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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Yow Jen Shieh
審譯者: Anny Chung
00:15
It's a great time to be a molecular biologist. (Laughter)
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能夠當分子生物學家實在太讚了! (笑)
00:19
Reading and writing DNA code is getting easier
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解讀和排列DNA密碼越來越簡單
00:22
and cheaper.
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又便宜
00:23
By the end of this year, we'll be able to sequence
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今年年底前,我們將能排列出
00:25
the three million bits of information
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在你的基因組裡的
00:27
in your genome in less than a day
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三百萬個片段訊息, 用不到一天的時間
00:30
and for less than 1,000 euros.
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成本不到於一千歐元
00:32
Biotech is probably the most powerful
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生物科技大概是目前最強大
00:35
and the fastest-growing technology sector.
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成長最快速的科技領域
00:38
It has the power, potentially,
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它很可能會
00:42
to replace our fossil fuels,
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代替石化燃料
00:44
to revolutionize medicine,
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興起藥物革命
00:46
and to touch every aspect of our daily lives.
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也可以影響我們的日常生活
00:50
So who gets to do it?
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那誰能參與行動?
00:54
I think we'd all be pretty comfortable with
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我想大家對於這個人參與生物科技
00:57
this guy doing it.
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習以為常
01:00
But what about
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但這個人呢?
01:02
that guy? (Laughter)
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(笑)
01:05
(Laughter)
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(笑)
01:06
In 2009, I first heard about DIYbio.
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2009年我頭一次聽到"生物科技DIY"
01:12
It's a movement that -- it advocates making biotechnology
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它提倡讓每個人都可以接觸,運用到生物科技
01:16
accessible to everyone,
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它提倡讓每個人都可以接觸,運用到生物科技
01:18
not just scientists and people in government labs.
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而不是侷限於科學家或國家研究院的員工
01:22
The idea is that if you open up the science
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如果你開放科學界的大門
01:25
and you allow diverse groups to participate,
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讓各行各業的人們參與的話
01:28
it could really stimulate innovation.
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便可以激發出創新的思維
01:30
Putting technology in the hands of the end user
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把科技交給最終使用者
01:33
is usually a good idea because they've got the best idea
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通常都是不錯的想法, 因為他們
01:36
of what their needs are.
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最了解自己(使用者)的需求
01:38
And here's this really sophisticated technology
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像生物科技這麼複雜的東西
01:41
coming down the road, all these associated
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會伴隨著許多疑問
01:44
social, moral, ethical questions,
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像是有關社會、道德及倫理方面的問題
01:46
and we scientists are just lousy at explaining to the public
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我們這些科學家卻懶得為大眾解釋
01:50
just exactly what it is we're doing in those labs.
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我們到底在實驗室裡做什麼
01:54
So wouldn't it be nice
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如果在你家附近
01:56
if there was a place in your local neighborhood
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有個地方歡迎你去了解生物科技
01:59
where you could go and learn about this stuff,
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並親自體驗的話
02:02
do it hands-on?
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那不是很棒嗎?
02:04
I thought so.
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我是這麼認為的
02:05
So, three years ago, I got together
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於是 3 年前我找了一些
02:07
with some friends of mine who had similar aspirations
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志同道合的夥伴們
02:11
and we founded Genspace.
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一起創立了 "Genspace" (基因體驗工廠)
02:13
It's a nonprofit, a community biotech lab
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它是一間非營利的社區型生科實驗室
02:16
in Brooklyn, New York,
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位於紐約的布魯克林區
02:18
and the idea was people could come,
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人們可以到那裏去
02:19
they could take classes and putter around in the lab
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在那上課或到處閒逛
02:23
in a very open, friendly atmosphere.
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充滿開放又愜意的氛圍
02:28
None of my previous experience prepared me
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我以往的經驗都沒有過
02:30
for what came next. Can you guess?
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這樣驚人的結果,你猜結果如何?
02:34
The press started calling us.
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媒體致電找我們
02:36
And the more we talked about how great it was to increase
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我們越是跟他們強調增加科學素養的重要性
02:39
science literacy, the more they wanted to talk
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他們就越想報導
02:42
about us creating the next Frankenstein,
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我們創造了下一代的科學怪人
02:45
and as a result, for the next six months,
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所以囉 接下來的半年裡
02:48
when you Googled my name,
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你上網搜尋我的名字的話
02:50
instead of getting my scientific papers, you got this.
