Ellen Jorgensen: Biohacking -- you can do it, too

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Maja Budišin Lukin Lektor: Ivana Korom

It's a great time to be a molecular biologist. (Laughter)

Ovo je pravo vreme za molekularnog biologa. (Smeh)

Reading and writing DNA code is getting easier

Čitanje i pisanje DNK koda postaje lakše

and cheaper.

i jeftinije.

By the end of this year, we'll be able to sequence

Do kraja ove godine moći ćemo da sekvenciramo

the three million bits of information

tri miliona delova informacije

in your genome in less than a day

vašeg genoma za manje od dana

and for less than 1,000 euros.

i za manje od 1.000 €.

Biotech is probably the most powerful

Biotehnologija je verovatno najjača

and the fastest-growing technology sector.

i najbrže rastuća tehnološka grana.

It has the power, potentially,

Ima snagu da možda

to replace our fossil fuels,

zameni naša fosilna goriva,

to revolutionize medicine,

da napravi revoluciju u medicini,

and to touch every aspect of our daily lives.

i da se dotakne svakog aspekta našeg svakodnevnog života.

So who gets to do it?

I ko bi to trebalo da radi?

I think we'd all be pretty comfortable with

Mislim da bi nam svima odgovarao

this guy doing it.

ovaj momak.

But what about

Ali šta ako je

that guy? (Laughter)

to ovaj? (Smeh)

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

In 2009, I first heard about DIYbio.

2009. sam prvi put čula za Bioradionice (Uradi-sam biolaboratorije - DIYbio)

It's a movement that -- it advocates making biotechnology

To je pokret koji zagovara praktičnu biotehnologiju,

accessible to everyone,

koja je dostupna svima,

not just scientists and people in government labs.

ne samo naučnicima i ljudima u vladinim laboratorijima.

The idea is that if you open up the science

Zamisao je da ako nauku napravite pristupačnijom

and you allow diverse groups to participate,

i dozvolite raznim grupama da učestvuju,

it could really stimulate innovation.

mogle bi se zaista podstaći inovacije.

Putting technology in the hands of the end user

Stavljanje tehnologije u ruke krajnjeg korisnika

is usually a good idea because they've got the best idea

obično je dobra ideja, jer oni najbolje znaju

of what their needs are.

šta su njihove potrebe.

And here's this really sophisticated technology

I evo je ovde ova zaista sofisticirana tehnologija

coming down the road, all these associated

dolazi nam u susret i sa njom sva

social, moral, ethical questions,

socijalna, moralna, etička pitanja

and we scientists are just lousy at explaining to the public

i mi naučnici koji smo baš loši u objašnjavanju javnosti

just exactly what it is we're doing in those labs.

u detalje šta sve radimo u tim laboratorijama.

So wouldn't it be nice

Zar ne bi bilo lepo

if there was a place in your local neighborhood

kada bi postojalo mesto u vašem susedstvu

where you could go and learn about this stuff,

gde biste mogli otići i naučiti o svemu tome,

do it hands-on?

kroz praksu?

I thought so.

Tako sam ja razmišljala.

So, three years ago, I got together

Zato sam se pre tri godine našla

with some friends of mine who had similar aspirations

sa svojim prijateljima sličnih aspiracija

and we founded Genspace.

i osnovali smo Genspejs

It's a nonprofit, a community biotech lab

Neprofitnu društvenu biotehnološku laboratoriju

in Brooklyn, New York,

u Bruklinu, Njujorku.

and the idea was people could come,

Ideja je bila da bi ljudi mogli navratiti,

they could take classes and putter around in the lab

pohađati predavanja i vršljati po laboratoriji

in a very open, friendly atmosphere.

u veoma otvorenoj, prijateljskoj atmosferi.

None of my previous experience prepared me

Nijedno od mojih pređašnjih iskustava nije me pripremilo

for what came next. Can you guess?

za ono što je usledilo. Pogađate li?

The press started calling us.

Štampa je počela da nas proziva.

