Ellen Jorgensen: Biohacking -- you can do it, too

186,721 views ・ 2013-01-15

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
譯者: Yow Jen Shieh 審譯者: Anny Chung
00:15
It's a great time to be a molecular biologist. (Laughter)
1
15816
3438
能夠當分子生物學家實在太讚了! (笑)
00:19
Reading and writing DNA code is getting easier
2
19254
2882
解讀和排列DNA密碼越來越簡單
00:22
and cheaper.
3
22136
1532
又便宜
00:23
By the end of this year, we'll be able to sequence
4
23668
2170
今年年底前,我們將能排列出
00:25
the three million bits of information
5
25838
1704
在你的基因組裡的
00:27
in your genome in less than a day
6
27542
2970
三百萬個片段訊息, 用不到一天的時間
00:30
and for less than 1,000 euros.
7
30512
2410
成本不到於一千歐元
00:32
Biotech is probably the most powerful
8
32922
2830
生物科技大概是目前最強大
00:35
and the fastest-growing technology sector.
9
35752
3024
成長最快速的科技領域
00:38
It has the power, potentially,
10
38776
3302
它很可能會
00:42
to replace our fossil fuels,
11
42078
2217
代替石化燃料
00:44
to revolutionize medicine,
12
44295
2217
興起藥物革命
00:46
and to touch every aspect of our daily lives.
13
46512
4211
也可以影響我們的日常生活
00:50
So who gets to do it?
14
50723
3832
那誰能參與行動?
00:54
I think we'd all be pretty comfortable with
15
54555
2495
我想大家對於這個人參與生物科技
00:57
this guy doing it.
16
57050
3272
習以為常
01:00
But what about
17
60322
1915
但這個人呢?
01:02
that guy? (Laughter)
18
62237
2872
(笑)
01:05
(Laughter)
19
65109
1870
(笑)
01:06
In 2009, I first heard about DIYbio.
20
66979
5474
2009年我頭一次聽到"生物科技DIY"
01:12
It's a movement that -- it advocates making biotechnology
21
72453
4113
它提倡讓每個人都可以接觸,運用到生物科技
01:16
accessible to everyone,
22
76566
2081
它提倡讓每個人都可以接觸,運用到生物科技
01:18
not just scientists and people in government labs.
23
78647
3639
而不是侷限於科學家或國家研究院的員工
01:22
The idea is that if you open up the science
24
82286
3540
如果你開放科學界的大門
01:25
and you allow diverse groups to participate,
25
85826
2803
讓各行各業的人們參與的話
01:28
it could really stimulate innovation.
26
88629
1693
便可以激發出創新的思維
01:30
Putting technology in the hands of the end user
27
90322
2806
把科技交給最終使用者
01:33
is usually a good idea because they've got the best idea
28
93128
3189
通常都是不錯的想法, 因為他們
01:36
of what their needs are.
29
96317
2103
最了解自己(使用者)的需求
01:38
And here's this really sophisticated technology
30
98420
3137
像生物科技這麼複雜的東西
01:41
coming down the road, all these associated
31
101557
2744
會伴隨著許多疑問
01:44
social, moral, ethical questions,
32
104301
2697
像是有關社會、道德及倫理方面的問題
01:46
and we scientists are just lousy at explaining to the public
33
106998
3391
我們這些科學家卻懶得為大眾解釋
01:50
just exactly what it is we're doing in those labs.
34
110389
3882
我們到底在實驗室裡做什麼
01:54
So wouldn't it be nice
35
114271
2728
如果在你家附近
01:56
if there was a place in your local neighborhood
36
116999
2436
有個地方歡迎你去了解生物科技
01:59
where you could go and learn about this stuff,
37
119435
2580
並親自體驗的話
02:02
do it hands-on?
38
122015
2323
那不是很棒嗎?
02:04
I thought so.
39
124338
1515
我是這麼認為的
02:05
So, three years ago, I got together
40
125853
1880
於是 3 年前我找了一些
02:07
with some friends of mine who had similar aspirations
41
127733
3537
志同道合的夥伴們
02:11
and we founded Genspace.
