A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think) | Hamish Jolly

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anja Saric

Scientific breakthrough,

Naučna otkrića,

the kind that can potentially save lives,

ona koja mogu da spasu živote,

can sometimes be lying right out in the open

ponekad mogu da stoje

for us to discover,

tačno ispred vaših očiju,

in the evolved, accumulated body

u razvijenom, rastućem skupu

of human anecdote, for example,

ljudskih anegdota, na primer,

or in the time-tested adaptations

ili u proverenim adaptacijama

that we observe in the natural world around us.

koje vidimo u svetu prirode oko nas.

Science starts with observation,

Nauka počinje osmatranjem,

but the trick is to identify the patterns and signatures

ali trik je u tome da prepoznate šablone i potpise

that we might otherwise dismiss

koje biste inače otpisali

as myth or coincidence,

kao mit ili slučajnost,

isolate them, and test them with scientific rigor.

izolujete ih i testirate sa naučnom strogoćom.

And when we do, the results will often surprise.

Kada to uradite, rezultati će često biti iznenađujući.

Western Australia has had a particular problem

Zapadna Australija je imala poseban problem

with shark attacks over the last three years,

u protekle tri godine sa napadima ajkula,

unfortunately and tragically culminating

koji je nažalost doveo do tragičnog bilansa

in five fatal shark attacks in a 10-month period

od pet smrtonosnih napada ajkula u periodu od 10 meseci

during that time.

tokom tog vremena.

But Western Australia is not alone in this.

Ali ovo se ne dešava samo u zapadnoj Australiji.

The incident of shark engagements on humans

Broj napada ajkula na ljude

is escalating worldwide.

raste širom sveta.

And so it's not surprising, perhaps,

Onda možda ne iznenađuje

that in July of this year,

da je u julu ove godine

Shark Attack Mitigation Systems in collaboration

Sistem za smanjenje napada ajkula u saradnji

with the University of Western Australia Oceans Institute

sa Institutom za okeane Univerziteta u zapadnoj Australiji

made an announcement which captured the attention

najavio nešto što je privuklo pažnju

of the worldwide media and of ocean users

svetskih medija i ljubitelja okeana

worldwide,

širom sveta,

and that was around the development of technology

a ticalo se razvoja tehnologije

to mitigate or reduce the risk of shark attack

za smanjenje rizika od napada ajkula

based on the science of what sharks can see.

na osnovu nauke o tome šta ajkule mogu da vide.

And I have for you today

Za vas danas imam

the story of that journey,

priču o tom putovanju,

but also the notion that science can be

ali i ideju da nauka može biti

as powerful as a translator

jednako moćan prevodilac

as it can be for invention.

koliko i izumitelj.

When we began this process,

Kada smo započeli ovaj proces,

we were looking, it was about three years ago,

tražili smo, to je bilo pre oko tri godine,

and we'd just had the first two fatal shark attacks

i desila su se prva dva smrtonosna napada ajkule

in Western Australia,

u zapadnoj Australiji,

and by chance, in a previous role,

i sticajem okolnosti, na prethodnom poslu

I happened to be having dinner with Harry Butler.

večerao sam sa Harijem Batlerom.

Now Harry Butler, who most Australians would know is a famous naturalist,

Hari Batler, koga većina Australijanaca zna kao čuvenog prirodnjaka,

had spent a lot of time in the marine environment.

proveo je dosta vremena u morskom okruženju.

Harry Butler is a precursor, if you like,

Rekao bih da je Hari Batler

to the late Steve Irwin.

prethodnik pokojnog Stiva Irvina.

When I asked him about

Kada sam ga pitao

what the solution to the problem might be,

šta bi moglo biti rešenje problema,

odgovor je bio prilično iznenađujući.

the answer was quite surprising.

He said, "Take a black wetsuit,

Rekao je: "Uzmite crno odelo za ronjenje,

band it in yellow stripes like a bumblebee,

uvežite ga u žute pruge poput pčele

and you'll be mimicking the warning systems

i imitiraćete sisteme uzbune

of most marine species."

većine morskih stvorenja."

I didn't think about that much at the time,

Tada nisam previše razmišljao o tome,

and it wasn't until the next three fatal shark attacks happened,

i tek kada su se desila naredna tri napada ajkula,

and it caused me to think,

počeo sam da razmišljam,

maybe there's some merit to this idea.

možda ima nečega u ovoj ideji.