And the more we talked about how great it was to increase

I što smo više govorili kako bi dobro bilo da se poveća

science literacy, the more they wanted to talk

naučna pismenost, više su želeli da o nama

about us creating the next Frankenstein,

govore kao o kreatorima novog Frankenštajna,

and as a result, for the next six months,

što je u sledećih šest meseci dovelo

when you Googled my name,

do toga da kada si uguglao moje ime,

instead of getting my scientific papers, you got this.

umesto mojih naučnih svedočanstava, dobio si ovo

["Am I a biohazard?"]

[" Da li sam ja biohazard?"]

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It was pretty depressing.

Bilo je prilično depresivno.

The only thing that got us through that period

Jedina stvar koja nas je tada održala

was that we knew that all over the world,

bilo je naše saznanje da svuda po svetu

there were other people that were trying to do

postoje drugi ljudi koji pokušavaju da urade

the same thing that we were.

istu stvar kao i mi.

They were opening biohacker spaces, and some of them

Otvarali su biohakerske radionice i neki od njih su se

were facing much greater challenges than we did,

suočavali s još mnogo većim izazovima od naših,

more regulations, less resources.

više pravila, manje resursa.

But now, three years later, here's where we stand.

I evo gde smo sada, tri godine kasnije.

It's a vibrant, global community of hackerspaces,

To je živopisna, globalna zajednica hakerprostora

and this is just the beginning.

i to je tek početak.

These are some of the biggest ones,

Ovo su neke od najvećih

and there are others opening every day.

i tu su druge koje se otvaraju svakog dana.

There's one probably going to open up in Moscow,

Jedna će se verovatno otvoriti u Moskvi,

one in South Korea,

jedna u Južnoj Koreji,

and the cool thing is they each have their own

i kul stvar je da svaka ima svoju

individual flavor

individualnu notu

that grew out of the community they came out of.

koja izrasta iz zajednice iz koje izviru.

Let me take you on a little tour.

Dozvolite da vas povedem u mali obilazak.

Biohackers work alone.

Biohakeri rade sami.

We work in groups,

Mi radimo u grupama,

in big cities — (Laughter) —

u velikim gradovima - (Smeh) -

and in small villages.

i u malim selima.

We reverse engineer lab equipment.

Koristimo laboratorijsku opremu za obrnuti inženjering.

We genetically engineer bacteria.

Genetiski modifikujemo bakterije.

We hack hardware,

Mi hakerišemo hardver,

software,

softver,

wetware,

vetver

and, of course, the code of life.

i naravno, kod života.

We like to build things.

Mi volimo da gradimo stvari.

Then we like to take things apart.

Zatim, volimo da ih rastavljamo.

We make things grow.

Stvaramo stvari koje rastu.

We make things glow.

Stvaramo sjaj u stvarima.

And we make cells dance.

I činimo da ćelije plešu.

The spirit of these labs, it's open, it's positive,

Duša ovih laboratorija je u otvorenosti, pozitivnosti

but, you know, sometimes when people think of us,

ali, znate, ponekad kada ljudi pomisle na nas

the first thing that comes to mind is bio-safety,

prva stvar koja im pada na pamet je bio-sigurnost,

bio-security, all the dark side stuff.

bio-bezbednost, sve same mračne strane.

I'm not going to minimize those concerns.

Neću minimalizovati zabrinutost te vrste.

Any powerful technology is inherently dual use,

Svaka tehnologija koja ima moć nosi u sebi dvojnost upotrebe

and, you know, you get something like

i tako imate nešto nalik

synthetic biology, nanobiotechnology,

sintetičkoj biologiji, nanobiotehnologiji

it really compels you, you have to look at both

što vas zaista primora da pogledate kako na

the amateur groups but also the professional groups,

amaterske grupe tako i na profesionalne grupe,

because they have better infrastructure,

koje imaju bolju infrastrukturu,

they have better facilities,

bolje uslove rada

and they have access to pathogens.

i pristup patogenima.

So the United Nations did just that, and they recently

Ujedinjene nacije su upravo to uradile i nedavno su

issued a report on this whole area,

izdale izveštaj o celom tom području

and what they concluded was the power of this technology

i njihov zaključak je bio da je moć te tehnologije

for positive was much greater than the risk for negative,

u pozitivnom smislu mnogo veća od rizika negativnog

and they even looked specifically at the DIYbio community,

i čak su posebnu pažnju posvetili zajednicama bioradionica,

and they noted, not surprisingly, that the press

i ne iznenađuje što su primetili da je štampa

had a tendency to consistently overestimate our capabilities

imala nameru da stalno preuveličava naše sposobnosti

and underestimate our ethics.

i da umanjuje našu etiku.

