A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think) | Hamish Jolly

Translator: Lucia Lichá Reviewer: Linda Magáthová

Scientific breakthrough,

Prelomový objav,

the kind that can potentially save lives,

ktorý môže dokonca zachrániť životy,

can sometimes be lying right out in the open

môžeme mať priamo pod nosom.

for us to discover,

in the evolved, accumulated body

Môže byť ukrytý v nepoznaných príbehoch z ľudskej histórie

of human anecdote, for example,

or in the time-tested adaptations

alebo v časom otestovaných adaptáciách,

that we observe in the natural world around us.

ktoré pozorujeme v okolitej prírode.

Science starts with observation,

Veda začína pozorovaním,

but the trick is to identify the patterns and signatures

ale trik je v identifikácii vzorov a čŕt,

that we might otherwise dismiss

ktoré by sme inak považovali za mýtus alebo náhodu,

as myth or coincidence,

isolate them, and test them with scientific rigor.

v ich izolácii

a otestovaní vedeckými metódami.

And when we do, the results will often surprise.

Výsledky sú potom často prekvapujúce.

Western Australia has had a particular problem

Pre Západnú Austráliu znamenali útoky žralokov za posledné 3 roky problém,

with shark attacks over the last three years,

unfortunately and tragically culminating

ktorý tragicky vyvrcholil

in five fatal shark attacks in a 10-month period

piatimi smrteľnými útokmi za 10 mesiacov.

during that time.

But Western Australia is not alone in this.

Nejde však len o Západnú Austráliu.

The incident of shark engagements on humans

Útoky žralokov na ľudí sa stupňujú na celom svete.

is escalating worldwide.

And so it's not surprising, perhaps,

Možno preto nie je prekvapujúce,

that in July of this year,

Shark Attack Mitigation Systems in collaboration

že spoločnosť SAMS

v spolupráci s Oceánografickým ústavom Univerzity Západnej Austrálie

with the University of Western Australia Oceans Institute

made an announcement which captured the attention

prišla v júli so správou,

ktorá upútala pozornosť médií a plavcov na celom svete.

of the worldwide media and of ocean users

worldwide,

and that was around the development of technology

Vyvinuli technológiu

to mitigate or reduce the risk of shark attack

určenú na zníženie rizika takýchto útokov

based on the science of what sharks can see.

a založenú na tom, ako žraloky vidia.

And I have for you today

Dnes vám opíšem cestu k tomuto objavu

the story of that journey,

but also the notion that science can be

a to, že veda nie je len o vynálezoch,

as powerful as a translator

as it can be for invention.

ale aj o imitácii.

When we began this process,

Celý proces začal pred 3 rokmi,

we were looking, it was about three years ago,

po prvých 2 smrtiacich útokoch v Západnej Austrálii.

and we'd just had the first two fatal shark attacks

in Western Australia,

and by chance, in a previous role,

V tom čase som bol náhodou na večeri

I happened to be having dinner with Harry Butler.

so známym prírodovedcom Harrym Butlerom,

Now Harry Butler, who most Australians would know is a famous naturalist,

ktorý strávil veľa času v morskom prostredí.

had spent a lot of time in the marine environment.

Harry Butler is a precursor, if you like,

Dalo by sa povedať,

že je predchodca zosnulého Steva Irwina.

to the late Steve Irwin.

When I asked him about

Chcel som vedieť,

what the solution to the problem might be,

či pozná možné riešenie nášho problému,

a jeho odpoveď ma prekvapila.

the answer was quite surprising.

He said, "Take a black wetsuit,

Povedal, že ak na čierny oblek

band it in yellow stripes like a bumblebee,

namaľujeme žlté pruhy,

and you'll be mimicking the warning systems

napodobníme varovný systém väčšiny morských druhov.

of most marine species."

I didn't think about that much at the time,

Vtedy som jeho nápad ignoroval,

and it wasn't until the next three fatal shark attacks happened,

ale po 3 ďalších smrtiacich útokoch

and it caused me to think,

som chcel vedieť, čo je na ňom pravdy,

maybe there's some merit to this idea.

