A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think) | Hamish Jolly

翻译人员: Phillip Feng 校对人员: Weikun Hu

Scientific breakthrough,

科学上的突破，

the kind that can potentially save lives,

有潜力救人命的那种，

can sometimes be lying right out in the open

有时候就处于明处，

for us to discover,

等待我们去发现，

in the evolved, accumulated body

例如人类轶事的堆积体的演变，

of human anecdote, for example,

或者是

or in the time-tested adaptations

我们观察到的在自然界中

that we observe in the natural world around us.

经过了时间考验的适应能力。

Science starts with observation,

科学始于观察，

but the trick is to identify the patterns and signatures

但其中的窍门是去发现其中的规律与特征，

that we might otherwise dismiss

那些我们通常可能会视为

as myth or coincidence,

神话或是巧合的东西，

isolate them, and test them with scientific rigor.

把它们孤立出来，并用严格的科学来试验。

And when we do, the results will often surprise.

当我们这样做的时候，结果通常是惊人的。

Western Australia has had a particular problem

澳大利亚西部地区曾有过一个特定的难题，

with shark attacks over the last three years,

是关于近三年来的鲨鱼袭击，

unfortunately and tragically culminating

其中不幸悲惨的

in five fatal shark attacks in a 10-month period

在十个月内连续发生了五起

during that time.

致命的鲨鱼袭击。

But Western Australia is not alone in this.

但西澳大利亚的问题并不是特例

The incident of shark engagements on humans

鲨鱼与人类发生接触的事件

is escalating worldwide.

正在向全球扩散

And so it's not surprising, perhaps,

因此今年七月发生的

that in July of this year,

鲨鱼群体袭击减灾系统

Shark Attack Mitigation Systems in collaboration

也是在预料之中的。

with the University of Western Australia Oceans Institute

西澳大利亚大学海洋研究所发表了一项申明

made an announcement which captured the attention

该申明引起世界范围内的

of the worldwide media and of ocean users

媒体以及海洋使用者

worldwide,

的注意，

and that was around the development of technology

它是围绕着缓和或是减少鲨鱼袭击

to mitigate or reduce the risk of shark attack

的风险所要研发的科技，

based on the science of what sharks can see.

它是科学原理是基于鲨鱼的视野。

And I have for you today

我今天的主题就是想你讲述

the story of that journey,

那段旅程的故事，

but also the notion that science can be

除此以外，我还想说

as powerful as a translator

科学作可以像转换器一样有力

as it can be for invention.

它的核心在于创新。

When we began this process,

最开始的时候

we were looking, it was about three years ago,

我们在观察，大概三年前，

and we'd just had the first two fatal shark attacks

在西澳大利亚刚发生了两起

in Western Australia,

鲨鱼袭击案件，

and by chance, in a previous role,

巧合的是，在我前一项工作中，

I happened to be having dinner with Harry Butler.

我曾有幸跟哈利·巴特勒共进晚餐。

Now Harry Butler, who most Australians would know is a famous naturalist,

哈利·巴特勒，这个在澳大利亚十分出名的自然学家

had spent a lot of time in the marine environment.

在海洋环境相关的研究中花费了很多时间。

Harry Butler is a precursor, if you like,

哈利·巴特勒对于之后的史蒂夫·欧文

to the late Steve Irwin.

可以说是一个先导。

When I asked him about

当我询问他关于

what the solution to the problem might be,

解决这个问题可能的方案时，

the answer was quite surprising.

他给的答案让我吃惊。

He said, "Take a black wetsuit,

他说：“拿一个黑色的潜水衣，

band it in yellow stripes like a bumblebee,

涂上像大黄蜂一样的黄色条纹，

and you'll be mimicking the warning systems

这样你就可以模拟了对大部分

of most marine species."

