Ellen Jorgensen: Biohacking -- you can do it, too

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Senzos Osijek

It's a great time to be a molecular biologist. (Laughter)

Danas je izvrsno biti molekularni biolog. (Smijeh)

Reading and writing DNA code is getting easier

Čitanje i pisanje DNK koda postaje jednostavnije

and cheaper.

i jeftinije.

By the end of this year, we'll be able to sequence

Do kraja ove godine, moći ćemo sekvencirati

the three million bits of information

tri milijuna bitova informacija

in your genome in less than a day

u vašem genomu za manje od jednog dana

and for less than 1,000 euros.

i za manje od 1000 eura.

Biotech is probably the most powerful

Biotehnologija je vjerojatno najmoćniji

and the fastest-growing technology sector.

i najbrže rastući tehnološki sektor.

It has the power, potentially,

Ima potencijalnu moć

to replace our fossil fuels,

da zamijeni naša fosilna goriva,

to revolutionize medicine,

revolucionarizira medicinu,

and to touch every aspect of our daily lives.

i dotakne svaki aspekt našeg svakodnevnog života.

So who gets to do it?

I tko ima mogućnost to raditi?

I think we'd all be pretty comfortable with

Mislim da bismo svi bili poprilično zadovoljni

this guy doing it.

kada bi to radio ovaj čovjek.

But what about

No što sa

that guy? (Laughter)

ovim tipom? (Smijeh)

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

In 2009, I first heard about DIYbio.

2009. godine prvi sam put čula za DIYbio.

It's a movement that -- it advocates making biotechnology

To je pokret koji zagovara izradu biotehnologije

accessible to everyone,

pristupačne svima,

not just scientists and people in government labs.

ne samo znanstvenicima i ljudima u vladinim laboratorijima.

The idea is that if you open up the science

Ideja je ta da bismo, ako otvorimo znanost

and you allow diverse groups to participate,

i dozvolimo raznovrsnim grupama da sudjeluju u njoj,

it could really stimulate innovation.

mogli značajno stimulirati inovaciju.

Putting technology in the hands of the end user

Stavljanje tehnologije u ruke potrošača

is usually a good idea because they've got the best idea

je obično dobra ideja, jer oni najbolje znaju

of what their needs are.

koje su njihove vlastite potrebe.

And here's this really sophisticated technology

I sada imamo ovu vrlo sofisticiranu tehnologiju

coming down the road, all these associated

koja se sve više približava, sva ova povezana

social, moral, ethical questions,

društvena, moralna i etička pitanja,

and we scientists are just lousy at explaining to the public

a mi znanstvenici smo jednostavno loši u objašnjavanju javnosti

just exactly what it is we're doing in those labs.

što točno radimo u svojim laboratorijima.

So wouldn't it be nice

Ne bi li bilo lijepo

if there was a place in your local neighborhood

kada bi u vašem susjedstvu postojalo mjesto

where you could go and learn about this stuff,

gdje biste mogli ići i učiti o ovim stvarima,

do it hands-on?

iskušati ih iz prve ruke?

I thought so.

Nisam ni sumnjala.

So, three years ago, I got together

I tako, prije tri godine udružila sam se

with some friends of mine who had similar aspirations

sa nekolicinom prijatelja koji su imali slične težnje,

and we founded Genspace.

i osnovali smo Genspace.

It's a nonprofit, a community biotech lab

To je neprofitni, javni laboratorij biotehnologije

in Brooklyn, New York,

u Brooklynu, New York,

and the idea was people could come,

a ideja je bila ta da bi ljudi mogli doći,

they could take classes and putter around in the lab

polagati tečajeve i čeprkati po laboratoriju

in a very open, friendly atmosphere.

u vrlo otvorenoj, prijateljskoj atmosferi.

None of my previous experience prepared me

Ništa iz mojeg prijašnjeg iskustva nije me pripremilo

for what came next. Can you guess?

za ono što je uslijedilo. Možete li pogoditi?

The press started calling us.

Novinari su nas počeli zvati.