And I turned to the web

a začal som s vyhľadávaním na internete.

to see if there might be some clues.

And it turns out the web is awash

Zistil som, že ten je plný informácií,

with this sort of evidence that supports

ktoré tento nápad podporujú.

this sort of thinking.

So biologically, there are plenty of species

Z hľadiska biológie existujú druhy,

that display banding or patterns, warning patterns,

ktoré majú pruhy alebo varovné vzory,

to either be cryptical in the water

či už aby splývali s okolím,

or warn against being attacked,

alebo ako varovanie pred útokom.

not the least of which is the pilot fish

Príkladom je ryba lodivod,

which spends a big slab of its life

ktorá často pláva pri hlave žraloka.

around the business end of a shark.

On the human side, Walter Starck, an oceanographer,

Čo sa týka ľudí, oceánograf Walter Starck

has been painting his wetsuit since the 1970s,

si neoprén maľuje približne od roku 1970.

and anthropologically,

Z hľadiska antropológie

Pacific island tribes painted themselves in bands

žijú na ostrovoch v Tichom oceáne kmene,

ktoré si na telo maľujú pruhy pri obrade

in a sea snake ceremony

to ward off the shark god.

na ochranu pred žraločím bohom.

So what's going on here?

Čo to má znamenať?

Is this an idea lying wide out in the open

Máme priamo pod nosom nápad,

for us to consider and define?

ktorý potrebujeme len definovať?

We know that sharks use a range of sensors

Keď sa žraloky blížia ku koristi,

when they engage, particularly for attack,

využívajú niekoľko zmyslových orgánov,

but the sight sensor is the one that they use

ale cieľ identifikujú najmä zrakom,

to identify the target, and particularly

in the last number of meters before the attack.

hlavne čo sa týka posledných pár metrov.

It makes sense to pay attention to the biological anecdote

Má zmysel pozrieť sa na biologickú históriu,

because that's time-tested evolution

pretože ide o časom otestovanú evolúciu.

over many millennia.

But isn't human anecdote also an evolution of sorts,

Neprechádza však aj ľudská história evolúciou?

the idea that there's a kernel of truth

Neodovzdávajú sa príbehy,

thought to be important,

ktoré obsahujú zrnko pravdy,

passed down from generation to generation,

z generácie na generáciu,

so that it actually ends up shaping human behavior?

až kým neovplyvnia správanie ľudí?

I wanted to test this idea.

Chcel som to otestovať

I wanted to put some science

a použiť pritom vedecké metódy.

to this anecdotal evidence,

because if science could support this concept,

Ak tento nápad vedecky potvrdíme,

then we might have at least part of the solution

zistíme, že aspoň časť riešenia

to shark attack right under our very nose.

bola celý čas priamo pod naším nosom.

To do that, I needed some experts

Potreboval som pomoc expertov

in shark vision and shark neurology,

na zrak a neurológiu žralokov,

and a worldwide search, again,

ktorých som opäť našiel

led to the University of W.A.

v Oceánografickom ústave Univerzity Západnej Austrálie.

on the doorstep here, with the Oceans Institute.

And professor Nathan Hart and his team

Tím profesora Nathana Harta

had just written a paper which tells us,

práve vtedy zverejnil štúdiu,

confirms that predatory sharks see

ktorá potvrdila, že dravé žraloky vidia

in black and white, or grayscale.

čiernobielo alebo v odtieňoch šedej.

So I called up Nathan,

Zavolal som Nathanovi

a povedal som mu o našom nápade

a little bit sheepishly, actually, about this idea

that maybe we could use these patterns and shapes

vytvoriť pomocou pruhov a vzorov neoprén,

to produce a wetsuit to try and mitigate the risk of shark attack,

ktorý by znížil riziko žraločích útokov.

and fortunately, he thought that was a good idea.

Považoval to za dobrý nápad.

