A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think) | Hamish Jolly

405,649 views ・ 2014-04-23

TED


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譯者: Neoh Yi Yuan 審譯者: NAN-KUN WU
00:13
Scientific breakthrough,
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科學突破
00:14
the kind that can potentially save lives,
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有機會拯救生命
00:17
can sometimes be lying right out in the open
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它有時會徹底地敞開大門
00:19
for us to discover,
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等待我們去探索
00:20
in the evolved, accumulated body
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並逐步累積
00:23
of human anecdote, for example,
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形成人類趣事軼聞的本身
00:25
or in the time-tested adaptations
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或者我們可以藉由觀察周圍
00:27
that we observe in the natural world around us.
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自然界的物競天擇來理解它
00:31
Science starts with observation,
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科學始於觀察
00:33
but the trick is to identify the patterns and signatures
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而觀察的訣竅在於
00:37
that we might otherwise dismiss
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辨別那些我們過去曾視為神話或巧合
00:39
as myth or coincidence,
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而忽略的圖案和標誌
00:41
isolate them, and test them with scientific rigor.
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我們將隔離這些線索 運用嚴謹的科學方法加以驗證
00:44
And when we do, the results will often surprise.
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並經常會得到意想不到的結果。
00:48
Western Australia has had a particular problem
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過去三年間,在澳大利亞西部
00:50
with shark attacks over the last three years,
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不時發生鯊魚襲擊事件
00:54
unfortunately and tragically culminating
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不幸的是,
00:56
in five fatal shark attacks in a 10-month period
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在短短的10個月中,共發生了五起
00:59
during that time.
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鯊魚襲擊而致命的事件。
01:01
But Western Australia is not alone in this.
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然而,澳大利亞西部並不是 唯一飽受鯊魚困擾的地區
01:03
The incident of shark engagements on humans
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鯊魚襲擊人類的問題
01:06
is escalating worldwide.
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在全世界不斷惡化
01:08
And so it's not surprising, perhaps,
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或許這已不足為奇
01:10
that in July of this year,
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就在今年七月
01:11
Shark Attack Mitigation Systems in collaboration
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鯊魚攻擊緩解系統
與西澳大學海洋學會合作
01:14
with the University of Western Australia Oceans Institute
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01:17
made an announcement which captured the attention
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並發出通告
引起全球媒體和海洋使用者
01:20
of the worldwide media and of ocean users
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01:22
worldwide,
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廣泛關注
01:24
and that was around the development of technology
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這則通告是有關一項正在發展的新技術
01:25
to mitigate or reduce the risk of shark attack
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藉由鯊魚視覺的理論
01:28
based on the science of what sharks can see.
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可減輕被鯊魚襲擊的風險
01:31
And I have for you today
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今天,我將與大家分享
01:33
the story of that journey,
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此項技術的研發歷程
01:35
but also the notion that science can be
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以及闡述一個觀念,那就是
01:37
as powerful as a translator
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科學在發明的過程中
01:39
as it can be for invention.
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具有強大的影響力
當我們開始這項研究 是在三年前
01:43
When we began this process,
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01:45
we were looking, it was about three years ago,
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當我們開始這項研究 是在三年前
01:48
and we'd just had the first two fatal shark attacks
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當時,在澳大利亞西部 首次發生兩起鯊魚襲擊致命事件
當時,在澳大利亞西部 首次發生兩起鯊魚襲擊致命事件
01:51
in Western Australia,
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01:53
and by chance, in a previous role,
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在偶然的機會下,由於之前的工作
01:55
I happened to be having dinner with Harry Butler.
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我碰巧與哈利•巴特勒共進晚餐
01:58
Now Harry Butler, who most Australians would know is a famous naturalist,
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如今,哈利•巴特勒已是 澳大利亞赫赫有名的博物學家
02:02
had spent a lot of time in the marine environment.
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他大部分時間都在研究海洋環境
02:04
Harry Butler is a precursor, if you like,
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如果你願意,也可以說 哈利•巴特勒是海洋領域的先驅
02:06
to the late Steve Irwin.