海洋生物有效的警告系统。”

I didn't think about that much at the time,

我在当时并没有多想，

and it wasn't until the next three fatal shark attacks happened,

直到又发生了三起严重的鲨鱼袭击，

and it caused me to think,

我才开始思考，

maybe there's some merit to this idea.

这个想法可能有它的益处。

And I turned to the web

然后我开始上网搜索，

to see if there might be some clues.

看有没有什么线索。

And it turns out the web is awash

然而我发现网上泛滥着

with this sort of evidence that supports

支持这项思维的

this sort of thinking.

这一类的证据。

So biologically, there are plenty of species

所以在生物学中，有很多的物种

that display banding or patterns, warning patterns,

身上有带状图案或警告图案，

to either be cryptical in the water

用于在水中隐蔽自己

or warn against being attacked,

或是在遭遇袭击时发出警示，

not the least of which is the pilot fish

其中之一的就是鲭类海鱼，

which spends a big slab of its life

它们一生的大部分时间

around the business end of a shark.

都环绕在鲨鱼的周围。

On the human side, Walter Starck, an oceanographer,

在人类这边，沃尔特·斯塔克，一名海洋学家，

has been painting his wetsuit since the 1970s,

从70年代就开始给他的潜水服涂色了，

and anthropologically,

而从人类学上讲，

Pacific island tribes painted themselves in bands

太平洋岛屿上的部落为了抵挡鲨鱼神

in a sea snake ceremony

的海蛇典礼上，

to ward off the shark god.

在自己的身上涂上条纹。

So what's going on here?

那么这到底意味着什么？

Is this an idea lying wide out in the open

这是一个处于明处的发现，等待我们

for us to consider and define?

去考虑并下定义？

We know that sharks use a range of sensors

我们都知道鲨鱼有一系列的感应器

when they engage, particularly for attack,

用于锁定目标，尤其是进攻时，

but the sight sensor is the one that they use

但视觉传感器是它们用来

to identify the target, and particularly

辨认目标的，尤其是

in the last number of meters before the attack.

在将要进攻的最后几米内。

It makes sense to pay attention to the biological anecdote

关注生物轶事是有意义的

because that's time-tested evolution

因为那是经历了数千年

over many millennia.

时间的考验的进化。

But isn't human anecdote also an evolution of sorts,

但人类轶事不也是各种各样的进化，

the idea that there's a kernel of truth

有核心真理的这个想法

thought to be important,

被认为是很重要的，

passed down from generation to generation,

一代代地传承下来，

so that it actually ends up shaping human behavior?

所以最终塑造了人类的行为？

I wanted to test this idea.

我想要验证这个观点。

I wanted to put some science

我想往这个轶事凭证中

to this anecdotal evidence,

注入一些科学，

because if science could support this concept,

因为如果科学能支撑这一概念，

then we might have at least part of the solution

那么我们至少由可能得出 一部分结论，

to shark attack right under our very nose.

关于鲨鱼的袭击。

To do that, I needed some experts

要这样做，我需要一些

in shark vision and shark neurology,

鲨鱼的视野与经内科的专家，

and a worldwide search, again,

而世界范围的搜索，再一次，

led to the University of W.A.

把我领到了西澳大学

on the doorstep here, with the Oceans Institute.

的海洋研究所。

And professor Nathan Hart and his team

而且南森·哈特跟他的团队

had just written a paper which tells us,

刚刚写了一篇文章，

confirms that predatory sharks see

确定地告诉我们掠夺性鲨鱼

in black and white, or grayscale.

的视野是黑白的，或者不同程度的灰色。

So I called up Nathan,

所以我联系了南森，

a little bit sheepishly, actually, about this idea

稍有犹豫地告诉他我的想法，

that maybe we could use these patterns and shapes

关于我们可能运用图案与形状

to produce a wetsuit to try and mitigate the risk of shark attack,

来制造潜水服从而减轻被 鲨鱼攻击的风险，

and fortunately, he thought that was a good idea.