So what ensued is a collaborative bit of research

Nasledoval spoločný výskum,

supported by the West Australian State Government.

ktorý podporila vláda Západnej Austrálie.

And we did three key things.

Podnikli sme 3 hlavné kroky.

The first is that we mapped the characteristics,

Po prvé sme zmapovali fyzické znaky

the physical characteristics of the eyes

typické pre oči 3 druhov dravých žralokov

of the three main predatory sharks,

so the great white, tiger and bull shark.

a to modrého, tigrieho a belavého.

We did that genetically

A to z hľadiska genetiky a anatómie.

and we did that anatomically.

The next thing we did was to understand,

Po druhé sme použili počítačové modely,

using complex computer modeling,

aby sme pochopili,

what that eye can see

ako a čo žraloky vidia

at different depths, distances,

v závislosti od hĺbky, vzdialenosti,

light conditions, and water clarity in the ocean.

svetelných podmienok a jasnosti vody.

And from there, we were able to pinpoint

Prišli sme na 2 druhy vzorov a tvarov.

two key characteristics:

what patterns and shapes would present the wearer

Vďaka tým prvým bude nositeľ kryptický,

as hidden or hard to make out in the water, cryptic,

teda ťažko viditeľný a splynie s okolím.

and what patterns and shapes might provide

Tie druhé vytvoria kontrastný profil

the greatest contrast but provide the greatest

a rozdelia ho tak, že si ich nositeľa

breakup of profile

so that that person wasn't confused for shark prey

žraloky nepomýlia so žrádlom a korisťou.

or shark food.

The next thing we needed to do was to convert this

Po tretie sme museli vytvoriť neoprény,

into wetsuits that people might actually wear,

ktoré by ľudia naozaj nosili.

and to that end, I invited Ray Smith,

Preto som k nám pozval Raya Smitha,

a surfer, industrial designer, wetsuit designer,

surfera, dizajnéra neoprénov

and in fact the guy that designed the original Quiksilver logo,

a tvorcu loga spoločnosti Quiksilver.

to come over and sit with the science team

Mal premeniť poznatky nášho vedeckého tímu na neoprény,

and interpret that science

ktoré by boli elegantné

into aesthetic wetsuits that people might actually wear.

a ľudia by si ich radi obliekli.

And here's an example of one of the first drawings.

Tu vidíte jeden z prvých návrhov.

So this is what I call a "don't eat me" wetsuit.

Volám ho neoprén „nezožer ma“.

So this takes that banding idea,

Základ tvoria rôzne druhy pruhov...

(smiech)

takes that banding idea, it's highly visible,

je veľmi viditeľný

provides a highly disruptive profile,

a má vysoko kontrastný profil.

and is intended to prevent the shark

Žralok vás v ňom nemá považovať za niečo,

from considering that you would be ordinary food,

čo by normálne zožral.

and potentially even create confusion for the shark.

Oblek ho môže dokonca zmiasť.

And this one's configured to go with a surfboard.

Je navrhnutý špeciálne na surfovanie.

You can see that dark, opaque panel on the front,

Vpredu vidíte tú tmavú časť,

and it's particularly better for the surface,

ktorá je vhodná pre použitie na povrchu,

where being backlit and providing a silhouette

kde je problém so zadným osvetlením

is problematic.

a tvorbou siluety.

Second iteration is the cryptic wetsuit,

Toto je kryptický neoprén,

or the one which attempts to hide the wearer

ktorý umožní nositeľovi splynúť s pozadím.

in the water column.

There are three panels on this suit,

Má 3 časti

and in any given conditions,

a aspoň jedna z nich sa vždy prispôsobí reflexnému spektru vody

one or more of those panels

will match the reflective spectra of the water

so as to disappear fully or partially,

a preto plne alebo čiastočne zmizne.

leaving the last panel or panels

Zvyšné časti poskytujú rušivý profil.

to create a disruptive profile in the water column.

And this one's particularly well-suited

Neoprén je vhodný hlavne na potápanie,

to the dive configuration,

so when you're deeper under the water.

keď sa dostávate hlbšie pod hladinu.