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是史蒂夫•歐文的先輩
02:08
When I asked him about
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02:09
what the solution to the problem might be,
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當我問他 該如何解決鯊魚襲擊問題
當我問他 該如何解決鯊魚襲擊問題
02:13
the answer was quite surprising.
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他的回答太出人意料了
02:14
He said, "Take a black wetsuit,
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他說,“穿一件黑色泳衣
02:16
band it in yellow stripes like a bumblebee,
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泳衣上印有黃色條紋,看起來就像大黃蜂
02:19
and you'll be mimicking the warning systems
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那麼,你將偽裝成大部分海洋生物的
02:21
of most marine species."
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警示系統
02:23
I didn't think about that much at the time,
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那時我也沒多想
02:25
and it wasn't until the next three fatal shark attacks happened,
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直到接下來發生三起鯊魚襲擊致命事件
02:29
and it caused me to think,
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02:30
maybe there's some merit to this idea.
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我不禁想 也許這個想法是有價值的
我不禁想 也許這個想法是有價值的
02:33
And I turned to the web
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我打開網頁
02:34
to see if there might be some clues.
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試圖尋找一些線索
02:36
And it turns out the web is awash
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結果網路上充斥著
02:39
with this sort of evidence that supports
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支持這種想法的證據
02:41
this sort of thinking.
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02:42
So biologically, there are plenty of species
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在生物界,有大量物種
02:44
that display banding or patterns, warning patterns,
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身體上有條紋、圖案或警示圖案
02:47
to either be cryptical in the water
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有的可以在水中隱身
02:49
or warn against being attacked,
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有的可以預防襲擊
02:51
not the least of which is the pilot fish
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其中一個具體的例子是舟鰤
02:53
which spends a big slab of its life
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這種魚在生命裡的大部分時間
02:56
around the business end of a shark.
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吸附在鯊魚的尾端
02:58
On the human side, Walter Starck, an oceanographer,
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在人類方面,海洋學家沃爾特•斯塔克
03:01
has been painting his wetsuit since the 1970s,
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自1970年代以來,一直在設計泳衣圖案
03:04
and anthropologically,
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而在人類學上
03:05
Pacific island tribes painted themselves in bands
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太平洋島嶼部落人在海蛇儀式上
03:09
in a sea snake ceremony
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將身體上繪上條狀圖案
03:11
to ward off the shark god.
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以避開鯊神
03:13
So what's going on here?
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所以,發生什麼事?
03:15
Is this an idea lying wide out in the open
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這就是所謂的 引發我們思考和探索的觀點嗎?
03:18
for us to consider and define?
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這就是所謂的 引發我們思考和探索的觀點嗎?
03:21
We know that sharks use a range of sensors
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眾所周知,鯊魚在水中活動時 會使用一系列感覺器官
03:25
when they engage, particularly for attack,
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尤其是在發起攻擊時
03:29
but the sight sensor is the one that they use
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但是牠們主要使用視覺感受器
03:31
to identify the target, and particularly
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以確定攻擊目標的位置
03:32
in the last number of meters before the attack.
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特別是在距離攻擊物件只有數米時
03:36
It makes sense to pay attention to the biological anecdote
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從生物學角度研究問題,是在情理之中
03:39
because that's time-tested evolution
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因為物競天擇論
03:41
over many millennia.
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經歷數千年來的驗證
03:43
But isn't human anecdote also an evolution of sorts,
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但是,人類的進化也屬於生物進化論範疇
03:47
the idea that there's a kernel of truth
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這一觀點蘊含著真理的精髓
03:48
thought to be important,
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至關重要
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passed down from generation to generation,
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人類經驗經過代代相傳
03:53
so that it actually ends up shaping human behavior?
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是否這最終也左右著人類的行為?
03:57
I wanted to test this idea.