42
131270
2135
一起創立了 "Genspace" (基因體驗工廠)
02:13
It's a nonprofit, a community biotech lab
43
133405
3456
它是一間非營利的社區型生科實驗室
02:16
in Brooklyn, New York,
44
136861
1354
位於紐約的布魯克林區
02:18
and the idea was people could come,
45
138215
1769
人們可以到那裏去
02:19
they could take classes and putter around in the lab
46
139984
3973
在那上課或到處閒逛
02:23
in a very open, friendly atmosphere.
47
143957
4112
充滿開放又愜意的氛圍
02:28
None of my previous experience prepared me
48
148069
2641
我以往的經驗都沒有過
02:30
for what came next. Can you guess?
49
150710
3345
這樣驚人的結果,你猜結果如何?
02:34
The press started calling us.
50
154055
2728
媒體致電找我們
02:36
And the more we talked about how great it was to increase
51
156783
3118
我們越是跟他們強調增加科學素養的重要性
02:39
science literacy, the more they wanted to talk
52
159901
2672
他們就越想報導
02:42
about us creating the next Frankenstein,
53
162573
3128
我們創造了下一代的科學怪人
02:45
and as a result, for the next six months,
54
165701
3005
所以囉 接下來的半年裡
02:48
when you Googled my name,
55
168706
1777
你上網搜尋我的名字的話
02:50
instead of getting my scientific papers, you got this.
56
170483
4053
你找不到我的研究論文,反而會看到
02:54
["Am I a biohazard?"]
57
174536
1578
這篇報導(我帶來生化危機?)
02:56
(Laughter)
58
176114
2133
(笑)
02:58
It was pretty depressing.
59
178247
1791
我實在是很難過
03:00
The only thing that got us through that period
60
180038
2960
我們熬過這段過渡期的唯一動力
03:02
was that we knew that all over the world,
61
182998
1861
就是我們知道世界各地
03:04
there were other people that were trying to do
62
184859
1586
也有其他人正在試著
03:06
the same thing that we were.
63
186445
1936
做一樣的事情
03:08
They were opening biohacker spaces, and some of them
64
188381
2504
他們設立生物駭客的實驗室,有一些人
03:10
were facing much greater challenges than we did,
65
190885
2641
遇到比我們還大許多的挑戰
03:13
more regulations, less resources.
66
193526
4117
更多的法規、更少的資源
03:17
But now, three years later, here's where we stand.
67
197643
4199
但三年後的現在,我們有這麼多的分部
03:21
It's a vibrant, global community of hackerspaces,
68
201842
4418
這是個充滿活力、國際型的交流實驗室(又稱駭客空間)
03:26
and this is just the beginning.
69
206260
1902
這一切才正開始而已
03:28
These are some of the biggest ones,
70
208162
2061
這些是全球主要的駭客空間
03:30
and there are others opening every day.
71
210223
2064
每天也都有新的實驗室成立
03:32
There's one probably going to open up in Moscow,
72
212287
2871
以後,大概在莫斯科會有新的實驗室
03:35
one in South Korea,
73
215158
1299
南韓也會有
03:36
and the cool thing is they each have their own
74
216457
2326
最酷的是,他們都有各自的特色
03:38
individual flavor
75
218783
1783
最酷的是,他們都有各自的特色
03:40
that grew out of the community they came out of.
76
220566
2324
這是從他們的社區裡發展出來的
03:42
Let me take you on a little tour.
77
222890
3139
我們來見識一下吧
03:46
Biohackers work alone.
78
226029
2448
生物駭客會獨立作業(圖)
03:48
We work in groups,
79
228477
2560
也會彼此合作
03:51
in big cities — (Laughter) —
80
231037
4385
會在大城市裡工作(笑,如圖)
03:55
and in small villages.
81
235422
2670
在小村莊裡工作
03:58
We reverse engineer lab equipment.
82
238092
2768
我們重組實驗室的工程設備
04:00
We genetically engineer bacteria.
83
240860
2536
用基因工程改造細菌
04:03
We hack hardware,
84
243396
2227
駭進硬體
04:05
software,
85
245623
2245
軟體
04:07
wetware,
86
247868
2424
濕體(仿生物軟體)
04:10
and, of course, the code of life.