And the more we talked about how great it was to increase

I što smo mi više pričali o tome kako je dobro povećati

science literacy, the more they wanted to talk

znanstvenu pismenost, to su oni više htjeli pričati

about us creating the next Frankenstein,

o tome kako mi stvaramo slijedećeg Frankensteina,

and as a result, for the next six months,

i kao rezultat, narednih šest mjeseci,

when you Googled my name,

kada ste upisali moje ime u tražilicu,

instead of getting my scientific papers, you got this.

umjesto mojih znanstvenih radova dobili ste ovo.

["Am I a biohazard?"]

["Jesam li ja biološka prijetnja?"]

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

It was pretty depressing.

Bilo je to poprilično deprimirajuće.

The only thing that got us through that period

Jedina stvar koja nas je ohrabrivala u tom razdoblju

was that we knew that all over the world,

je bila ta da smo znali da su diljem svijeta

there were other people that were trying to do

postojali drugi ljudi koji su pokušavali učiniti

the same thing that we were.

istu stvar kao i mi.

They were opening biohacker spaces, and some of them

Oni su otvarali prostore za biohacking, i neki od njih

were facing much greater challenges than we did,

su se susretali s mnogo tezim izazovima nego mi,

more regulations, less resources.

sa više regulacija, manje resursa.

But now, three years later, here's where we stand.

No danas, tri godine kasnije, situacija je ovakva.

It's a vibrant, global community of hackerspaces,

To je aktivna, globalna zajednica prostora za hakiranje,

and this is just the beginning.

i ovo je tek početak.

These are some of the biggest ones,

Ovo su neki od najvećih,

and there are others opening every day.

a novi se otvaraju svakodnevno.

There's one probably going to open up in Moscow,

Jedan će se vjerojatno otvoriti u Moskvi,

one in South Korea,

jedan u Južnoj Koreji,

and the cool thing is they each have their own

i ono što je kul jest da svaki od njih ima vlastiti

individual flavor

individualni karakter

that grew out of the community they came out of.

koji je izrastao iz zajednice u kojoj su nastali.

Let me take you on a little tour.

Dozvolite mi da vas povedem u kratak obilazak.

Biohackers work alone.

Biohakeri rade sami.

We work in groups,

Radimo u grupama,

in big cities — (Laughter) —

u velikim gradovima —(Smijeh)—

and in small villages.

i u malenim selima.

We reverse engineer lab equipment.

Preuređujemo inženjersku laboratorijsku opremu.

We genetically engineer bacteria.

Bavimo se genetičkim inženjerstvom bakterija,

We hack hardware,

Hakiramo hardver,

software,

softver,

wetware,

ljudski mozak,

and, of course, the code of life.

i naravno, kod života.

We like to build things.

Volimo graditi stvari.

Then we like to take things apart.

Volimo ih i rastavljati na dijelove.

We make things grow.

Činimo da stvari rastu.

We make things glow.

Činimo da stvari sjaje.

And we make cells dance.

Tjeramo stanice da plešu.

The spirit of these labs, it's open, it's positive,

Duh ovih laboratorija, on je otvoren, on je pozitivan,

but, you know, sometimes when people think of us,

no, znate, ponekad kada ljudi misle o nama,

the first thing that comes to mind is bio-safety,

prva stvar koja im padne na pamet je bioetika,

bio-security, all the dark side stuff.

bio-sigurnost, i sve te negativne stvari.

I'm not going to minimize those concerns.

Ne kanim umanjiti važnost njihovih briga.

Any powerful technology is inherently dual use,

Bilo koja snažna tehnologija može se koristiti na dva načina,

and, you know, you get something like

i, znate, imate nešto poput

synthetic biology, nanobiotechnology,

sintetićke biologije i nanobiotehnologije,

it really compels you, you have to look at both

jako vas privlači, morate promotriti

the amateur groups but also the professional groups,

amaterske skupine, ali također i profesionalne skupine

because they have better infrastructure,

jer one imaju bolju infrastrukturu,

they have better facilities,

bolje objekte,

and they have access to pathogens.

i imaju pristup patogenima.