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我想驗證這一觀點
03:58
I wanted to put some science
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我想將傳聞式的證據 更加科學化
03:59
to this anecdotal evidence,
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我想將傳聞式的證據 更加科學化
04:02
because if science could support this concept,
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因為如果科學支持這一概念
04:04
then we might have at least part of the solution
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至少我們很可能會找到鯊魚襲擊的 部分解決之道
04:06
to shark attack right under our very nose.
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不能讓近在眼前的機會溜走
04:09
To do that, I needed some experts
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為了實現這一點,我需要求助於一些專家
04:11
in shark vision and shark neurology,
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這些專家最好諳熟於鯊魚視覺和神經系統
04:13
and a worldwide search, again,
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並且需要開展一次世界性的研究
04:14
led to the University of W.A.
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這又回到了西澳大學海洋研究所
04:16
on the doorstep here, with the Oceans Institute.
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這又回到了西澳大學海洋研究所
04:18
And professor Nathan Hart and his team
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南森•哈特教授和他的團隊
04:21
had just written a paper which tells us,
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那時剛剛發表了一篇論文
04:23
confirms that predatory sharks see
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證實了食肉鯊的視覺系統
04:26
in black and white, or grayscale.
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為黑白模式,或者說灰階模式
04:29
So I called up Nathan,
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於是我就打電話給南森
04:31
a little bit sheepishly, actually, about this idea
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事實上,他對這個想法感到有些羞怯
04:32
that maybe we could use these patterns and shapes
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也許我們可以利用這些圖案和形狀
04:34
to produce a wetsuit to try and mitigate the risk of shark attack,
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設計出一套能降低 被鯊魚襲擊風險的潛水服
04:38
and fortunately, he thought that was a good idea.
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幸運的是,他認為這個主意很棒
04:40
So what ensued is a collaborative bit of research
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隨後我們的研究獲得了
04:42
supported by the West Australian State Government.
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西澳洲政府的協助
04:45
And we did three key things.
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我們一起完成了三項重要工作
04:48
The first is that we mapped the characteristics,
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第一項,我們測定特性
04:50
the physical characteristics of the eyes
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確定鯊魚眼睛的物理特性
04:52
of the three main predatory sharks,
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研究物件為三種主要的食肉鯊
04:54
so the great white, tiger and bull shark.
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即大白鯊、虎鯊和牛鯊
04:58
We did that genetically
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我們進行了遺傳學
05:00
and we did that anatomically.
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以及解剖學研究
05:02
The next thing we did was to understand,
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第二項,採用複雜的電腦類比技術弄清
05:04
using complex computer modeling,
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05:06
what that eye can see
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鯊魚的眼睛能看到的事物
05:08
at different depths, distances,
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包括在不同深度、距離
05:10
light conditions, and water clarity in the ocean.
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光線狀況、透明度的海水中
05:14
And from there, we were able to pinpoint
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通過以上研究,我們能夠確定
05:15
two key characteristics:
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兩個關鍵特性:
05:17
what patterns and shapes would present the wearer
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什麼樣圖案和形狀的泳衣能夠使穿著者
05:20
as hidden or hard to make out in the water, cryptic,
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在水中隱身或者比較模糊,難以被鯊魚認出
05:23
and what patterns and shapes might provide
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什麼樣的圖案和形狀可能會產生
05:25
the greatest contrast but provide the greatest
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最大的對比度,但是可以極大地
05:27
breakup of profile
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分裂人的外觀
05:29
so that that person wasn't confused for shark prey
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這樣人就不會被誤當作鯊魚的獵物
05:33
or shark food.
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或鯊魚的食物
05:35
The next thing we needed to do was to convert this
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第三項,我們需要將這種想法
05:37
into wetsuits that people might actually wear,
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體現在人可以穿著的泳衣中
05:40
and to that end, I invited Ray Smith,
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為了達此目的,我邀請了雷•史密斯
05:42
a surfer, industrial designer, wetsuit designer,
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他是一名衝浪運動員、工業設計師 和潛水服設計師
05:46
and in fact the guy that designed the original Quiksilver logo,
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事實上,是他設計了最初的Quiksilver徽標
05:48
to come over and sit with the science team
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很榮幸,他應邀加入科學團隊
05:50
and interpret that science
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並將科技
05:54
into aesthetic wetsuits that people might actually wear.