而且幸运的是，他觉得这个想法不错。

So what ensued is a collaborative bit of research

所以我们确保了一次由西奥州政府

supported by the West Australian State Government.

支助的一次协作性研究。

And we did three key things.

我们完成了三个重要事项。

The first is that we mapped the characteristics,

首先，我们找出了三种主要攻击鲨鱼

the physical characteristics of the eyes

视觉对应的

of the three main predatory sharks,

特征，物理特征。

so the great white, tiger and bull shark.

其中有大白鲨，虎鲨和白真鯊。

We did that genetically

我们从遗传学角度

and we did that anatomically.

以及解剖学角度这样做了

The next thing we did was to understand,

接下来我们所做的是去了解，

using complex computer modeling,

运用复杂的电脑模型，

what that eye can see

在海水的不同的深度，距离，

at different depths, distances,

光线条件与海水透明度下

light conditions, and water clarity in the ocean.

鲨鱼的眼睛能看到什么。

And from there, we were able to pinpoint

而从那里，我们能够

two key characteristics:

精确出两个关键的特征：

what patterns and shapes would present the wearer

有哪些图案和形状在水中

as hidden or hard to make out in the water, cryptic,

能够便于隐藏或是让其难以辨认，

and what patterns and shapes might provide

然后有那些图案和形状可能

the greatest contrast but provide the greatest

提供最高的对比度但最大程度

breakup of profile

轮廓的解体，

so that that person wasn't confused for shark prey

所以那个人不会被混淆成

or shark food.

鲨鱼的猎物或食物。

The next thing we needed to do was to convert this

接下来我们要做的就是把它转换成

into wetsuits that people might actually wear,

人们可能会穿的潜水服，

and to that end, I invited Ray Smith,

在这一点，我请到了雷·史密斯，

a surfer, industrial designer, wetsuit designer,

他是冲浪者，工业设计师，也是潜水服设计师，

and in fact the guy that designed the original Quiksilver logo,

而且实际上他设计了原始的极速骑板的商标，

to come over and sit with the science team

把他请来与科学团队商讨，

and interpret that science

并把其中的科学诠释成

into aesthetic wetsuits that people might actually wear.

人们可能去穿的美观的潜水服。

And here's an example of one of the first drawings.

这里是初期绘画的例子之一。

So this is what I call a "don't eat me" wetsuit.

这是我所称为“不要吃我”的潜水服。

So this takes that banding idea,

它把条纹的那个思想，

takes that banding idea, it's highly visible,

运用那个思想，它是高度可见的，

provides a highly disruptive profile,

赋予了一个高度混淆的轮廓，

and is intended to prevent the shark

而它的意图是不让鲨鱼

from considering that you would be ordinary food,

把你当成普通的食物，

and potentially even create confusion for the shark.

并可能潜在的对鲨鱼制造困惑。

And this one's configured to go with a surfboard.

而且这个是跟冲浪板搭配的。

You can see that dark, opaque panel on the front,

你可以看见正面不透明的嵌板，

and it's particularly better for the surface,

这个对于在水面特别有好处，

where being backlit and providing a silhouette

因为在水面背光而显出的轮廓

is problematic.

是一个很大的问题。

Second iteration is the cryptic wetsuit,

第二个迭代是隐秘潜水服，

or the one which attempts to hide the wearer

或着说是把潜水者隐藏在

in the water column.

水体间的潜水服。

There are three panels on this suit,

这件潜水服上有三个嵌板，

and in any given conditions,

并且在任何环境下，

one or more of those panels

至少有一个嵌板

will match the reflective spectra of the water

会与水中的反射光谱匹配，

so as to disappear fully or partially,

所以潜水者将完全或部分消失，

leaving the last panel or panels

让剩下的嵌板在水体中

to create a disruptive profile in the water column.

制造出混乱的外形。

And this one's particularly well-suited

而且这件潜水服对潜水配置

to the dive configuration,

特别的合适，

so when you're deeper under the water.