So we knew that we had

Mali sme to teda vedecky podložené.

some really solid science here.

We knew, if you wanted to stand out,

Ak chcete vyniknúť,

you needed to look stripy,

musíte mať pruhy,

and we knew if you wanted to be cryptic,

a ak chcete splynúť s okolím,

you needed to look like this.

musíte vyzerať takto.

But the acid test is always going to be,

Skúška ohňom však prišla,

how would sharks really behave

keď sme testovali skutočné reakcie žralokov na tieto vzory a tvary.

in the context of these patterns and shapes.

And testing to simulate a person in a wetsuit

Otestovať simuláciu človeka v neopréne

in the water with a predatory shark

vo vode s dravými žralokmi

in a natural environment

za prirodzených podmienok

is actually a lot harder than you might think.

je však ťažšie, ako si asi myslíte.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

So we have to bait the rig,

Chceme štatisticky relevantné výsledky,

because we need to get the statistical number

of samples through to get the scientific evidence,

a preto potrebujeme určitý počet vzoriek

and by baiting the rig,

a zariadenie s návnadou,

we're obviously changing shark behavior.

ktorá ovplyvňuje správanie žralokov.

We can't put humans in the water.

Návnada nemôže byť človek.

We're ethically precluded from even using

Etika nám bráni ako návnadu použiť čo i len humanoidné tvary.

humanoid shapes and baiting them up in the water.

But nevertheless, we started the testing process

Napriek tomu sme v januári začali testy

in January of this year,

initially with tiger sharks

s tigrími a potom aj s modrými žralokmi.

and subsequently with great white sharks.

The way we did that

Zobrali sme perforovaný bubon,

was to get a perforated drum which is full of bait,

naplnili ho návnadou,

wrap it in a neoprene skin,

zabalili do neoprénu

and then run two stereo underwater cameras

a pomocou 2 stereo podvodných kamier sme sledovali správanie žralokov.

to watch how the shark actually engages with that rig.

And because we use stereo,

Vďaka tomu sme zachytili všetky údaje

we can capture all the statistics on how big the shark is,

o veľkosti žralokov,

what angle it comes in at, how quickly it leaves,

pod akým uhlom sa približujú, ako rýchlo odplávajú

and what its behavior is

a ako sa správajú.

in an empirical rather than a subjective way.

Išlo o empirické a nie subjektívne údaje.

Because we needed to preserve the scientific method,

Keďže sme používali vedecké metódy,

we ran a control rig

porovnávali sme kontrolné zariadenie

which was a black neoprene rig

obalené v obyčajnom čiernom neopréne

just like a normal black wetsuit

against the, what we call,

so zariadením s technológiou SAMS.

SAMS technology rig.

And the results were not just exciting,

Výsledky boli napínavé a povzbudzujúce

but very encouraging,

and today I would like to just give you a snapshot

a dnes vám chcem ukázať krátke video,

of two of those engagements.

kde uvidíte útoky 2 žralokov.

So here we've got a four-meter tiger shark

Tu vidíte žraloka tigrieho,

engaging the black control rig,

ako útočí na kontrolné zariadenie,

which it had encountered about

ktoré zbadal asi 1,5 minúty predtým.

a minute and a half before.

Now that exact same shark had engaged,

Tu vidíte toho istého žraloka,

or encountered this SAMS rig,

ako sa blíži k zariadeniu Elude SAMS,

which is the Elude SAMS rig,

about eight minutes before,

okolo ktorého najprv 6 minút krúžil,

and spent six minutes circling it, hunting for it,

pretože hľadal to, čo nevidel,

looking for what it could smell and sense but not see,

ale vnímal inými zmyslami.

and this was the final engagement.

Takto to skončilo.

Great white sharks are more confident than the tigers,

Žraloky modré sú sebavedomejšie

and here you see great white shark

a tu vidíte, ako jeden útočí

engaging a control rig,

na kontrolné zariadenie – čierny neoprén.

so a black neoprene wetsuit,

and going straight to the bottom,

Podpláva ho,

coming up

zospodu sa priblíži

and engaging.

a zaútočí.