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引入供人穿著的漂亮的潛水服
05:57
And here's an example of one of the first drawings.
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這裡便是其中一張最初的設計圖
06:00
So this is what I call a "don't eat me" wetsuit.
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我稱其為“別吃我”潛水服
06:03
So this takes that banding idea,
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這款潛水服沿襲了條紋圖案設計理念
06:07
takes that banding idea, it's highly visible,
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這種理念可以使泳衣高度可視
06:09
provides a highly disruptive profile,
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製造出一種極度分裂的視覺形象
06:11
and is intended to prevent the shark
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這樣設計的目的是為了防止鯊魚
06:13
from considering that you would be ordinary food,
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認為你可能是普通的食物
06:16
and potentially even create confusion for the shark.
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甚至可能會攪亂鯊魚的視覺
06:19
And this one's configured to go with a surfboard.
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這一款潛水服專門為衝浪運動而設計
06:23
You can see that dark, opaque panel on the front,
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你可以看到前面深暗、不透明的色塊
06:26
and it's particularly better for the surface,
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這樣的表面特別有效
06:28
where being backlit and providing a silhouette
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因為背光而顯現出來的輪廓 會是一個大問題
06:31
is problematic.
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因為背光而顯現出來的輪廓 會是一個大問題
06:33
Second iteration is the cryptic wetsuit,
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接下來值得一提的保護色潛水服
06:36
or the one which attempts to hide the wearer
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這種潛水服可以把潛水夫隱藏在 水層中
06:37
in the water column.
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這種潛水服可以把潛水夫隱藏在 水層中
06:39
There are three panels on this suit,
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潛水服上鑲有三色散光片
06:41
and in any given conditions,
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無論在何種情形下
06:42
one or more of those panels
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一片或更多的散光片
06:43
will match the reflective spectra of the water
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具有與水層同樣的反射光譜
06:46
so as to disappear fully or partially,
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這樣就會全部或部分隱藏
06:49
leaving the last panel or panels
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而其餘的散光板
06:51
to create a disruptive profile in the water column.
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則可以在水層中形成模糊的輪廓
06:54
And this one's particularly well-suited
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而這一款專門為
06:56
to the dive configuration,
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潛水者設計
06:58
so when you're deeper under the water.
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非常適合在深水中穿著
07:01
So we knew that we had
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說到這裡,大家便清楚
07:03
some really solid science here.
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我們的潛水服建立在嚴謹的科學基礎之上
07:05
We knew, if you wanted to stand out,
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我們清楚,如果想穿出與眾不同的感覺
07:07
you needed to look stripy,
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需要採用條紋狀設計
07:08
and we knew if you wanted to be cryptic,
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如果想要獲得安全隱蔽的保護
07:09
you needed to look like this.
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你需要穿成這樣
07:11
But the acid test is always going to be,
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但是,還要經得起嚴峻的考驗
07:13
how would sharks really behave
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如果鯊魚看到這些圖案和條紋
07:14
in the context of these patterns and shapes.
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牠們會作何反應
07:17
And testing to simulate a person in a wetsuit
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讓模擬人穿著潛水服
07:20
in the water with a predatory shark
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與食肉鯊一起
07:21
in a natural environment
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在天然的水下環境中進行測試
07:23
is actually a lot harder than you might think.
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比你想象的要難得多。
07:25
(Laughter)
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(笑聲......)
07:28
So we have to bait the rig,
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我們必須以裝備作為誘餌
07:31
because we need to get the statistical number
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因為我們需要得到樣品的各項資料
07:32
of samples through to get the scientific evidence,
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以此獲得科學證據
07:35
and by baiting the rig,
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使用裝備做誘餌
07:36
we're obviously changing shark behavior.
