Bart Knols: Cheese, dogs and a pill to kill mosquitoes and end malaria

21,598 views ใƒป 2015-07-15

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
(Mosquito buzzing)
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[ื–ืžื–ื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉ]
00:22
(Swat)
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[ื—ื‘ื˜ื”]
00:25
Gotcha.
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ืชืคืกืชื™ ืื•ืชืš!
00:27
Mosquitoes.
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ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื. ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื ืื•ืชื.
00:29
I hate them.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืืชื?
00:32
Don't you?
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00:33
That awful buzzing sound at night around your ears
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ื”ื–ืžื–ื•ื ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ
00:36
that drives you absolutely crazy?
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ืฉืžืฉื’ืข ืืชื›ื?
ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืงื•ืข ืœื›ื ืžื—ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืจ
00:39
Knowing that she wants to stick a needle in your skin
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00:41
and suck out your blood?
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ืฅ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื“ื? ื ื•ืจื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:43
That's awful, right?
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00:45
In fact, there's only one good thing I can think of when it gets to mosquitoes.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืง ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“
ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
00:51
When they fly into our bedroom at night,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
00:53
they prefer to bite my wife.
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ื”ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืฅ ืืช ืืฉืชื™.
00:55
(Laughter)
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00:56
But that's fascinating, right?
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืจืชืง, ืœื?
00:58
Why does she receive more bites than I do?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื˜ืคืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืงื™ืฆื•ืช ืžืžื ื™?
01:02
And the answer is smell,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืจื™ื—, ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื”.
01:05
the smell of her body.
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื™ื— ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืื ื• ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
01:07
And since we all smell different and produce chemicals on our skin
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื,
01:11
that either attract or repel mosquitoes,
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01:13
some of us are just more attractive than others.
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ื—ืœืงื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
01:17
So my wife smells nicer than I do, or I just stink more than she does.
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ืื– ืœืืฉืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื— ื ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื™, ืื• ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜
ืื ื™ ืžืกืจื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื”.
01:23
Either way, mosquitoes find us in the dark by sniffing us out. They smell us.
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ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืจื—ืจื•ื—.
ื”ื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
01:29
And during my PhD, I wanted to know exactly
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™, ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื,
01:33
what chemicals from our skin African malaria mosquitoes use
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ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
01:37
to track us down at night.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
01:39
And there's a whole range of compounds that they do use.
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01:42
And this was not going to be an easy task.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื ืขืžื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœื”,
01:45
And therefore we set up various experiments.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชื›ื ื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
ืžื“ื•ืข ืชื›ื ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื”?
01:49
Why did we set up these experiments?
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01:51
Because half the world's population
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ื›ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื›ื ื”
01:54
runs the risk of contracting a killer disease like malaria
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ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืœืจื™ื”
01:58
through a simple mosquito bite.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขืงื™ืฆืช ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
02:00
Every 30 seconds, somewhere on this planet,
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ื‘ื›ืœ 30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื™ืœื“ ืžืช ืžืžืœืจื™ื”,
02:03
a child dies of malaria,
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02:05
and Paul Levy this morning, he was talking about the metaphor
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ื•ืคื•ืœ ืœื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก 727 ืฉืžืชืจืกืง ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
02:08
of the 727 crashing into the United States.
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ืื– ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 7 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื’'ืžื‘ื• 747
02:11
Well, in Africa, we have the equivalent of seven jumbo 747s
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02:16
crashing every day.
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ืฉืžืชืจืกืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
02:19
But perhaps if we can attract these mosquitoes to traps,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™, ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช,
02:22
bait it with our smell,
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ื ืคืชื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจื™ื— ืฉืœื ื•,
02:24
we may be able to stop transmission of disease.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:28
Now, solving this puzzle was not an easy thing,
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02:30
because we produce hundreds of different chemicals on the skin,
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ื›ื™ ืขื•ืจื ื• ืžืคื™ืง ืžืื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:33
but we undertook some remarkable experiments
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืจื›ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื”ืจ ืœืžื“ื™.