And I turned to the web

Okrenuo sam se internetu

to see if there might be some clues.

da vidim da li ima nekakvih naznaka.

And it turns out the web is awash

Ispostavilo se da je internet krcat

with this sort of evidence that supports

dokazima koji idu u prilog

this sort of thinking.

ovakvom razmišljanju.

So biologically, there are plenty of species

Biološki, postoji dosta vrsta

that display banding or patterns, warning patterns,

koje imaju kontrastne boje ili šablone za uzbunu,

to either be cryptical in the water

kako bi ili bile tajnovite u vodi

or warn against being attacked,

ili upozoravale druge da ih ne napadnu,

not the least of which is the pilot fish

gde je jedna od najčešćih riba pratibrod

which spends a big slab of its life

koja provodi velik deo svog života

around the business end of a shark.

u okolini opasnog dela ajkule.

On the human side, Walter Starck, an oceanographer,

Kod ljudi, Volter Stark, okeanograf,

has been painting his wetsuit since the 1970s,

farbao je svoje odelo za ronjenje od 1970-ih godina,

and anthropologically,

i antropološki,

Pacific island tribes painted themselves in bands

plemena sa ostrva u Tihom okeanu su se farbala u štrafte

in a sea snake ceremony

u ceremoniji morskih zmija

to ward off the shark god.

kako bi oterala boga ajkula.

So what's going on here?

Šta se ovde dešava?

Is this an idea lying wide out in the open

Da li je ovo ideja koja stoji pred nama

for us to consider and define?

da je uzmemo u obzir i definišemo?

We know that sharks use a range of sensors

Znamo da ajkule koriste niz senzora

when they engage, particularly for attack,

kada se kreću, naročito tokom napada

but the sight sensor is the one that they use

ali koriste čulo vida

to identify the target, and particularly

da identifikuju metu, naročito

in the last number of meters before the attack.

u poslednjih nekoliko metara pre napada.

It makes sense to pay attention to the biological anecdote

Ima smisla da se obrati pažnja na biološku anegdotu

because that's time-tested evolution

jer je to proverena evolucija

over many millennia.

kroz milenijume.

But isn't human anecdote also an evolution of sorts,

Ali zar nisu i ljudske anegdote jedna vrsta evolucije,

the idea that there's a kernel of truth

ideja da postoji zrno istine

thought to be important,

koja je bitna,

passed down from generation to generation,

koja se prenosi s kolena na koleno,

so that it actually ends up shaping human behavior?

tako da na kraju zapravo oblikuje ljudsko ponašanje?

I wanted to test this idea.

Želeo sam da isprobam ovu ideju.

I wanted to put some science

Želeo sam da dodam malo nauke

to this anecdotal evidence,

u ove dokaze iz anegdota,

jer ukoliko bi nauka mogla da podrži ovu zamisao,

because if science could support this concept,

then we might have at least part of the solution

onda bismo možda imali makar deo rešenja za napade ajkula,

to shark attack right under our very nose.

koje nam se nalazi pred nosevima.

Kako bih to uradio, bili su mi potrebni stručnjaci

To do that, I needed some experts

in shark vision and shark neurology,

za vid i neurologiju ajkula,

i još jednom je pretraga po celom svetu

and a worldwide search, again,

led to the University of W.A.

dovela do Univerziteta zapadne Australije,

on the doorstep here, with the Oceans Institute.

zajedno sa Institutom za okeane.

And professor Nathan Hart and his team

Profesor Nejtan Hart i njegov tim

had just written a paper which tells us,

su baš tad napisali rad koji nam povrđuje

confirms that predatory sharks see

da ajkule napadači vide

in black and white, or grayscale.

u crno-beloj slici.

Pozvao sam Nejtana u vezi sa ovom idejom,

So I called up Nathan,

a little bit sheepishly, actually, about this idea

zapravo pomalo bojažljivo,

that maybe we could use these patterns and shapes

da bismo mogli da iskoristimo ove šablone i oblike

to produce a wetsuit to try and mitigate the risk of shark attack,

kako bismo napravli odelo da smanjimo rizik od napada ajkule,

i na svu sreću, mislio je da je to bila dobra ideja.

and fortunately, he thought that was a good idea.