87
250292
2936
當然 還有生命密碼
04:13
We like to build things.
88
253228
2935
我們喜歡組合新東西
04:16
Then we like to take things apart.
89
256163
6387
也喜歡拆解東西
04:22
We make things grow.
90
262550
2116
我們讓生物成長
04:24
We make things glow.
91
264666
1802
讓東西發亮
04:26
And we make cells dance.
92
266468
3967
甚至讓細胞舞動
04:30
The spirit of these labs, it's open, it's positive,
93
270435
3791
這些實驗室的主要精神是開放、正向的風氣
04:34
but, you know, sometimes when people think of us,
94
274226
2441
但可想而知,有些人看到我們
04:36
the first thing that comes to mind is bio-safety,
95
276667
4027
就會聯想到生物安全那些
04:40
bio-security, all the dark side stuff.
96
280694
3077
全都是負面的想法
04:43
I'm not going to minimize those concerns.
97
283771
2608
我不會試著把這些疑慮降到最低
04:46
Any powerful technology is inherently dual use,
98
286379
3797
基本上,所有具影響力的科技都是一體兩面的
04:50
and, you know, you get something like
99
290176
1217
你也知道,像是
04:51
synthetic biology, nanobiotechnology,
100
291393
3850
合成生物學、奈米生物科技
04:55
it really compels you, you have to look at both
101
295243
2624
不得不承認,你不只要看重
04:57
the amateur groups but also the professional groups,
102
297867
3413
業餘團體,也要重視專業的科學團隊
05:01
because they have better infrastructure,
103
301280
2451
畢竟他們有比較好的基礎建設
05:03
they have better facilities,
104
303731
1548
設備較齊全
05:05
and they have access to pathogens.
105
305279
2499
也有取得病原體的管道
05:07
So the United Nations did just that, and they recently
106
307778
3280
所以,聯合國就這麼做
05:11
issued a report on this whole area,
107
311058
2608
最近聯合國發表了該領域的報告
05:13
and what they concluded was the power of this technology
108
313666
3072
結論是,這項科技(生科)的
05:16
for positive was much greater than the risk for negative,
109
316738
3852
正面用途比負面風險高出許多
05:20
and they even looked specifically at the DIYbio community,
110
320590
3529
聯合國甚至特別於DIY生科實驗社區做調查
05:24
and they noted, not surprisingly, that the press
111
324119
3545
一點也不意外地發現
05:27
had a tendency to consistently overestimate our capabilities
112
327664
4024
媒體總是高估我們的能力
05:31
and underestimate our ethics.
113
331688
2535
低估了我們的道德意識
05:34
As a matter of fact, DIY people from all over the world,
114
334223
3529
事實上,DIY實驗室的人來自世界各地
05:37
America, Europe, got together last year,
115
337752
2730
從美國或歐洲等地的人,去年齊聚一堂
05:40
and we hammered out a common code of ethics.
116
340482
2549
在道德這議題上達成共識。在這方面
05:43
That's a lot more than conventional science has done.
117
343031
3360
一般科學家和我們比起來根本是小巫見大巫
05:46
Now, we follow state and local regulations.
118
346391
3648
我們遵守國家與地方法規
05:50
We dispose of our waste properly, we follow
119
350039
1996
正確地處理實驗廢物
05:52
safety procedures, we don't work with pathogens.
120
352035
3341
遵守安全程序,且不做病原體相關實驗
05:55
You know, if you're working with a pathogen,
121
355376
2703
如果你做了病原體的實驗
05:58
you're not part of the biohacker community,
122
358079
2544
你就不是生物駭客的一分子了
06:00
you're part of the bioterrorist community, I'm sorry.
123
360623
3153
真是遺憾 大家會把你視為生物恐怖份子
06:03
And sometimes people ask me,
124
363776
1923
那麼,有時候會有人問:
06:05
"Well, what about an accident?"