02:36
that managed us to resolve this puzzle very quickly indeed.
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02:39
First, we observed that not all mosquito species
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
02:42
bite on the same part of the body.
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ืขื•ืงืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. ืžื•ื–ืจ.
02:45
Strange.
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02:46
So we set up an experiment
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ืื– ืขืจื›ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™
02:48
where we put a naked volunteer in a large cage,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ ืขื™ืจื•ื ืœื›ืœื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
02:51
(Laughter)
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
02:52
and in that cage, we released mosquitoes
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02:55
to see where they were biting on the body of that person.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืงืฆื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื.
02:58
And we found some remarkable differences.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
03:01
On the left here you see the bites
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ืžืฉืžืืœ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืงื™ืฆื•ืช
ืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื.
03:04
by the Dutch malaria mosquito on this person.
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03:06
They had a very strong preference for biting on the face.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื”ืขื“ืคื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืขืงื•ืฅ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื.
03:09
In contrast, the African malaria mosquito
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ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ืœื™ืชื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื
ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื“ืคื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืขืงื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืจืกื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ,
03:12
had a very strong preference for biting the ankles and feet of this person.
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03:17
And that, of course, we should have known all along,
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ื•ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืจื™ ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืชืžื™ื“
03:20
because they're called mosqui-toes, you see?
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื "ืžื•ืกืงื™ื˜ื•ืก" (ื˜ื•ืก = ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช).
03:23
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
03:24
That's right.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื“.
03:25
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื,
03:28
And so we started focusing on the smell of feet ...
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03:33
on the smell of human feet,
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ื‘ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
ืขื“ ืฉื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช
03:35
until we came across a remarkable statement in the literature
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03:38
that said that cheese smells after feet
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ืฉืืžืจื” ืฉืจื™ื— ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš.
03:42
rather than the reverse.
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03:44
Think of it.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš.
03:46
And this triggered us to do a remarkable experiment.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:48
We tried, with a tiny little piece of Limburger cheese,
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคื™ืกื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื ืช ืœื™ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืจื™ื— ืจืข ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื,
03:53
which smells badly after feet,
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ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ ืžืœืจื™ื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื.
03:56
to attract African malaria mosquitoes.
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03:58
And you know what? It worked.
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ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”? ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื›ืœ-ื›ืš, ืฉื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช
04:01
In fact, it worked so well
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04:04
that now we have a synthetic mixture of the aroma of Limburger cheese
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ืฉืœ ืจื™ื— ื’ื‘ื™ื ืช ืœื™ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”
04:09
that we're using in Tanzania
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04:10
and has been shown there
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ื•ืฉื”ื•ื›ื— ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืคื™ 2 ืื• 3
04:12
to be two to three times more attractive to mosquitoes than humans.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
04:16
Limburg, be proud of your cheese,
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ืžื—ื•ื– ืœื™ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
04:20
as it is now used in the fight against malaria.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืขืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”.
04:23
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
04:30
That's the cheese, just to show you.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”, ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ืจืื• ืื•ืชื”.
04:33
My second story is remarkable as well.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
04:36
It's about man's best friend. It's about dogs.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื›ืœื‘.
04:39
And I will show you how we can use dogs in the fight against malaria.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื
ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”.
04:44
One of the best ways of killing mosquitoes
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
04:47
is not to wait until they fly around like adults
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ,
ืœืขืงื•ืฅ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
04:51
and bite people and transmit disease.
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04:53
It's to kill them when they're still in the water as larvae.
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ืืœื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื–ื—ืœื™ื.
04:57
Why?
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื™-ืื™ื™-ืื™ื™.
04:59
Because they are just like the CIA.
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05:02
In that pool of water, these larvae are concentrated.
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื.
05:06
They're all together there. They are immobile.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื.
05:09
They can't escape from that water.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ืžื™ื. ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ.
05:10
They can't fly.