So what ensued is a collaborative bit of research

Sledilo je istraživanje u saradnji

supported by the West Australian State Government.

koje je podržala vlada pokrajine zapadne Australije.

And we did three key things.

Učinili smo tri ključne stvari.

The first is that we mapped the characteristics,

Prvo smo zapisali karakteristike,

the physical characteristics of the eyes

fizičke karakterstike očiju

of the three main predatory sharks,

tri glavne ajkule napadača,

so the great white, tiger and bull shark.

velike bele, tigraste i Zambezi ajkule.

We did that genetically

To smo uradili genetski

and we did that anatomically.

i anatomski.

The next thing we did was to understand,

Zatim smo pokušali da shvatimo,

using complex computer modeling,

koristeći kompjutersko modeliranje,

what that eye can see

šta oči mogu da vide

at different depths, distances,

na različtim dubinama, rastojanjima,

light conditions, and water clarity in the ocean.

svetlosnim uslovima i čistoći vode u okeanu.

Odatle smo mogli da utvrdimo

And from there, we were able to pinpoint

two key characteristics:

dve ključne karakteristike:

what patterns and shapes would present the wearer

koji šabloni ili oblici osobu koja nosi odelo predstavljaju

as hidden or hard to make out in the water, cryptic,

kao skrivenu ili teško vidljivu u okeanu, zagonetnu

and what patterns and shapes might provide

i koji šabloni ili oblici mogu da daju

the greatest contrast but provide the greatest

najveći kontrast ali i najveći

breakup of profile

prekid profila,

so that that person wasn't confused for shark prey

tako da tu osobu ajkula ne bi zamenila za plen

or shark food.

ili hranu za ajkule.

The next thing we needed to do was to convert this

Onda smo morali da ovo preinačimo

into wetsuits that people might actually wear,

u odela koja bi ljudi zaista nosili,

and to that end, I invited Ray Smith,

pa sam pozvao Reja Smita,

a surfer, industrial designer, wetsuit designer,

surfera, industrijskog dizajnera, dizajnera odela za ronjenje,

to je zapravo čovek koji je osmislio prvobitni logo za Quiksilver,

and in fact the guy that designed the original Quiksilver logo,

to come over and sit with the science team

kako bi svratio i našao se s naučnim timom

and interpret that science

i tu nauku pretočio

into aesthetic wetsuits that people might actually wear.

u estetski podesna odela za ronjenje koja bi ljudi zapravo nosili.

And here's an example of one of the first drawings.

Evo primera jednog od prvih crteža.

So this is what I call a "don't eat me" wetsuit.

Ovo zovem odelom "nemoj me pojesti".

So this takes that banding idea,

Ovde je uzeta ideja štrafti,

takes that banding idea, it's highly visible,

veoma je vidljivo,

provides a highly disruptive profile,

daje profil koji remeti ajkulu

and is intended to prevent the shark

i namera je da se spreči da ajkula

from considering that you would be ordinary food,

pomisli da ste obična hrana,

and potentially even create confusion for the shark.

i možda je čak i zbuni.

And this one's configured to go with a surfboard.

Ovo je smišljeno da ide sa daskom za surfovanje.

You can see that dark, opaque panel on the front,

Vidite tu tamnu, neprozirnu ploču na prednjem delu,

and it's particularly better for the surface,

naročito je bolja za površinu,

where being backlit and providing a silhouette

kada je problematično što imate pozadinsko osvetljenje

is problematic.

i bacate senku.

Second iteration is the cryptic wetsuit,

Druga izvedba je zagonetno odelo,

or the one which attempts to hide the wearer

ono koje pokušava da sakrije onoga

in the water column.

ko ga nosi u vodi.

There are three panels on this suit,

Postoje tri dela na ovom odelu,

and in any given conditions,

i u bilo kojim uslovima,

one or more of those panels

jedan ili više ovih delova

will match the reflective spectra of the water

će se podudarati sa spektrom odbijanja vode

so as to disappear fully or partially,

tako da nestane delimično ili potpuno,

leaving the last panel or panels

kako bi preostali delovi

to create a disruptive profile in the water column.

stvorili profil u vodi koji nije potpun.

And this one's particularly well-suited

Ovo je naročito zgodno

to the dive configuration,

za konfiguraciju ronjenja,

so when you're deeper under the water.

kada ste duboko pod vodom.