125
365699
1887
「做這個會不會發生意外啊?」
06:07
Well, working with the safe organisms that we normally
126
367586
3558
老實説,我們平常都是做安全生物體的實驗
06:11
work with, the chance of an accident happening
127
371144
3359
發生意外的機率
06:14
with somebody accidentally creating, like,
128
374503
2328
就像是有人意外地創造了
06:16
some sort of superbug,
129
376831
1646
某種超級細菌
06:18
that's literally about as probable as a snowstorm
130
378477
4250
差不多跟薩哈拉沙漠發生暴風雪
06:22
in the middle of the Sahara Desert.
131
382727
2072
的機率一樣
06:24
Now, it could happen,
132
384799
1354
有可能發生
06:26
but I'm not going to plan my life around it.
133
386153
4156
但我不會用一輩子的精力去擔心這問題
06:30
I've actually chosen to take a different kind of risk.
134
390309
2930
實際上,我決定承擔另外一種風險
06:33
I signed up for something called the Personal Genome Project.
135
393239
3112
我加入「個人基因組計畫」
06:36
It's a study at Harvard where, at the end of the study,
136
396351
2472
這是哈佛的研究。在這研究的最後階段
06:38
they're going to take my entire genomic sequence,
137
398823
2768
他們會取得我的基因序列
06:41
all of my medical information, and my identity,
138
401591
3672
我所有的病歷史,還有我的個人資料
06:45
and they're going to post it online for everyone to see.
139
405263
4142
接下來,把我的資料公開在網路上
06:49
There were a lot of risks involved that they talked about
140
409405
2930
其中風險重重。在他們的同意書裡
06:52
during the informed consent portion.
141
412335
1776
都有提到
06:54
The one I liked the best is,
142
414111
1883
我最愛的一項風險是
06:55
someone could download my sequence, go back to the lab,
143
415994
3845
別人可能下載我的基因序列,拿到實驗室
06:59
synthesize some fake Ellen DNA,
144
419839
2294
重組成我的冒牌DNA
07:02
and plant it at a crime scene. (Laughter)
145
422133
4074
並製造假的犯罪現場脫罪(笑)
07:06
But like DIYbio, the positive outcomes and
146
426207
4530
就跟DIY生物物實驗一樣,這項研究所帶來
07:10
the potential for good for a study like that
147
430737
3146
好的結果及正面用途的可能性
07:13
far outweighs the risk.
148
433883
2052
大大超過風險
07:15
Now, you might be asking yourself,
149
435935
2401
好了 你或許會有疑問
07:18
"Well, you know, what would I do in a biolab?"
150
438336
3437
「我能在生物實驗室裡幹甚麼?」
07:21
Well, it wasn't that long ago we were asking, "Well,
151
441773
3329
這跟以前我們會懷疑説
07:25
what would anyone do with a personal computer?"
152
445102
3065
「電腦到底可以做什麼?」一樣
07:28
So this stuff is just beginning.
153
448167
1964
這才剛開始而已
07:30
We're only seeing just the tip of the DNA iceberg.
154
450131
3876
我們看到的只是DNA的冰山一角
07:34
Let me show you what you could do right now.
155
454007
3085
讓我吿訴你現在可以做什麼
07:37
A biohacker in Germany, a journalist, wanted to know
156
457092
3835
一名德國的生物駭客,他是記者,他想知道
07:40
whose dog was leaving little presents on his street?
157
460927
3234
誰家的狗狗留下「黃金」在他家門前的街上
07:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
158
464161
2910
(笑)
07:47
Yep, you guessed it. He threw tennis balls
159
467071
2706
沒錯,你猜對了。他跟所有社區的狗狗
07:49
to all the neighborhood dogs, analyzed the saliva,
160
469777
3262
玩網球,分析唾液樣本
07:53
identified the dog, and confronted the dog owner.
161
473039
3894
找出兇手,並找主人理論
07:56
(Laughter) (Applause)
162
476933
6276
(笑)
08:03
I discovered an invasive species in my own backyard.
163
483209
3304
我發現有外來種生物入侵我家後院
08:06
Looked like a ladybug, right?
164
486513
1940
長的很像瓢蟲 對吧
08:08
It actually is a Japanese beetle.