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你找不到我的研究論文,反而會看到
02:54
["Am I a biohazard?"]
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這篇報導(我帶來生化危機?)
02:56
(Laughter)
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(笑)
02:58
It was pretty depressing.
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我實在是很難過
03:00
The only thing that got us through that period
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我們熬過這段過渡期的唯一動力
03:02
was that we knew that all over the world,
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就是我們知道世界各地
03:04
there were other people that were trying to do
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也有其他人正在試著
03:06
the same thing that we were.
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做一樣的事情
03:08
They were opening biohacker spaces, and some of them
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他們設立生物駭客的實驗室,有一些人
03:10
were facing much greater challenges than we did,
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遇到比我們還大許多的挑戰
03:13
more regulations, less resources.
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更多的法規、更少的資源
03:17
But now, three years later, here's where we stand.
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但三年後的現在,我們有這麼多的分部
03:21
It's a vibrant, global community of hackerspaces,
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這是個充滿活力、國際型的交流實驗室(又稱駭客空間)
03:26
and this is just the beginning.
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這一切才正開始而已
03:28
These are some of the biggest ones,
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這些是全球主要的駭客空間
03:30
and there are others opening every day.
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每天也都有新的實驗室成立
03:32
There's one probably going to open up in Moscow,
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以後,大概在莫斯科會有新的實驗室
03:35
one in South Korea,
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南韓也會有
03:36
and the cool thing is they each have their own
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最酷的是,他們都有各自的特色
03:38
individual flavor
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最酷的是,他們都有各自的特色
03:40
that grew out of the community they came out of.
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這是從他們的社區裡發展出來的
03:42
Let me take you on a little tour.
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我們來見識一下吧
03:46
Biohackers work alone.
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生物駭客會獨立作業(圖)
03:48
We work in groups,
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也會彼此合作
03:51
in big cities — (Laughter) —
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會在大城市裡工作(笑,如圖)
03:55
and in small villages.
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在小村莊裡工作
03:58
We reverse engineer lab equipment.
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我們重組實驗室的工程設備
04:00
We genetically engineer bacteria.
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用基因工程改造細菌
04:03
We hack hardware,
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駭進硬體
04:05
software,
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軟體
04:07
wetware,
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濕體(仿生物軟體)
04:10
and, of course, the code of life.
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當然 還有生命密碼
04:13
We like to build things.
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我們喜歡組合新東西
04:16
Then we like to take things apart.
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也喜歡拆解東西
04:22
We make things grow.
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我們讓生物成長
04:24
We make things glow.
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讓東西發亮
04:26
And we make cells dance.
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甚至讓細胞舞動
04:30
The spirit of these labs, it's open, it's positive,
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這些實驗室的主要精神是開放、正向的風氣
04:34
but, you know, sometimes when people think of us,
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但可想而知,有些人看到我們
04:36
the first thing that comes to mind is bio-safety,
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就會聯想到生物安全那些
04:40
bio-security, all the dark side stuff.
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全都是負面的想法
04:43
I'm not going to minimize those concerns.
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我不會試著把這些疑慮降到最低
04:46
Any powerful technology is inherently dual use,
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基本上,所有具影響力的科技都是一體兩面的
04:50
and, you know, you get something like
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你也知道,像是
04:51
synthetic biology, nanobiotechnology,
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合成生物學、奈米生物科技
04:55
it really compels you, you have to look at both
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不得不承認,你不只要看重
04:57
the amateur groups but also the professional groups,
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業餘團體,也要重視專業的科學團隊
05:01
because they have better infrastructure,
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畢竟他們有比較好的基礎建設
05:03
they have better facilities,
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設備較齊全
05:05
and they have access to pathogens.