也就是当你在深水里的时候。

So we knew that we had

因此我们知道我们这里

some really solid science here.

有一些很坚实的科学。

We knew, if you wanted to stand out,

我们知道，如果你想引人注目，

you needed to look stripy,

你必须得看起来花哨，

and we knew if you wanted to be cryptic,

我们还知道如果你想隐秘，

you needed to look like this.

你必须看起来像这样。

But the acid test is always going to be,

但是决定性得考验永远都会是，

how would sharks really behave

鲨鱼在这些

in the context of these patterns and shapes.

图案与形状面前会如何表现。

And testing to simulate a person in a wetsuit

然而在自然环境下模仿一个在

in the water with a predatory shark

水中穿着潜水服的人

in a natural environment

加上一只攻击性鲨鱼

is actually a lot harder than you might think.

其实比你想像的要难很多。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So we have to bait the rig,

因此我们必须用引诱设备，

because we need to get the statistical number

因为我们需要获取样本

of samples through to get the scientific evidence,

统计数量来得到科学证据，

and by baiting the rig,

而当我们使用引诱设备，

we're obviously changing shark behavior.

鲨鱼的行为显然也被改变了。

We can't put humans in the water.

我们不能把人放入水中。

We're ethically precluded from even using

我们甚至从道德上排除了运用

humanoid shapes and baiting them up in the water.

似人的形状来作为诱饵。

But nevertheless, we started the testing process

但无论如何，我们在今年一月份

in January of this year,

开始了试验流程，

initially with tiger sharks

从虎鲨开始，

and subsequently with great white sharks.

紧接着是大白鲨。

The way we did that

我们所做的是

was to get a perforated drum which is full of bait,

将一个装满鱼饵的多孔的滚筒，

wrap it in a neoprene skin,

用橡胶皮包裹起来，

and then run two stereo underwater cameras

然后开启两台立体声水下摄像机

to watch how the shark actually engages with that rig.

来观察鲨鱼是如何对待那个设备的。

And because we use stereo,

并且因为我们运用了立体声，

we can capture all the statistics on how big the shark is,

我们可以捕捉到关于鲨鱼大小的所有数据，

what angle it comes in at, how quickly it leaves,

还有它是从哪个方向来的， 停留了多长时间，

and what its behavior is

还有从实验角度上来看它的行为

in an empirical rather than a subjective way.

而不是通过主观推断。

Because we needed to preserve the scientific method,

因为我们需要维持科学的方法，

we ran a control rig

我们运行了一个控制装备，

which was a black neoprene rig

它是一个黑橡皮的装备，

just like a normal black wetsuit

就像对，我们所说的，

against the, what we call,

校管系统技术装备的一个

SAMS technology rig.

普通的黑色潜水衣。

And the results were not just exciting,

而且所获取的结果不仅是激动人心，

but very encouraging,

还非常鼓舞人心，

and today I would like to just give you a snapshot

而且今天我想向你们呈现其中

of two of those engagements.

两次接触的一个快照简单印象。

So here we've got a four-meter tiger shark

所以在这里有一个四米长的虎鲨

engaging the black control rig,

与黑色控制设备发生接触，

which it had encountered about

它们是在大约

a minute and a half before.

一分半钟前相遇的。

Now that exact same shark had engaged,

现在这只同样的鲨鱼也接触了，

or encountered this SAMS rig,

或者说遭遇了这个SAMS设备，

which is the Elude SAMS rig,

这是一个SAMS躲避装备，

about eight minutes before,

那是大约八分钟前，

and spent six minutes circling it, hunting for it,

并且用了六分钟在附近环绕，搜索

looking for what it could smell and sense but not see,

鲨鱼能够闻到感觉它的存在，但却看不到，

and this was the final engagement.