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顯然改變了鯊魚的行為
07:38
We can't put humans in the water.
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我們不能把活人放入水中
07:40
We're ethically precluded from even using
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從倫理上講,我們甚至排除把人形物體
07:43
humanoid shapes and baiting them up in the water.
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放入水中做誘餌
07:46
But nevertheless, we started the testing process
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儘管如此,我們還是於今年一月份
07:48
in January of this year,
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著手進行測試
07:50
initially with tiger sharks
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最初採用虎鯊做試驗 隨後是大白鯊
07:51
and subsequently with great white sharks.
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最初採用虎鯊做試驗 隨後是大白鯊
07:54
The way we did that
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我們的方法是
07:56
was to get a perforated drum which is full of bait,
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將一個盛滿誘餌的帶孔鼓
08:00
wrap it in a neoprene skin,
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包進氯丁橡膠皮內
08:02
and then run two stereo underwater cameras
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並設置兩架水下立體攝影機
08:05
to watch how the shark actually engages with that rig.
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以記錄鯊魚是如何撕咬試驗裝備的
08:08
And because we use stereo,
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由於採用了立體攝像機
08:10
we can capture all the statistics on how big the shark is,
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我們就能夠捕獲關於鯊魚的各項資料
08:13
what angle it comes in at, how quickly it leaves,
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包含鯊魚以什麼角度攻擊、離開的速度等
08:15
and what its behavior is
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這樣,鯊魚的行為
08:17
in an empirical rather than a subjective way.
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就可以通過觀察而非主觀的方式判定
08:20
Because we needed to preserve the scientific method,
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因為我們需要以科學方法為依據
08:22
we ran a control rig
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試驗採用的控制裝備
08:24
which was a black neoprene rig
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由黑色氯丁橡膠製成
08:28
just like a normal black wetsuit
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就像平常的黑色潛水服
08:30
against the, what we call,
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裝備採用的技術稱之為
08:31
SAMS technology rig.
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SAMS技術
08:33
And the results were not just exciting,
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最終的試驗結果不僅令人興奮 更是大大地鼓舞了我們
08:36
but very encouraging,
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最終的試驗結果不僅令人興奮 更是大大地鼓舞了我們
08:37
and today I would like to just give you a snapshot
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現在我將以快照的形式
08:40
of two of those engagements.
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向大家展示兩次鯊魚襲擊時的剪影
08:44
So here we've got a four-meter tiger shark
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這條身長四米的虎鯊
08:46
engaging the black control rig,
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正在攻擊黑色控制裝備
08:49
which it had encountered about
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它第一次發現裝備大約在
08:50
a minute and a half before.
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一分半鐘之前
09:11
Now that exact same shark had engaged,
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現在畫面中的鯊魚與前面提到的是同一條
09:14
or encountered this SAMS rig,
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它首次發現這個
09:16
which is the Elude SAMS rig,
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Elude SAMS裝備
09:17
about eight minutes before,
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大約在八分鐘之前
09:18
and spent six minutes circling it, hunting for it,
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這只鯊魚與裝備周旋了六分鐘
09:21
looking for what it could smell and sense but not see,
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試圖搜尋、嗅出些什麼來 但是牠無法看到裝備
09:24
and this was the final engagement.
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這是最後一次鯊魚糾纏裝備
09:29
Great white sharks are more confident than the tigers,
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大白鯊比虎鯊顯得更自信
09:32
and here you see great white shark
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這裡便是一條大白鯊
09:34
engaging a control rig,
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正在糾纏控制裝備
09:36
so a black neoprene wetsuit,
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黑色的氯丁橡膠潛水服
09:37
and going straight to the bottom,
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垂直下降
09:39
coming up
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又上來了
09:42
and engaging.
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又一次撕咬
09:46
In contrast to the SAMS technology rig,
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與採用SAMS技術的裝備相比
09:48
this is the banded one,
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這套裝備採用條紋狀設計
09:50
where it's more tactile,
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更易感知
09:52
it's more investigative,
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更便於研究
09:53
it's more apprehensive,
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也更易於理解
09:55
and shows a reluctance to come straight in and go.