So the United Nations did just that, and they recently

Ujedinjeni Narodi učinili su baš to, i nedavno

issued a report on this whole area,

izdali su izvještaj o ovom području,

and what they concluded was the power of this technology

i zaključili su da je snaga ove tehnologije

for positive was much greater than the risk for negative,

za dobro puno veća od rizika za loše,

and they even looked specifically at the DIYbio community,

i čak su gledali na "Uradi sam" zajednicu,

and they noted, not surprisingly, that the press

i primjetili, što ne iznenađuje, da novinari

had a tendency to consistently overestimate our capabilities

imaju sklonost precjenjivati naše sposobnosti

and underestimate our ethics.

i podcjenjivati našu etiku.

As a matter of fact, DIY people from all over the world,

Zapravo, "Uradi sam" ljudi širom svijeta,

America, Europe, got together last year,

Amerika, Europa, skupili su se prošle godine

and we hammered out a common code of ethics.

i sastavili zajednički etički kodeks.

That's a lot more than conventional science has done.

To je puno više nego je konvencionalna znanost učinila.

Now, we follow state and local regulations.

Sad, slijedimo državne i lokalne propise.

We dispose of our waste properly, we follow

Odlažemo otpad pravilno, pratimo

safety procedures, we don't work with pathogens.

sigurnosne procedure, ne radimo s patogenima.

You know, if you're working with a pathogen,

Znate, ako radite s patogenom,

you're not part of the biohacker community,

niste dio biohakerskog društva,

you're part of the bioterrorist community, I'm sorry.

vi ste dio bioterorističkog društva, žao mi je.

And sometimes people ask me,

I nekad me ljudi pitaju,

"Well, what about an accident?"

"Pa što ako se dogodi nezgoda?"

Well, working with the safe organisms that we normally

Pa, ako radite sa sigurnim organizmima, s kojima

work with, the chance of an accident happening

inače radimo, šanse za nesreću

with somebody accidentally creating, like,

u kojoj netko stvori

some sort of superbug,

nešto poput superkukca,

that's literally about as probable as a snowstorm

su moguće koliko i snježna oluja

in the middle of the Sahara Desert.

u sred Sahare.

Now, it could happen,

Sad, može se dogoditi,

but I'm not going to plan my life around it.

ali neću svoj život tome podrediti.

I've actually chosen to take a different kind of risk.

Odabrala sam drugačije riskirati.

I signed up for something called the Personal Genome Project.

Prijavila sam se na Projekt ljudskog genoma.

It's a study at Harvard where, at the end of the study,

To je studija na Harvardu, gdje će na kraju

they're going to take my entire genomic sequence,

uzeti moj sekvencirani genom,

all of my medical information, and my identity,

sve moje zdravstvene podatke, i moj identitet,

and they're going to post it online for everyone to see.

i objavit će ih online da ih svi vide.

There were a lot of risks involved that they talked about

Puno rizika je bilo uklučeno u govoru

during the informed consent portion.

o informiranom pristanku.

The one I liked the best is,

Ono što mi se najviše svidjelo,

someone could download my sequence, go back to the lab,

netko je mogao skinuti moju sekvencu, otići u laboratorij,

synthesize some fake Ellen DNA,

sintetizirati lažnu Ellen DNK

and plant it at a crime scene. (Laughter)

i postaviti je na scenu zločina. (Smijeh)

But like DIYbio, the positive outcomes and

Ali kao i "Uradi sam" bio, ishodi

the potential for good for a study like that

i potencijal za dobro ovakve studije

far outweighs the risk.

nadmašuje sve rizike.

Now, you might be asking yourself,

Sad, možda se pitate,

"Well, you know, what would I do in a biolab?"

"Pa dobro, a što bih radio u biolaboratoriju?

Well, it wasn't that long ago we were asking, "Well,

Pa, nije bilo tako dugo da smo se pitali

what would anyone do with a personal computer?"

"Što će tko raditi sa osobnim računalom?"

So this stuff is just beginning.

Tako da je ovo samo početak.

We're only seeing just the tip of the DNA iceberg.

Samo vidimo vrh DNK ledenjaka.

Let me show you what you could do right now.

Dajte da vam pokažem što sada možete.

