malaria

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Translator: Antonius Yudi Sendjaja Reviewer: Lanny Yunita

(Mosquito buzzing)

(Dengungan nyamuk)

(Swat)

(Plak)

Gotcha.

Kena.

Mosquitoes.

Saya benci nyamuk.

I hate them.

Bagaimana dengan Anda?

Don't you?

That awful buzzing sound at night around your ears

Suara dengungan di telinga pada malam hari

that drives you absolutely crazy?

yang membuat Anda menjadi gila?

Nyamuk itu ingin menggigit dan menghisap darah?

Knowing that she wants to stick a needle in your skin

and suck out your blood?

That's awful, right?

Menyebalkan, bukan?

In fact, there's only one good thing I can think of when it gets to mosquitoes.

Sebenarnya, hanya ada satu kebaikan

mengenai nyamuk.

When they fly into our bedroom at night,

Saat nyamuk itu terbang ke kamar saya di malam hari,

they prefer to bite my wife.

nyamuk itu lebih senang menggigit istri saya.

(Laughter)

But that's fascinating, right?

Luar biasa, ya?

Why does she receive more bites than I do?

Mengapa istri saya lebih sering digigit nyamuk?

And the answer is smell,

Jawabannya adalah aroma tubuhnya.

the smell of her body.

Karena kita memiliki aroma berbeda, dan kulit kita menghasilkan

And since we all smell different and produce chemicals on our skin

bahan kimia yang mengundang atau mengusir nyamuk.

that either attract or repel mosquitoes,

some of us are just more attractive than others.

Beberapa orang lebih mengundang bagi nyamuk.

So my wife smells nicer than I do, or I just stink more than she does.

Istri saya aromanya lebih enak,

atau aroma saya yang lebih tidak enak.

Either way, mosquitoes find us in the dark by sniffing us out. They smell us.

Bagaimana pun, nyamuk menemukan kita di kegelapan

dengan membaui, mencium aroma kita.

And during my PhD, I wanted to know exactly

Selama program S3, saya penasaran

kulit kita mengandung bahan kimia apa,

what chemicals from our skin African malaria mosquitoes use

sehingga nyamuk malaria Afrika bisa melacak kita di malam hari.

to track us down at night.

Dan ada serangkaian senyawa kimia yang mereka gunakan.

And there's a whole range of compounds that they do use.

And this was not going to be an easy task.

Sehingga ini bukan tugas mudah.

And therefore we set up various experiments.

Karena itu, kami merancang beragam percobaan.

Mengapa kami merancang percobaan ini?

Why did we set up these experiments?

Because half the world's population

Karena setengah penduduk dunia berisiko

runs the risk of contracting a killer disease like malaria

terkena penyakit mematikan seperti malaria

through a simple mosquito bite.

melalui satu gigitan nyamuk.

Every 30 seconds, somewhere on this planet,

Setiap 30 detik, di suatu tempat di bumi ini,

a child dies of malaria,

seorang anak meninggal akibat malaria.

and Paul Levy this morning, he was talking about the metaphor

Pagi ini Paul Levy menyampaikan

perumpamaan kecelakaan pesawat Boeing 727 di Amerika Serikat.

of the 727 crashing into the United States.

Di Afrika, itu setara dengan kecelakaan 7 pesawat Boeing 747

Well, in Africa, we have the equivalent of seven jumbo 747s

crashing every day.

setiap harinya.

But perhaps if we can attract these mosquitoes to traps,

Namun jika kita dapat menarik nyamuk ini ke dalam perangkap

bait it with our smell,

dengan umpan aroma tubuh kita, mungkin penyakit ini

we may be able to stop transmission of disease.

penularannya bisa dicegah.

Teka-teki ini tak mudah dipecahkan,

Now, solving this puzzle was not an easy thing,

because we produce hundreds of different chemicals on the skin,

karena kulit kita menghasilkan ratusan bahan kimia,

but we undertook some remarkable experiments

namun kami melakukan beberapa percobaan luar biasa

yang dapat memecahkan teka-teki ini dengan sangat cepat.

that managed us to resolve this puzzle very quickly indeed.