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看,鯊魚不情願靠近,轉身離去
10:08
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
10:18
So, it's important for us that all the testing is done independently,
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所有測試均獨立進行 這一點對我們來說尤為重要
10:22
and the University of W.A. is doing the testing.
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負責測試的是西澳大學
10:25
It'll be an ongoing process.
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這是一個持續不斷的過程
10:26
It's subject to peer review and subject to publication.
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受到同行審查和出版物監督
10:29
It's so important that this concept
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這個概念是有科學根據的 這點相當重要
10:31
is led with the science.
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這個概念是有科學根據的 這點相當重要
10:33
From the perspective of Shark Attack Mitigation Systems,
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在鯊魚攻擊緩解系統看來
10:35
we're a biotechnology licensing company,
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我們是一家生物技術授權公司
10:38
so we don't make wetsuits ourselves.
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因此我們本身並不生產潛水服
10:40
We'll license others to do that.
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我們授權其它公司來做
10:42
But I thought you might be interested
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也許你有興趣
10:43
in seeing what SAMS technology looks like
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看到採用SAMS技術的潛水服
10:45
embedded in a wetsuit, and to that end,
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會是什麼樣子,照那樣說來
10:48
for the first time, live, worldwide --
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這是第一次在世人面前現場直播
10:51
(Laughter) —
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(笑聲......)
10:53
I can show you what biological adaptation,
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我可以向你展示生物適應
10:56
science and design looks like in real life.
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科學和設計如何體現在現實生活中
11:00
So I can welcome Sam, the surfer,
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下面有請山姆,他是一名衝浪運動員
11:02
from this side. Where are you, Sam?
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從這邊上來了。山姆,你在哪?
11:04
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:06
And Eduardo.
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還有愛德華多。
11:08
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:10
Cheers, mate.
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歡迎你,老兄
11:12
Cheers.
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歡迎!
11:14
Thanks, gentlemen. (Applause)
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感謝兩位。(掌聲)
11:21
So what have we done here?
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我們做了些什麼?
11:22
Well, to my mind, rather than take a blank sheet
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嗯,在我看來,我們不是拿一張白紙
11:25
and use science as a tool for invention,
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而是用科學作為發明的工具
11:29
we've paid attention to the biological evidence,
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我們留心於生物學證據
11:32
we've put importance to the
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重視
11:33
human anecdotal evidence,
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人類軼事證據
11:35
and we've used science as a tool
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我們把科學用作
11:38
for translation,
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解碼工具
11:40
translation of something that was already there
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將已經存在的事物
11:42
into something that we can use for the benefit of mankind.
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轉譯成可以造福人類的事物
11:45
And it strikes me that this idea of science
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這使我突然發現
11:47
as a tool for translation rather than invention
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將科學作為轉譯的工具 而非發明的工具的觀點
11:50
is one that we can apply much more widely than this
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是我們能夠更廣泛應用的
11:53
in the pursuit of innovation.
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而非一味追求創新
11:55
After all, did the Wright brothers
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畢竟,萊特兄弟
11:57
discover manned flight,
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創造了載人飛機
11:59
or did they observe the biological fact of flight
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還是他們是靠觀察動物飛行而得到啟示
12:02
and translate that mechanically, replicate it
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將原理轉譯並複製到機械當中
12:06
in a way that humans could use?
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供世人使用的呢?
12:08
As for the humble wetsuit,
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至於這微不足道的潛水服
12:10
who knows what oceanwear will look like
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誰曉得在未來它會變成什麼樣子
12:12
in two years' time, in five years' time
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比如說,兩年後、五年後
12:15
or in 50 years' time, but with this new thinking,
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或者五十年以後……但是按照這種新思維
12:18
I'm guessing there's a fair chance
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我猜,有相當大的可能
12:19
it won't be pure black.
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未來的潛水服不會是純黑色
12:21
Thank you.
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謝謝!
12:23
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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