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也有取得病原體的管道
05:07
So the United Nations did just that, and they recently
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所以,聯合國就這麼做
05:11
issued a report on this whole area,
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最近聯合國發表了該領域的報告
05:13
and what they concluded was the power of this technology
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結論是,這項科技(生科)的
05:16
for positive was much greater than the risk for negative,
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正面用途比負面風險高出許多
05:20
and they even looked specifically at the DIYbio community,
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聯合國甚至特別於DIY生科實驗社區做調查
05:24
and they noted, not surprisingly, that the press
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一點也不意外地發現
05:27
had a tendency to consistently overestimate our capabilities
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媒體總是高估我們的能力
05:31
and underestimate our ethics.
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低估了我們的道德意識
05:34
As a matter of fact, DIY people from all over the world,
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事實上,DIY實驗室的人來自世界各地
05:37
America, Europe, got together last year,
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從美國或歐洲等地的人,去年齊聚一堂
05:40
and we hammered out a common code of ethics.
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在道德這議題上達成共識。在這方面
05:43
That's a lot more than conventional science has done.
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一般科學家和我們比起來根本是小巫見大巫
05:46
Now, we follow state and local regulations.
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我們遵守國家與地方法規
05:50
We dispose of our waste properly, we follow
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正確地處理實驗廢物
05:52
safety procedures, we don't work with pathogens.
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遵守安全程序,且不做病原體相關實驗
05:55
You know, if you're working with a pathogen,
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如果你做了病原體的實驗
05:58
you're not part of the biohacker community,
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你就不是生物駭客的一分子了
06:00
you're part of the bioterrorist community, I'm sorry.
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真是遺憾 大家會把你視為生物恐怖份子
06:03
And sometimes people ask me,
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那麼,有時候會有人問:
06:05
"Well, what about an accident?"
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「做這個會不會發生意外啊?」
06:07
Well, working with the safe organisms that we normally
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老實説,我們平常都是做安全生物體的實驗
06:11
work with, the chance of an accident happening
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發生意外的機率
06:14
with somebody accidentally creating, like,
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就像是有人意外地創造了
06:16
some sort of superbug,
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某種超級細菌
06:18
that's literally about as probable as a snowstorm
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差不多跟薩哈拉沙漠發生暴風雪
06:22
in the middle of the Sahara Desert.
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的機率一樣
06:24
Now, it could happen,
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有可能發生
06:26
but I'm not going to plan my life around it.
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但我不會用一輩子的精力去擔心這問題
06:30
I've actually chosen to take a different kind of risk.
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實際上,我決定承擔另外一種風險
06:33
I signed up for something called the Personal Genome Project.
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我加入「個人基因組計畫」
06:36
It's a study at Harvard where, at the end of the study,
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這是哈佛的研究。在這研究的最後階段
06:38
they're going to take my entire genomic sequence,
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他們會取得我的基因序列
06:41
all of my medical information, and my identity,
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我所有的病歷史,還有我的個人資料
06:45
and they're going to post it online for everyone to see.
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接下來,把我的資料公開在網路上
06:49
There were a lot of risks involved that they talked about
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其中風險重重。在他們的同意書裡
06:52
during the informed consent portion.
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都有提到
06:54
The one I liked the best is,
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我最愛的一項風險是
06:55
someone could download my sequence, go back to the lab,
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別人可能下載我的基因序列,拿到實驗室
06:59
synthesize some fake Ellen DNA,
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重組成我的冒牌DNA
07:02
and plant it at a crime scene. (Laughter)
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並製造假的犯罪現場脫罪(笑)
07:06
But like DIYbio, the positive outcomes and
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就跟DIY生物物實驗一樣,這項研究所帶來
07:10
the potential for good for a study like that
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好的結果及正面用途的可能性
07:13
far outweighs the risk.
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大大超過風險
07:15
Now, you might be asking yourself,
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好了 你或許會有疑問
07:18
"Well, you know, what would I do in a biolab?"
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「我能在生物實驗室裡幹甚麼?」
07:21
Well, it wasn't that long ago we were asking, "Well,
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這跟以前我們會懷疑説
07:25
what would anyone do with a personal computer?"
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「電腦到底可以做什麼?」一樣
07:28
So this stuff is just beginning.
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這才剛開始而已
07:30
We're only seeing just the tip of the DNA iceberg.
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我們看到的只是DNA的冰山一角
07:34
Let me show you what you could do right now.
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讓我吿訴你現在可以做什麼
07:37
A biohacker in Germany, a journalist, wanted to know
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一名德國的生物駭客,他是記者,他想知道
07:40
whose dog was leaving little presents on his street?