First, we observed that not all mosquito species

Pertama, kami mengamati bahwa tidak semua spesies nyamuk

bite on the same part of the body.

menggigit bagian tubuh yang sama. Aneh.

Strange.

So we set up an experiment

Jadi, kami melakukan percobaan,

where we put a naked volunteer in a large cage,

kami memasukkan relawan yang tidak mengenakan busana,

(Laughter)

dalam sebuah ruangan besar, dan kami melepaskan nyamuk

and in that cage, we released mosquitoes

to see where they were biting on the body of that person.

untuk melihat bagian tubuh mana yang akan digigit.

And we found some remarkable differences.

Dan kami menemukan beberapa perbedaan luar biasa.

On the left here you see the bites

Di bagian kiri ada gigitan

nyamuk malaria Belanda pada orang ini.

by the Dutch malaria mosquito on this person.

They had a very strong preference for biting on the face.

Nyamuk ini sangat suka menggigit bagian wajah.

In contrast, the African malaria mosquito

Sebaliknya, nyamuk malaria Afrika

sangat suka menggigit kaki, dan pergelangan kakinya,

had a very strong preference for biting the ankles and feet of this person.

And that, of course, we should have known all along,

dan tentu sudah pasti,

because they're called mosqui-toes, you see?

karena nyamuk itu disebut "nyamuk-pergelangan kaki," ya?

(Laughter)

That's right.

Benar.

(Applause)

Lalu kami fokus pada aroma kaki,

And so we started focusing on the smell of feet ...

on the smell of human feet,

aroma kaki manusia,

sampai kami melihat pernyataan luar biasa dalam kepustakaan,

until we came across a remarkable statement in the literature

that said that cheese smells after feet

bahwa keju berbau kaki,

rather than the reverse.

dan bukan sebaliknya. Pikirkanlah.

Think of it.

And this triggered us to do a remarkable experiment.

Hal itu memicu percobaan luar biasa

We tried, with a tiny little piece of Limburger cheese,

dengan potongan kecil keju Limburger,

yang aromanya sama tidak enaknya dengan kaki

which smells badly after feet,

untuk menarik nyamuk malaria Afrika.

to attract African malaria mosquitoes.

And you know what? It worked.

Dan ternyata kami berhasil.

Karena itu kini kami memiliki campuran buatan

In fact, it worked so well

that now we have a synthetic mixture of the aroma of Limburger cheese

dari aroma keju Limburger yang kami gunakan di Tanzania,

that we're using in Tanzania

and has been shown there

dan aroma ini jauh lebih menarik

to be two to three times more attractive to mosquitoes than humans.

bagi nyamuk dibandingkan manusia.

Limburg, be proud of your cheese,

Limburg, banggalah pada keju kalian,

as it is now used in the fight against malaria.

karena keju ini kini digunakan untuk melawan malaria.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

That's the cheese, just to show you.

Itulah kejunya.

My second story is remarkable as well.

Kisah kedua saya juga luar biasa.

It's about man's best friend. It's about dogs.

Ini adalah kisah tentang sahabat terbaik saya, anjing.

And I will show you how we can use dogs in the fight against malaria.

Akan saya tunjukkan,

bagaimana kita dapat menggunakan anjing untuk melawan malaria.

One of the best ways of killing mosquitoes

Salah satu cara terbaik untuk membunuh nyamuk

is not to wait until they fly around like adults

adalah jangan menunggu nyamuk itu dewasa,

menggigit orang, dan menularkan penyakit.

and bite people and transmit disease.

It's to kill them when they're still in the water as larvae.

Namun harus dibunuh saat masih berupa larva di dalam air.

Why?

Mengapa? Karena larva itu sama seperti agen rahasia.

Because they are just like the CIA.

In that pool of water, these larvae are concentrated.

Dalam genangan air itu, larva ini terkonsentasi.

They're all together there. They are immobile.

Nyamuk itu semua berkumpul dan tidak dapat bergerak.

They can't escape from that water.

Semua tidak bisa keluar dari air. Semua tidak bisa terbang.

They can't fly.

And they're accessible.