165
488453
2048
它其實是日本甲蟲
08:10
And the same kind of technology --
166
490501
1911
還有相同技術
08:12
it's called DNA barcoding, it's really cool --
167
492412
2084
叫「DNA條碼」 它很酷
08:14
You can use it to check if your caviar is really beluga,
168
494496
4866
它可以用來檢驗你的魚子醬是否真的是鱘魚做的
08:19
if that sushi is really tuna, or if that goat cheese
169
499362
3233
壽司上的鮪魚是不是真的鮪魚,或找出你花大錢買來的
08:22
that you paid so much for is really goat's.
170
502595
3414
羊奶起司是不是真的用山羊奶做的
08:26
In a biohacker space, you can analyze your genome
171
506009
3901
在生物駭客實驗室裡,你可以分析自己的基因組
08:29
for mutations.
172
509910
1292
找出突變
08:31
You can analyze your breakfast cereal for GMO's,
173
511202
3224
分析早餐的麥片,看有無含基因改造作物
08:34
and you can explore your ancestry.
174
514426
2918
你也可以追溯你的祖先
08:37
You can send weather balloons up into the stratosphere,
175
517344
2357
你可以把氣象球送到平流層
08:39
collect microbes, see what's up there.
176
519701
3622
蒐集微生物,看看那裡到底有什麼
08:43
You can make a biocensor out of yeast
177
523323
2431
可以用酵母做成生物感測器
08:45
to detect pollutants in water.
178
525754
2187
找出水裡的污染物質
08:47
You can make some sort of a biofuel cell.
179
527941
3632
你可以做出生質燃料電池
08:51
You can do a lot of things.
180
531573
2293
你可以做一大堆事情
08:53
You can also do an art science project. Some of these
181
533866
3390
還可以利用它來做出藝術與科學結合的設計
08:57
are really spectacular, and they look at social,
182
537256
3641
有些作品真的很棒,它們用完全不同的觀點
09:00
ecological problems from a completely different perspective.
183
540897
2686
來看待社會與環境問題
09:03
It's really cool.
184
543583
1562
真的很酷
09:05
Some people ask me, well, why am I involved?
185
545145
3018
有些人問我,為什麼要參與業餘生科計劃
09:08
I could have a perfectly good career in mainstream science.
186
548163
4095
我大可在主流科學上發光發熱
09:12
The thing is, there's something in these labs
187
552258
2528
原因是在 DIY 實驗室裡
09:14
that they have to offer society that you can't find
188
554786
2659
有些能貢獻給社會的東西,其他地方都找不到
09:17
anywhere else.
189
557445
1967
有些能貢獻給社會的東西,其他地方都找不到
09:19
There's something sacred about a space where
190
559412
2678
在這環境,有一點是神聖的
09:22
you can work on a project, and you don't have to justify
191
562090
2512
你可以做任何研究計劃,無須向別人證明
09:24
to anyone that it's going to make a lot of money,
192
564602
2874
這項研究是棵搖錢樹
09:27
that it's going to save mankind, or even that it's feasible.
193
567476
3255
或能夠拯救人類,甚至是否可行
09:30
It just has to follow safety guidelines.
194
570731
2927
只要遵守安全規範即可
09:33
If you had spaces like this all over the world,
195
573658
2856
如果世界各地都有生物駭客的實驗室
09:36
it could really change the perception
196
576514
2232
就可以改變固有的想法
09:38
of who's allowed to do biotech.
197
578746
2532
沒人規定誰才能從事生科實驗
09:41
It's spaces like these that spawned personal computing.
198
581278
3692
DIY空間就跟個人電腦獨領風潮一樣
09:44
Why not personal biotech?
199
584970
2416
何不試試個人生物科技
09:47
If everyone in this room got involved,
200
587386
2377
如果在場的每個人都能加入
09:49
who knows what we could do?
201
589763
1748
天曉得我們能做什麼
09:51
This is such a new area, and as we say back in Brooklyn,
202
591511
3760
這是個全新的領域,如同我們布魯克林人說的
09:55
you ain't seen nothin' yet. (Laughter)
203
595271
3280
好戲還在後頭呢!(笑)
09:58
(Applause)
204
598551
3970
(掌聲)
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7