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誰家的狗狗留下「黃金」在他家門前的街上
07:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(笑)
07:47
Yep, you guessed it. He threw tennis balls
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沒錯,你猜對了。他跟所有社區的狗狗
07:49
to all the neighborhood dogs, analyzed the saliva,
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玩網球,分析唾液樣本
07:53
identified the dog, and confronted the dog owner.
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找出兇手,並找主人理論
07:56
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(笑)
08:03
I discovered an invasive species in my own backyard.
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我發現有外來種生物入侵我家後院
08:06
Looked like a ladybug, right?
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長的很像瓢蟲 對吧
08:08
It actually is a Japanese beetle.
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它其實是日本甲蟲
08:10
And the same kind of technology --
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還有相同技術
08:12
it's called DNA barcoding, it's really cool --
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叫「DNA條碼」 它很酷
08:14
You can use it to check if your caviar is really beluga,
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它可以用來檢驗你的魚子醬是否真的是鱘魚做的
08:19
if that sushi is really tuna, or if that goat cheese
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壽司上的鮪魚是不是真的鮪魚,或找出你花大錢買來的
08:22
that you paid so much for is really goat's.
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羊奶起司是不是真的用山羊奶做的
08:26
In a biohacker space, you can analyze your genome
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在生物駭客實驗室裡,你可以分析自己的基因組
08:29
for mutations.
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找出突變
08:31
You can analyze your breakfast cereal for GMO's,
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分析早餐的麥片,看有無含基因改造作物
08:34
and you can explore your ancestry.
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你也可以追溯你的祖先
08:37
You can send weather balloons up into the stratosphere,
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你可以把氣象球送到平流層
08:39
collect microbes, see what's up there.
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蒐集微生物,看看那裡到底有什麼
08:43
You can make a biocensor out of yeast
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可以用酵母做成生物感測器
08:45
to detect pollutants in water.
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找出水裡的污染物質
08:47
You can make some sort of a biofuel cell.
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你可以做出生質燃料電池
08:51
You can do a lot of things.
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你可以做一大堆事情
08:53
You can also do an art science project. Some of these
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還可以利用它來做出藝術與科學結合的設計
08:57
are really spectacular, and they look at social,
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有些作品真的很棒,它們用完全不同的觀點
09:00
ecological problems from a completely different perspective.
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來看待社會與環境問題
09:03
It's really cool.
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真的很酷
09:05
Some people ask me, well, why am I involved?
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有些人問我,為什麼要參與業餘生科計劃
09:08
I could have a perfectly good career in mainstream science.
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我大可在主流科學上發光發熱
09:12
The thing is, there's something in these labs
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原因是在 DIY 實驗室裡
09:14
that they have to offer society that you can't find
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有些能貢獻給社會的東西,其他地方都找不到
09:17
anywhere else.
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有些能貢獻給社會的東西,其他地方都找不到
09:19
There's something sacred about a space where
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在這環境,有一點是神聖的
09:22
you can work on a project, and you don't have to justify
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你可以做任何研究計劃,無須向別人證明
09:24
to anyone that it's going to make a lot of money,
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這項研究是棵搖錢樹
09:27
that it's going to save mankind, or even that it's feasible.
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或能夠拯救人類,甚至是否可行
09:30
It just has to follow safety guidelines.
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只要遵守安全規範即可
09:33
If you had spaces like this all over the world,
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如果世界各地都有生物駭客的實驗室
09:36
it could really change the perception
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就可以改變固有的想法
09:38
of who's allowed to do biotech.
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沒人規定誰才能從事生科實驗
09:41
It's spaces like these that spawned personal computing.
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DIY空間就跟個人電腦獨領風潮一樣
09:44
Why not personal biotech?
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何不試試個人生物科技
09:47
If everyone in this room got involved,
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如果在場的每個人都能加入
09:49
who knows what we could do?
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天曉得我們能做什麼
09:51
This is such a new area, and as we say back in Brooklyn,
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這是個全新的領域,如同我們布魯克林人說的
09:55
you ain't seen nothin' yet. (Laughter)
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好戲還在後頭呢!(笑)
09:58
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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