So we knew that we had

Znali smo da smo imali

some really solid science here.

veoma ozbiljnu nauku.

We knew, if you wanted to stand out,

Znali smo da nam trebaju pruge

ako želimo da se ističemo,

you needed to look stripy,

and we knew if you wanted to be cryptic,

a ako želimo da budemo zagonetni,

you needed to look like this.

moramo da izgledamo ovako.

But the acid test is always going to be,

Ali pravi test će uvek biti to

how would sharks really behave

kako bi se ajkule zaista ponašale

in the context of these patterns and shapes.

u kontekstu ovih šablona i oblika.

And testing to simulate a person in a wetsuit

A testiranje kako bi se simulirala osoba u odelu za ronjenje

in the water with a predatory shark

u vodi, sa ajkulom grabljivicom

in a natural environment

u prirodnom okruženju -

is actually a lot harder than you might think.

zapravo je puno teže nego što mislite.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So we have to bait the rig,

Tako da moramo da postavimo mamac u napravu

because we need to get the statistical number

zato što moramo da dobijemo

of samples through to get the scientific evidence,

statistički broj uzoraka da bismo imali naučne dokaze,

and by baiting the rig,

a postavljanjem mamca u napravu

we're obviously changing shark behavior.

očigledno menjamo ponašanje ajkule.

We can't put humans in the water.

Ne možemo u vodu da stavimo ljude.

We're ethically precluded from even using

Etički smo sprečeni da koristimo

humanoid shapes and baiting them up in the water.

čak i oblike nalik ljudima i stavljamo ih u vodu kao mamac.

But nevertheless, we started the testing process

Ali uprkos tome, počeli smo testiranje

in January of this year,

u januaru ove godine,

initially with tiger sharks

isprva sa tigrastim ajkulama

and subsequently with great white sharks.

a nakon toga i sa velikim belim ajkulama.

The way we did that

To smo radili tako što smo uzeli

was to get a perforated drum which is full of bait,

izbušen bubanj, prepun mamca,

wrap it in a neoprene skin,

koji smo umotali u omotač od neoprena

and then run two stereo underwater cameras

i onda smo pokrenuli dve stereo podvodne kamere

to watch how the shark actually engages with that rig.

kako bismo posmatrali kako se ajkula zapravo odnosi prema tome.

And because we use stereo,

S obzirom da smo koristili stereo,

we can capture all the statistics on how big the shark is,

mogli smo da zabeležimo sve statistike o tome kolika je ajkula,

what angle it comes in at, how quickly it leaves,

pod kojim uglom dolazi, koliko brzo odlazi

and what its behavior is

i kakvo joj je ponašanje

in an empirical rather than a subjective way.

na empirijski način, za razliku od subjektivnog.

Because we needed to preserve the scientific method,

Kako smo morali da očuvamo naučni metod,

we ran a control rig

imali smo i kontrolnu napravu,

which was a black neoprene rig

obmotanu crnim neoprenom

just like a normal black wetsuit

poput normalnog crnog odela za ronjenje

against the, what we call,

nasuprot onoga što mi zovemo

SAMS technology rig.

opremom sa SAMS tehnologijom.

And the results were not just exciting,

Rezultati ne samo da su bili veoma uzbudljivi,

but very encouraging,

već i veoma ohrabrujući,

and today I would like to just give you a snapshot

i danas bih voleo da vam dam kratak prikaz

of two of those engagements.

dva ovakva dešavanja.

So here we've got a four-meter tiger shark

Ovde imamo tigrastu ajkulu od četiri metra

engaging the black control rig,

koja napada crnu kontrolnu napravu

which it had encountered about

sa kojom se susrela

a minute and a half before.

pre oko minut i po.

Now that exact same shark had engaged,

Ista ta ajkula se susrela

or encountered this SAMS rig,

sa SAMS napravom,

which is the Elude SAMS rig,

to jest SAMS napravom za izbegavanje

about eight minutes before,

oko osam minuta ranije

and spent six minutes circling it, hunting for it,

i kružila je oko nje šest minuta, lovila je,

looking for what it could smell and sense but not see,

tražila je ono što je mogla da namiriše i oseti ali ne i da vidi,

and this was the final engagement.

i ovo je bio poslednji susret.