As a matter of fact, DIY people from all over the world,

Štaviše, osoblje Bioradionica iz celoga sveta,

America, Europe, got together last year,

iz Amerike, Evrope prošle godine se sastalo

and we hammered out a common code of ethics.

i isklesali smo zajednički etički kodeks.

That's a lot more than conventional science has done.

To je mnogo više od onoga što je konvencionalna nauka uradila.

Now, we follow state and local regulations.

Držimo se i državnih i lokalnih pravila.

We dispose of our waste properly, we follow

Odlažemo naše otpatke pravilno, poštujemo

safety procedures, we don't work with pathogens.

sigurnosne postupke, ne radimo s patogenima.

You know, if you're working with a pathogen,

Jer, oprostite, ako radite s patogenima

you're not part of the biohacker community,

vi onda ne spadate u biohakerske zajednice

you're part of the bioterrorist community, I'm sorry.

već u bioterorističke zajednice.

And sometimes people ask me,

I ponekad me pitaju ljudi:

"Well, what about an accident?"

"Šta ako se dogodi nesreća?"

Well, working with the safe organisms that we normally

Pa, pošto radimo sa bezopasnim organizmima,

work with, the chance of an accident happening

što je uobičajeno, šansa da se dogodi nesreća

with somebody accidentally creating, like,

i da neko slučajno stvori nešto

some sort of superbug,

nalik na superbubu,

that's literally about as probable as a snowstorm

to je moguće, bukvalno, koliko i mećava

in the middle of the Sahara Desert.

usred pustinje Sahare.

Now, it could happen,

Moglo bi se desiti,

but I'm not going to plan my life around it.

ali neću svoj život tome podređivati.

I've actually chosen to take a different kind of risk.

U stvari sama sam izabrala da prihvatim rizik druge vrste.

I signed up for something called the Personal Genome Project.

Prijavila sam se za nešto što se zove Personalni genomski projekat.

It's a study at Harvard where, at the end of the study,

To je istraživanje na Harvardu gde će na kraju istraživanja

they're going to take my entire genomic sequence,

uzeti moj ceo genomski niz,

all of my medical information, and my identity,

sve moje zdravstvene informacije i moj identitet

and they're going to post it online for everyone to see.

i zatim će to staviti na internet da svako može da vidi.

There were a lot of risks involved that they talked about

To sadrži mnoge rizike o kojima se govorilo

during the informed consent portion.

pre davanja saglasnosti, informacije radi.

The one I liked the best is,

Najviše mi se dopalo

someone could download my sequence, go back to the lab,

da bi neko mogao da skine s kompjutera moju genomski niz, vrati se u laboratoriju,

synthesize some fake Ellen DNA,

sastavi neku lažnu Elen DNK

and plant it at a crime scene. (Laughter)

i posadi je na neko mesto zločina. (Smeh)

But like DIYbio, the positive outcomes and

Ali kao i bioradionice, pozitivni ishodi

the potential for good for a study like that

i mogućnost dobroga za takvo istraživanje

far outweighs the risk.

je daleko veća od rizika.

Now, you might be asking yourself,

Mogli biste se upitati:

"Well, you know, what would I do in a biolab?"

"Šta bih ja radila u biolaboratoriji?"

Well, it wasn't that long ago we were asking, "Well,

Nije bilo tako davno kada smo se pitali:

what would anyone do with a personal computer?"

"Šta će bilo ko od nas raditi s kompjuterom?"

So this stuff is just beginning.

Te stvari su u samom začetku.

We're only seeing just the tip of the DNA iceberg.

Mi vidimo samo vrh ledenog brega DNK.

Let me show you what you could do right now.

Dozvolite da vam pokažem šta biste mogli da uradite ovog časa.

A biohacker in Germany, a journalist, wanted to know

Biohaker u Nemačkoj, novinar, želeo je da sazna

whose dog was leaving little presents on his street?