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05:12
And they're accessible.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช
05:15
You can actually walk up to that pool and you can kill them there, right?
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ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:20
So the problem that we face with this
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื
05:23
is that, throughout the landscape, all these pools of water with the larvae,
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ืฉืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืžืคื•ื–ืจื•ืช
05:27
they are scattered all over the place,
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05:29
which makes it very hard for an inspector like this
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืขืœ ืคืงื— ื›ื–ื”,
05:32
to actually find all these breeding sites and treat them with insecticides.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืืชืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืœื™-ื—ืจืงื™ื.
ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“
05:37
And last year we thought very, very hard, how can we resolve this problem?
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ืื™ืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
05:41
Until we realized that just like us -- we have a unique smell --
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื ื•, ืขื ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
ื’ื ืœื–ื—ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื— ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืžืื“.
05:46
mosquito larvae also have a very unique smell.
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05:50
And so we set up another crazy experiment,
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ืื– ืขืจื›ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ,
05:52
because we collected the smell of these larvae,
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ื›ื™ ืืกืคื ื• ืืช ืจื™ื— ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื,
ืžืจื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื“, ื•ืื– ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื“ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจื’ื™ืœ.
05:55
put it on pieces of cloth, and then did something very remarkable.
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05:58
Here we have a bar with four holes
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ื˜ ืขื 4 ื—ื•ืจื™ื,
06:01
and we put the smell of these larvae in the left hole.
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ื•ืืช ืจื™ื— ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืฉืžื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™.
06:04
Oh, that was very quick.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืื“.
06:05
And then you see the dog. It's called Tweed. It's a border collie.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœื‘. ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื“. ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื–ืข "ื‘ื•ืจื“ืจ ืงื•ืœื™".
ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ืจื— ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืœื˜ ืืช ื–ื”.
06:08
He's examining these holes and now he's got it already.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืงืจื”,
06:11
He's going back to check the control holes again,
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06:13
but he's coming back to the first one,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ื ื ืขืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ื–ื”,
06:15
and now he's locking into that smell,
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06:17
which means that now, we can use dogs with these inspectors
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ื›ืœื‘ื™ื
ืœืคืงื—ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:20
to much better find the breeding sites of mosquitoes in the field,
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ืืช ืืชืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—,
06:24
and therefore have a much bigger impact on malaria.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”.
06:27
This lady is Ellen van der Zweep.
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืืœืŸ ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืค, ืื—ืช ืžืžืืœืคื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
06:28
She's one of the best dog trainers in the world,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:31
and she believes that we can do a lot more.
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ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ ืžืœืจื™ื”
06:34
Since we also know that people that carry malaria parasites
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06:37
smell different compared to people that are uninfected,
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ืžื“ื™ืคื™ื ืจื™ื— ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื,
06:40
she's convinced that we can train dogs to find people that carry the parasite.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขืช ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืœืฃ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ.
06:46
That means that in a population where malaria has gone down all the way
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”
ืขื‘ืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ, ื•ื ื•ืชืจื• ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ,
06:50
and there's few people remaining with parasites,
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06:52
that the dogs can find these people,
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ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”,
06:54
we can treat them with antimalarial drugs and give the final blow to malaria.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืœืจื™ื”, ื•ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
06:58
Man's best friend in the fight against malaria.
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ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”.
ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
07:02
My third story is perhaps even more remarkable ...
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ื•ืขืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื’ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘.
07:05
and, I should say, has never been shown to the public until today.
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07:08
(Audience cheers)
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07:09
Yeah.
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ื›ืŸ.
07:11
It's a crazy story, but I believe it's perhaps the best and ultimate revenge
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ืืช
ื”ื ืงืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
07:16
against mosquitoes ever.
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07:18
In fact, people have told me
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื™ื™ื”ื ื•
07:19
that now they will enjoy being bitten by mosquitoes.
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ืœื”ื™ืขืงืฅ ืข"ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
07:24
And the question of course is,
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื™ื”ื ื”
07:26
what would make someone enjoy being bitten by mosquitoes?