Great white sharks are more confident than the tigers,

Velike bele ajkule imaju više samopouzdanja od tigrastih,

and here you see great white shark

i ovde možete videti veliku belu ajkulu

engaging a control rig,

u kontaktu sa kontrolnom napravom,

so a black neoprene wetsuit,

crnim odelom od neoprena,

and going straight to the bottom,

i ide pravo do dna,

coming up

vraća se

and engaging.

i napada.

In contrast to the SAMS technology rig,

Nasuprot napravi sa SAMS opremom,

this is the banded one,

ova je sa štraftama,

where it's more tactile,

ovde je taktilnija,

it's more investigative,

više istraživačka,

it's more apprehensive,

prestrašenija,

and shows a reluctance to come straight in and go.

i pokazuje oklevanje da krene i ode.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

So, it's important for us that all the testing is done independently,

Za nas je bitno da se svo testiranje vrši nezavisno,

and the University of W.A. is doing the testing.

i Univerzitet zapadne Australije vrši testiranje.

It'll be an ongoing process.

To je proces u toku.

It's subject to peer review and subject to publication.

Biće kritički razmatran i rezultati će biti objavljeni.

It's so important that this concept

Veoma je bitno da je ovaj koncept

is led with the science.

vođen naukom.

From the perspective of Shark Attack Mitigation Systems,

Iz perspektive Sistema za smanjenje napada ajkula,

we're a biotechnology licensing company,

mi smo biotehnološka kompanija za licenciranje,

so we don't make wetsuits ourselves.

tako da ne pravimo odela sami.

We'll license others to do that.

Dajemo licence drugima kako bi oni to radili.

But I thought you might be interested

Ali mislio sam da će vas zanimati

in seeing what SAMS technology looks like

kako SAMS tehnologija izgleda

embedded in a wetsuit, and to that end,

ugrađena u odelo, i tim povodom,

for the first time, live, worldwide --

prvi put, uživo, širom sveta -

(Laughter) —

(Smeh) -

I can show you what biological adaptation,

mogu da vam pokažem kako izgledaju biološka adaptacija,

science and design looks like in real life.

nauka i dizajn, uživo.

So I can welcome Sam, the surfer,

Želim dobrodošlicu Semu, surferu,

from this side. Where are you, Sam?

sa ove strane. Sem, gde si?

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

And Eduardo.

I Eduardo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Cheers, mate.

Zdravo, druže.

Cheers.

Zdravo.

Thanks, gentlemen. (Applause)

Gospodo, hvala vam. (Aplauz)

So what have we done here?

Šta smo ovde uradili?

Well, to my mind, rather than take a blank sheet

Za mene, umesto da uzmemo prazan papir

and use science as a tool for invention,

i koristimo nauku kao alat za izume,

we've paid attention to the biological evidence,

obratili smo pažnju na biološke dokaze,

we've put importance to the

stavili smo fokus na dokaze

human anecdotal evidence,

iz ljudskih anegdota,

and we've used science as a tool

i koristili smo nauku kao alat

for translation,

za prevođenje,

translation of something that was already there

prevođenje nečega što je već bilo tu

into something that we can use for the benefit of mankind.

u nešto što možemo koristiti za dobrobit čovečanstva.

And it strikes me that this idea of science

Čini mi se da je ova zamisao nauke

as a tool for translation rather than invention

kao alata za prevod umesto za izume

is one that we can apply much more widely than this

zamisao koju možemo primeniti puno šire od ovoga,

in the pursuit of innovation.

u potrazi za inovacijama.

After all, did the Wright brothers

Uostalom, zar su braća Rajt

discover manned flight,

otkrila letenje čoveka

or did they observe the biological fact of flight

ili su posmatrali biološko letenje

and translate that mechanically, replicate it

i to preveli mehanički i ponovili

in a way that humans could use?

na način koji ljudi mogu da koriste?

As for the humble wetsuit,

Što se tiče skromnog odela za ronjenje,

who knows what oceanwear will look like

ko zna kako će izgledati odeća za vodu

in two years' time, in five years' time

za dve, pet ili pedeset godina,

or in 50 years' time, but with this new thinking,

ali s ovim novim načinom razmišljanja,

rekao bih da postoji dobra šansa

I'm guessing there's a fair chance

it won't be pure black.

da neće biti potpuno crna.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Aplauz)

(Applause)