čiji je pas ostavljao poklončiće u njegovoj ulici?

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smeh) (Aplauz)

Yep, you guessed it. He threw tennis balls

Pogađate. Bacao je teniske loptice

to all the neighborhood dogs, analyzed the saliva,

svim psima iz susedstva, analizirao pljuvačku,

identified the dog, and confronted the dog owner.

identifikovao psa i suočio vlasnika.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smeh) (Aplauz)

I discovered an invasive species in my own backyard.

Otkrila sam neku invazivnu vrstu u sopstvenom dvorištu.

Looked like a ladybug, right?

Nalik na bubamaru, je l' tako?

It actually is a Japanese beetle.

To je ustvari (lat.) Popillia japonica.

And the same kind of technology --

I istu vrstu tehnologije -

it's called DNA barcoding, it's really cool --

po imenu DNK bar-kodiranje, to je zaista kul -

You can use it to check if your caviar is really beluga,

možete koristiti da proverite da li je vaš kavijar zaista iz beluge

if that sushi is really tuna, or if that goat cheese

da li je taj suši zaista iz tune ili da li je taj kozji sir

that you paid so much for is really goat's.

koji ste skupo platili zaista kozji.

In a biohacker space, you can analyze your genome

U biohakerskom prostoru možete analizirati vaš genom

for mutations.

za mutacije u njemu.

You can analyze your breakfast cereal for GMO's,

Možete analizirati vaše pahuljice za doručkom i udeo GMO u njima

and you can explore your ancestry.

i možete istraživati vaše poreklo.

You can send weather balloons up into the stratosphere,

Možete poslati vremenske balone u stratosferu,

collect microbes, see what's up there.

pokupiti mikrobe, videti šta se događa tamo gore.

You can make a biocensor out of yeast

Možete napraviti biosenzor iz kvasca

to detect pollutants in water.

da otkrijete zagađivače u vodi.

You can make some sort of a biofuel cell.

Možete napraviti neke vrste ćelije biogoriva.

You can do a lot of things.

Možete raditi mnogo stvari.

You can also do an art science project. Some of these

Takođe možete napraviti umetničko-naučni projekat. Neki od njih

are really spectacular, and they look at social,

su zaista spektakularni i posmatraju socijalne,

ecological problems from a completely different perspective.

ekološke probleme iz sasvim drugog ugla.

It's really cool.

To je zaista kul.

Some people ask me, well, why am I involved?

Pitaju me neki ljudi zašto sam se angažovala?

I could have a perfectly good career in mainstream science.

Mogla sam imati izvrsnu karijeru u konvencionalnoj nauci.

The thing is, there's something in these labs

Radi se o tome da postoji nešto u tim laboratorijama

that they have to offer society that you can't find

što imaju da ponude društvu i što ne možete naći

anywhere else.

ni na jednom drugom mestu.

There's something sacred about a space where

Postoji nešto sveto u prostoru gde

you can work on a project, and you don't have to justify

možete raditi projekat, a ne morate nikoga da uveravate

to anyone that it's going to make a lot of money,

kako će doneti mnogo para,

that it's going to save mankind, or even that it's feasible.

kako će spasiti čovečanstvo, čak ni to da je moguć.

It just has to follow safety guidelines.

Jedino što treba je da se drži sigurnosnih uputstava.

If you had spaces like this all over the world,

Da imate takve prostore širom sveta,

it could really change the perception

zaista bi se moglo promeniti shvatanje

of who's allowed to do biotech.

o tome kome je dozvoljeno bavljenje biotehnologijom.

It's spaces like these that spawned personal computing.

Iz takvih prostora su se izlegli personalni kompjuteri.

Why not personal biotech?

Zašto se ne bi i personalna biotehnologija?

If everyone in this room got involved,

Ako bi se svi ovde prisutni uključili,

who knows what we could do?

ko zna šta bismo sve mogli uraditi?

This is such a new area, and as we say back in Brooklyn,

To je toliko nova oblast i kako već kažemo u Bruklinu,

you ain't seen nothin' yet. (Laughter)

još ništa niste videli, najbolje tek dolazi. (Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)