而这是最终的接触。

Great white sharks are more confident than the tigers,

大白鲨比虎鲨更有自信，

and here you see great white shark

而现在你看到一只大白鲨

engaging a control rig,

与控制设备发生接触，

so a black neoprene wetsuit,

所以说是一个黑色橡皮潜水衣，

and going straight to the bottom,

并直奔底部，

coming up

游上来

and engaging.

并与其发生接触。

In contrast to the SAMS technology rig,

与SAMS科技设备相比，

this is the banded one,

这个是有条形的，

where it's more tactile,

因此更有质感，

it's more investigative,

更有探究性，

it's more apprehensive,

更容易理解，

and shows a reluctance to come straight in and go.

并表示不愿直来直去。

(Applause)

（掌声）

So, it's important for us that all the testing is done independently,

因此，将所有的试验分开完成 对我们来说很重要，

and the University of W.A. is doing the testing.

而西澳大学正在做这项试验。

It'll be an ongoing process.

这将是一个持续的过程。

It's subject to peer review and subject to publication.

它将接受同业调查以及公布。

It's so important that this concept

另外至关重要的是这个概念

is led with the science.

要追寻科学。

From the perspective of Shark Attack Mitigation Systems,

从鲨鱼攻击缓解系统的角度来看，

we're a biotechnology licensing company,

我们是一个生物科技授权公司，

so we don't make wetsuits ourselves.

我们不会自己做潜水服。

We'll license others to do that.

我们会授权其他人去做。

But I thought you might be interested

但是我觉得你可能会感兴趣

in seeing what SAMS technology looks like

SAMS科技结合潜水服看起来会是

embedded in a wetsuit, and to that end,

什么样子，为了实现这个目标，

for the first time, live, worldwide --

全球首次直播－－

(Laughter) —

（笑声） －－

I can show you what biological adaptation,

我将向你呈现生物适应、

science and design looks like in real life.

科学与设计在现实中的样子。

So I can welcome Sam, the surfer,

因此我请出冲浪者山姆，

from this side. Where are you, Sam?

在这边。山姆，你在哪？

(Applause)

（掌声）

And Eduardo.

和爱德华多。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Cheers, mate.

你好，老兄。

Cheers.

你好。

Thanks, gentlemen. (Applause)

谢谢，先生们。（掌声）

So what have we done here?

那么在这里我们做了什么？

Well, to my mind, rather than take a blank sheet

这么说吧，在我看来，与其是拿一张白纸

and use science as a tool for invention,

并把科学作为一个创造的工具，

we've paid attention to the biological evidence,

我们关注了生物学上的线索，

we've put importance to the

我们把重点放在了

human anecdotal evidence,

人类的轶事证据上，

and we've used science as a tool

并且我们把科学作为转化

for translation,

的一个工具，

translation of something that was already there

把一个已经存在的东西转化为

into something that we can use for the benefit of mankind.

可以造福人类的东西。

And it strikes me that this idea of science

而且把科学作为转化工具

as a tool for translation rather than invention

而不是发明的点子让我深受启发，

is one that we can apply much more widely than this

我们可以在追寻发明的旅程中

in the pursuit of innovation.

可以取得更广的运用。

After all, did the Wright brothers

毕竟，怀特兄弟是发现了

discover manned flight,

人工飞行，

or did they observe the biological fact of flight

还是观察了飞行的生物学原理

and translate that mechanically, replicate it

并将其转化为机械的，复制成了

in a way that humans could use?

一个人们可以运用的东西？

As for the humble wetsuit,

至于这个简陋的潜水服，

who knows what oceanwear will look like

谁知道在两年后、

in two years' time, in five years' time

五年后、甚至十年后，

or in 50 years' time, but with this new thinking,

它会演变成什么样，但有了这个新的想法，

I'm guessing there's a fair chance

我想它很有可能

it won't be pure black.

不会是纯黑的。

Thank you.

谢谢 .

(Applause)

(掌声)