In contrast to the SAMS technology rig,

Tu vidíte pruhované zariadenie SAMS.

this is the banded one,

where it's more tactile,

Žralok je opatrnejší, viac skúma,

it's more investigative,

it's more apprehensive,

približuje sa váhavo

and shows a reluctance to come straight in and go.

a nie je ochotný zaútočiť priamo.

(Applause)

(potlesk)

So, it's important for us that all the testing is done independently,

Testy musí robiť niekto nezávisle od nás

and the University of W.A. is doing the testing.

a preto ich robí Univerzita Západnej Austrálie.

It'll be an ongoing process.

Ide o prebiehajúci proces.

It's subject to peer review and subject to publication.

Musí byť odborne preskúmaný a výsledky sa musia publikovať.

It's so important that this concept

Musíme používať vedecké metódy.

is led with the science.

From the perspective of Shark Attack Mitigation Systems,

SAMS je biotechnologická spoločnosť,

we're a biotechnology licensing company,

ktorá poskytuje licencie,

so we don't make wetsuits ourselves.

a preto neoprény nevyrábame.

We'll license others to do that.

Poskytujeme na to licencie iným.

But I thought you might be interested

Myslel som si, že by vás mohlo zaujímať,

in seeing what SAMS technology looks like

embedded in a wetsuit, and to that end,

ako vyzerá neoprén s technológiou SAMS.

for the first time, live, worldwide --

Tu sú naživo, v celosvetovej premiére...

(Laughter) —

(smiech)

I can show you what biological adaptation,

Ukážem vám skutočný výsledok spojenia

science and design looks like in real life.

biologickej adaptácie, vedy a dizajnu.

So I can welcome Sam, the surfer,

Vítam surfera Sama.

from this side. Where are you, Sam?

Z tejto strany. Kde si, Sam?

(Applause)

(potlesk)

And Eduardo.

A vítam Eduarda.

(Applause)

(potlesk)

Cheers, mate.

Vďaka.

(potlesk)

Cheers.

Vďaka.

Thanks, gentlemen. (Applause)

Ďakujem vám, páni.

(potlesk)

So what have we done here?

Čo sme dokázali?

Well, to my mind, rather than take a blank sheet

Nezačali sme od nuly,

and use science as a tool for invention,

nič sme pomocou vedy nevynašli,

we've paid attention to the biological evidence,

namiesto toho sme sa pozreli na biologickú a ľudskú históriu

we've put importance to the

human anecdotal evidence,

and we've used science as a tool

a pomocou vedy sme imitovali niečo,

for translation,

čo už existovalo, tak,

translation of something that was already there

into something that we can use for the benefit of mankind.

aby to slúžilo v prospech ľudstva.

And it strikes me that this idea of science

Pomocou vedy môžeme nielen vynachádzať,

as a tool for translation rather than invention

ale aj napodobňovať prírodu

is one that we can apply much more widely than this

a túto myšlienku by sme mali v praxi uplatňovať častejšie.

in the pursuit of innovation.

After all, did the Wright brothers

Vynašli bratia Wrightovci pilotovaný let?

discover manned flight,

or did they observe the biological fact of flight

Alebo len pozorovali biologický jav,

and translate that mechanically, replicate it

ktorý potom napodobnili a zopakovali tak,

in a way that humans could use?

aby ho mohli využívať ľudia?

As for the humble wetsuit,

Čo sa neoprénu týka,

who knows what oceanwear will look like

nevieme, ako bude vyzerať o 2 roky,

in two years' time, in five years' time

o 5 alebo o 50 rokov,

or in 50 years' time, but with this new thinking,

ale ak budeme myslieť po novom,

I'm guessing there's a fair chance

je tu šanca, že nebude čisto čierny.

it won't be pure black.

Thank you.

Ďakujem.

(potlesk)

(Applause)