Dan dapat kita dekati. Anda bisa menghampiri

You can actually walk up to that pool and you can kill them there, right?

genangan air itu, lalu membunuh mereka, ya?

So the problem that we face with this

Namun masalah yang kita hadapi adalah

is that, throughout the landscape, all these pools of water with the larvae,

di alam, genangan air berisi larva ini

they are scattered all over the place,

tersebar di semua tempat,

which makes it very hard for an inspector like this

itu membuat pengawas sangat kesulitan

to actually find all these breeding sites and treat them with insecticides.

untuk menemukan tempat pembiakan nyamuk dan memberi insektisida.

Tahun lalu, kami berpikir keras,

And last year we thought very, very hard, how can we resolve this problem?

bagaimana cara menyelesaikan masalah ini? Sampai kami menyadari,

Until we realized that just like us -- we have a unique smell --

bahwa sama seperti kita yang memiliki aroma unik,

larva nyamuk juga memiliki aroma yang sangat unik.

mosquito larvae also have a very unique smell.

And so we set up another crazy experiment,

Jadi, kami membuat percobaan gila lain,

because we collected the smell of these larvae,

dengan mengumpulkan aroma larva ini,

dan memasukkannya pada sehelai kain, lalu melakukan sesuatu yang luar biasa.

put it on pieces of cloth, and then did something very remarkable.

Here we have a bar with four holes

Dalam batang dengan empat lubang,

and we put the smell of these larvae in the left hole.

kami masukkan aroma larva ini ke lubang sebelah kiri.

Oh, that was very quick.

Oh, cepat sekali.

And then you see the dog. It's called Tweed. It's a border collie.

Lalu anjing itu, namanya Tweed, seekor border collie.

Dia memeriksa lubang ini, lalu menemukannya.

He's examining these holes and now he's got it already.

Dia kembali memeriksa lubang itu lagi,

He's going back to check the control holes again,

but he's coming back to the first one,

tapi kembali ke lubang pertama,

dan mencari aroma itu,

and now he's locking into that smell,

which means that now, we can use dogs with these inspectors

yang berarti kita dapat menggunakan anjing

untuk membantu pengawas ini menemukan

to much better find the breeding sites of mosquitoes in the field,

tempat-tempat pembiakan nyamuk,

and therefore have a much bigger impact on malaria.

sehingga memberikan kontribusi besar bagi malaria.

This lady is Ellen van der Zweep.

Wanita ini bernama Ellen van der Zweep, pelatih anjing terbaik di dunia,

She's one of the best dog trainers in the world,

dan dia yakin kami dapat melakukan lebih dari itu.

and she believes that we can do a lot more.

Sudah diketahui bahwa orang yang membawa parasit malaria

Since we also know that people that carry malaria parasites

smell different compared to people that are uninfected,

punya aroma berbeda dengan mereka yang tidak terjangkit,

she's convinced that we can train dogs to find people that carry the parasite.

dia yakin kita bisa melatih anjing

untuk menemukan orang yang membawa parasit itu.

That means that in a population where malaria has gone down all the way

Berarti di tengah masyarakat, di mana malaria

sudah berkurang, dan masih ada beberapa orang dengan parasit ini,

and there's few people remaining with parasites,

that the dogs can find these people,

anjing-anjing itu dapat menemukannya,

we can treat them with antimalarial drugs and give the final blow to malaria.

obat antimalaria bisa diberikan kepada mereka dan malaria bisa dibabat.

Man's best friend in the fight against malaria.

Sahabat terbaik manusia untuk melawan malaria.

Kisah ketiga saya mungkin lebih luar biasa lagi,

My third story is perhaps even more remarkable ...

dan kisah ini belum pernah saya ceritakan.

and, I should say, has never been shown to the public until today.

(Audience cheers)

Yeah.

Betul.

It's a crazy story, but I believe it's perhaps the best and ultimate revenge

Kisah ini gila, namun saya yakin mungkin inilah pembalasan dendam

terbaik dan terakhir melawan malaria.

against mosquitoes ever.