A biohacker in Germany, a journalist, wanted to know

Biohaker u Njemačkoj, novinar, htio je znati

whose dog was leaving little presents on his street?

čiji pas ostavlja malene darove u njegovoj ulici?

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smijeh)(Pljesak)

Yep, you guessed it. He threw tennis balls

Da, pogodili ste. Bacao je teniske loptice

to all the neighborhood dogs, analyzed the saliva,

svim psima u ulici, analizirao slinu,

identified the dog, and confronted the dog owner.

identificirao psa i suočio se s vlasnikom.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smijeh)(Pljesak)

I discovered an invasive species in my own backyard.

Otkrila sam invazivnu vrstu u vlastitom dvorištu.

Looked like a ladybug, right?

Izgleda kao bubamara, zar ne?

It actually is a Japanese beetle.

To je zapravo Japanska buba.

And the same kind of technology --

I ista tehnologija --

it's called DNA barcoding, it's really cool --

zove se barkodiranje DNK, stvarno je fora --

You can use it to check if your caviar is really beluga,

Možete ju koristiti da provjerite kvalitetu kavijara,

if that sushi is really tuna, or if that goat cheese

je li vaš sushi stvarno tuna, ili je li taj kozji sir

that you paid so much for is really goat's.

kojeg ste tako puno platili zaista kozji.

In a biohacker space, you can analyze your genome

U biohakerskom prostoru, možete analizirati vaš genom

for mutations.

za mutacije.

You can analyze your breakfast cereal for GMO's,

Možete provjeriti jesu li vaše žitarice GMO,

and you can explore your ancestry.

i možete istraživati vaše pretke.

You can send weather balloons up into the stratosphere,

Možete poslati meteorološke balone u stratosferu,

collect microbes, see what's up there.

skupljati mikrobe, vidjeti što je gore.

You can make a biocensor out of yeast

Možete napraviti biocenzor iz gljivica

to detect pollutants in water.

da bi otkrili zagađivače u vodi.

You can make some sort of a biofuel cell.

Možete napraviti stanicu za biogorivo.

You can do a lot of things.

Možete učiniti puno toga.

You can also do an art science project. Some of these

Možete raditi i znanstveno umjetničke projekte. Neki od njih

are really spectacular, and they look at social,

su zaista spektakularni, i gledaju društvene,

ecological problems from a completely different perspective.

ekološke probleme iz druge perspektive.

It's really cool.

To je stvarno fora.

Some people ask me, well, why am I involved?

Neki ljudi me pitaju zašto sam uključena?

I could have a perfectly good career in mainstream science.

Mogla sam imati dobru karijeru u popularnoj znanosti.

The thing is, there's something in these labs

Stvar je u tome da ima nešto u tim laboratorijima

that they have to offer society that you can't find

što nude društvu i što ne možete naći

anywhere else.

nigdje drugdje.

There's something sacred about a space where

Postoji nešto sveto u mjestu gdje

you can work on a project, and you don't have to justify

možete raditi na projektu, i ne morate opravdavati

to anyone that it's going to make a lot of money,

nikome da ćete puno zaraditi,

that it's going to save mankind, or even that it's feasible.

spasiti čovječanstvo, ili da ima koristi od toga.

It just has to follow safety guidelines.

Samo mora pratiti sigurnosne naputke.

If you had spaces like this all over the world,

Kada biste ovakve prostore imali u cijelom svijetu,

it could really change the perception

to bi moglo promijeniti percepciju

of who's allowed to do biotech.

toga tko se smije baviti biotehnologijom.

It's spaces like these that spawned personal computing.

Ovakvi prostori su potakli razvoj osobnih računala.

Why not personal biotech?

Zašto ne i osobne biotehnologije?

If everyone in this room got involved,

Ako bi se svi u ovoj sobi uključili,

who knows what we could do?

tko zna što bi mogli napraviit?

This is such a new area, and as we say back in Brooklyn,

Ovo je tako novo područje, i kako kažemo u Brooklynu,

you ain't seen nothin' yet. (Laughter)

još ništa niste vidjeli. (Smijeh)

(Applause)

(Pljesak)