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ืœื”ื™ืขืงืฅ ืข"ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื?
07:29
And the answer I have right here ...
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืก ืฉืœื™.
07:33
in my pocket --
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07:34
(Laughter)
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07:35
if I get it.
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ืื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
07:37
It's a tablet.
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ื–ืืช ื’ืœื•ืœื”. ื’ืœื•ืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
07:40
A simple tablet,
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07:41
and when I take it with water ...
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืขื ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื,
07:44
it does miracles.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช.
07:48
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
[ืฉื•ืชื”]
07:56
Now, let me show you how this works.
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ื›ืขืช ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช.
07:59
Here in this box, I have a cage
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืœื•ื‘
ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช
08:04
with several hundred hungry female mosquitoes ...
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ื™ืชื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืจืขื‘ื•ืช
08:11
(Laughter)
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08:12
that I'm just about to release.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ.
08:14
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
08:16
Just kidding, just kidding.
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ืกืชื. ืกืชื.
08:17
(Laughter)
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08:19
What I'm going to show you is, I'm gonna stick my arm into it
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ืžื™ื“ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืœืชื•ื›ื” ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื™
08:22
and I will show you how quickly they will bite.
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ื•ืชืจืื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ืขืงืฆื•.
ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
08:25
There we go.
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ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•. ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
08:27
Don't worry, I do this all the time in the lab.
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08:30
There we go.
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ื”ื ื”. ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
08:32
OK.
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08:34
Now, on the video --
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ,
08:37
on the video here,
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08:39
I'm going to show you exactly the same thing,
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง,
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ
08:41
except that what I'm showing you on the video
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08:43
happened one hour after I took the tablet.
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ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืœื”.
08:46
Have a look.
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
08:48
That doesn't work.
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08:49
OK. Sorry about that.
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08:51
I'm sticking in my arm, I'm giving them a big juicy blood meal,
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข, ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืจื•ื—ืช ื“ื
08:54
I'm shaking them off, and we follow them through time
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืขืกื™ืกื™ืช, ืžื ืขืจ ืื•ืชื, ื•ืื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื,
ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืขืฉื™ื ื ื•ืจื ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
08:57
to see these mosquitoes get very, very sick indeed,
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08:59
here shown in fast motion.
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ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ,
09:01
And three hours later, what we see at the bottom of the cage
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ื‘
ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื,
09:05
is dead mosquitoes ...
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ืžืชื™ื ืžืื“, ื•ืขืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™,
09:08
very dead mosquitoes.
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09:10
And I'm going to say, ladies and gentlemen,
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09:12
we have swapped the cards with mosquitoes.
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ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืคื ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
09:14
They don't kill us. We kill them.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•, ืืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
09:18
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ื•ื›ืขืช -- [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
09:27
Now --
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09:29
(Laughter)
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09:33
Maastricht, be prepared.
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ืžืกื˜ืจื™ื›ื˜, ืชืชื›ื•ื ื ื™!
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื–ื”.
09:35
Now, think of what we can do with this.
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09:37
We can actually use this to contain outbreaks
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช
09:39
of mosquito-born diseases, of epidemics, right?
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืื• ืžื’ืคื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื,
09:43
And better still, imagine what would happen
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื“, ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ืœืขื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
09:45
if, in a very large area, everyone would take these drugs, for just three weeks.
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ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืžืฉืš 3 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
09:49
That would give us an opportunity
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื•ืง ื‘ืขืฆื
09:51
to actually eliminate malaria as a disease.
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ืืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื›ืžื—ืœื”.
ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ืœื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
09:54
So cheese, dogs and a pill to kill mosquitoes.
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09:58
That's the kind of out-of-the-box science that I love doing ...
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
10:02
for the betterment of mankind,
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10:04
but especially for her,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืขื ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืžืœืจื™ื”.
10:05
so that she can grow up in a world without malaria.
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10:09
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
10:10
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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