In fact, people have told me

Sebenarnya, orang- orang mengatakan mereka akan senang

that now they will enjoy being bitten by mosquitoes.

digigit nyamuk.

And the question of course is,

Dan pertanyaannya adalah, apa yang membuat seseorang

what would make someone enjoy being bitten by mosquitoes?

senang digigit nyamuk?

And the answer I have right here ...

Dan jawabannya,

ada di dalam saku saya,

in my pocket --

(Laughter)

if I get it.

mudah-mudahan.

It's a tablet.

Ini adalah tablet sederhana,

A simple tablet,

and when I take it with water ...

jika saya minum tablet ini dengan air

it does miracles.

akan terjadi keajaiban.

Thank you.

Terima kasih.

(Minum)

Now, let me show you how this works.

Akan tunjukkan cara kerjanya.

Here in this box, I have a cage

Di dalam kotak ini ada sarang nyamuk,

dengan beberapa ratus ekor

with several hundred hungry female mosquitoes ...

nyamuk betina yang lapar,

(Laughter)

that I'm just about to release.

yang akan saya lepaskan.

(Laughter)

Just kidding, just kidding.

Saya hanya bercanda.

(Laughter)

What I'm going to show you is, I'm gonna stick my arm into it

Saya akan memasukkan lengan saya,

and I will show you how quickly they will bite.

dan lihatlah betapa cepatnya nyamuk ini menggigit.

Ini dia.

There we go.

Jangan takut, saya sudah mencobanya di lab.

Don't worry, I do this all the time in the lab.

There we go.

Ini dia.

OK.

Now, on the video --

Dalam video ini,

on the video here,

saya akan menunjukkan hal sama,

I'm going to show you exactly the same thing,

tapi yang saya tunjukkan dalam video ini

except that what I'm showing you on the video

happened one hour after I took the tablet.

adalah 1 jam setelah saya minum tablet ini.

Have a look.

Lihatlah. Tidak berhasil. Maaf.

That doesn't work.

OK. Sorry about that.

I'm sticking in my arm, I'm giving them a big juicy blood meal,

Saya memasukkan lengan saya dan memberikan darah lezat.

I'm shaking them off, and we follow them through time

Saya keluarkan lengan dan nyamuk ini menjadi sangat sakit.

to see these mosquitoes get very, very sick indeed,

here shown in fast motion.

Bisa dilihat dalam gerak cepat,

And three hours later, what we see at the bottom of the cage

dan tiga jam kemudian,

sarang penuh dengan nyamuk-nyamuk mati,

is dead mosquitoes ...

dengan ini saya ingin menyampaikan,

very dead mosquitoes.

And I'm going to say, ladies and gentlemen,

we have swapped the cards with mosquitoes.

kita telah bertukar peran dengan nyamuk ini.

They don't kill us. We kill them.

Nyamuk itu tidak membunuh kita. Kitalah yang membunuhnya.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

Now --

Kemudian --

(Laughter)

Maastricht, be prepared.

Maastricht, bersiaplah.

Renungkanlah manfaatnya.

Now, think of what we can do with this.

We can actually use this to contain outbreaks

Kita dapat menggunakannya untuk mengatasi wabah

of mosquito-born diseases, of epidemics, right?

penyakit yang ditularkan nyamuk, ya?

Yang lebih hebat lagi, bayangkan jika

And better still, imagine what would happen

di daerah yang luas, semua orang minum tablet ini,

if, in a very large area, everyone would take these drugs, for just three weeks.

selama tiga minggu saja.

That would give us an opportunity

Itu memberikan peluang untuk memusnahkan

to actually eliminate malaria as a disease.

penyakit malaria.

Jadi, keju, anjing, dan pil untuk membunuh nyamuk.

So cheese, dogs and a pill to kill mosquitoes.

That's the kind of out-of-the-box science that I love doing ...

Itulah ilmu pengetahuan hebat

untuk kebaikan umat manusia,

for the betterment of mankind,

but especially for her,

namun terutama untuk dia, sehingga dia dapat tumbuh

so that she can grow up in a world without malaria.

dalam dunia yang bebas malaria. Terima kasih.

Thank you.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)