Ellen Jorgensen: Biohacking -- you can do it, too

186,721 views ใƒป 2013-01-15

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: baali omar ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:15
It's a great time to be a molecular biologist. (Laughter)
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูˆู‚ุช ุนุธูŠู… ู„ุฃูƒูˆู† ู…ุชุฎุตุตุฉ ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ
00:19
Reading and writing DNA code is getting easier
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ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ูˆ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุดูุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุฃุตุจุญ ุฃุณู‡ู„
00:22
and cheaper.
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ูˆ ู…ู†ุฎูุถ ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ
00:23
By the end of this year, we'll be able to sequence
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ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุณู†ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ
00:25
the three million bits of information
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ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุจุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
00:27
in your genome in less than a day
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูƒ ููŠ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ูŠูˆู…
00:30
and for less than 1,000 euros.
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ูˆุจุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุฃู„ู ูŠูˆุฑูˆ
00:32
Biotech is probably the most powerful
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ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุชูƒู†ู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุฑุจู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰
00:35
and the fastest-growing technology sector.
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ูˆุฃุณุฑุน ู…ุฌุงู„ ุชูƒู†ู„ูˆุฌูŠ ุณุฑุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ
00:38
It has the power, potentially,
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ
00:42
to replace our fossil fuels,
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ู„ุชุญู„ ู…ุญู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃุญููˆุฑูŠ
00:44
to revolutionize medicine,
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ู„ุชุญุฏุซ ุซูˆุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจ
00:46
and to touch every aspect of our daily lives.
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ูˆุชุชุนุฑุถ ู„ูƒู„ ุฌุงู†ุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉ
00:50
So who gets to do it?
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ู…ู† ุณูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒุŸ
00:54
I think we'd all be pretty comfortable with
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุณู†ูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ู†ุง ู…ุฑุชุงุญูŠู† ู…ุน
00:57
this guy doing it.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุง
01:00
But what about
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ู…ุงุฐุง ุจุฎุตูˆุต
01:02
that guy? (Laughter)
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุตุŸ (ุถุญูƒ )
01:05
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
01:06
In 2009, I first heard about DIYbio.
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ููŠ ุณู†ุฉ 2009 ุณู…ุนุช ู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ุจ DIYbio
01:12
It's a movement that -- it advocates making biotechnology
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุชุฏุนูˆ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุจูŠูˆุชูƒู†ู„ูˆุฌูŠุง
01:16
accessible to everyone,
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ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน
01:18
not just scientists and people in government labs.
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ู„ู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุงู„ุนุงู…ู„ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ูŠุฉ
01:22
The idea is that if you open up the science
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ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุชุชู…ุซู„ ููŠ ูุชุญ ุงู„ุนู„ู…
01:25
and you allow diverse groups to participate,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุญ ู„ู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุจุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ
01:28
it could really stimulate innovation.
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ู‚ุฏ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุชุญููŠุฒ ุงู„ุฅุจุชูƒุงุฑ
01:30
Putting technology in the hands of the end user
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ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุชูƒู†ู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุจูŠู† ุฃูŠุงุฏูŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุนุงุฏูŠ
01:33
is usually a good idea because they've got the best idea
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ุนู…ูˆู…ุง ููƒุฑุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุฅู…ุชู„ูƒูˆุง ุฃูุถู„ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ
01:36
of what their needs are.
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ู„ู…ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุงุญุชูŠุงุฌุงุชู‡ู…
01:38
And here's this really sophisticated technology
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ูˆ ู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฐูŠ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ
01:41
coming down the road, all these associated
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ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุŒ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ุตุญูˆุจุฉ ุจ
01:44
social, moral, ethical questions,
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ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ูˆ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุŒ
01:46
and we scientists are just lousy at explaining to the public
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ูˆ ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ูุงุดู„ูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุดุฑุญ ู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
01:50
just exactly what it is we're doing in those labs.
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ุชุญุฏูŠุฏุง ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช
01:54
So wouldn't it be nice
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ูƒู… ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุฌู…ูŠู„ุง
01:56
if there was a place in your local neighborhood
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ู„ูˆ ูˆุฌุฏ ู…ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุญูŠูƒ
01:59
where you could go and learn about this stuff,
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ูˆุชุนู„ู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก
02:02
do it hands-on?
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ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุชุฏุฑูŠุจ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ
02:04
I thought so.
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ููƒุฑุช ุจุฐู„ูƒ
02:05
So, three years ago, I got together
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ู‚ุจู„ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุนูˆุงู… ู…ุถุช ุŒ ุงุฌุชู…ุนุช
02:07
with some friends of mine who had similar aspirations
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ู…ุน ุจุนุถ ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู…ู„ูƒูˆู† ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุชุทู„ุนุงุช
02:11
and we founded Genspace.
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ูˆ ุฃุณุณู†ุง Genspace
02:13
It's a nonprofit, a community biotech lab
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุฑุจุญูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุชูƒู†ู„ูˆุฌูŠุง
02:16
in Brooklyn, New York,
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ููŠ ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠู† ุŒ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ
02:18
and the idea was people could come,
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ูˆุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุงู„ุญุถูˆุฑ
02:19
they could take classes and putter around in the lab
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ูˆุฃุฎุฐ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ูˆุงู„ุชุฌูˆู„ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ
02:23
in a very open, friendly atmosphere.
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ููŠ ุฌูˆ ู…ุชูุชุญ ูˆุญู…ูŠู…ูŠ
02:28
None of my previous experience prepared me
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠ ุฎุจุฑุฉ ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ุญุถู‘ุฑุชู†ูŠ
02:30
for what came next. Can you guess?
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ู„ู…ุง ุณูŠุฃุชูŠ ู„ุงุญู‚ุง . ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ุชุฎู…ูŠู† ุŸ
02:34
The press started calling us.
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ุงู„ุตุญุงูุฉ ุจุฏุฃุช ุจุงู„ุฅุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง
02:36
And the more we talked about how great it was to increase
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ูˆูƒู„ู…ุง ุชุญุฏุซู†ุง ุนู† ู…ุฏู‰ ุฑูˆุนุชู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฅุฑุชู‚ุงุก
02:39
science literacy, the more they wanted to talk
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ุจู…ุญูˆ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุŒ ูƒู„ู…ุง ุญุงูˆู„ูˆุง ุงู„ุชุญุฏุซ
02:42
about us creating the next Frankenstein,
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ู…ุนู†ุง ุญูˆู„ ุฎู„ู‚ ูุฑุงู†ูƒู†ุดุชุงูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…
02:45
and as a result, for the next six months,
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ูˆ ูƒู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู„ู„ุณุชุฉ ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ
02:48
when you Googled my name,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงุณู…ูŠ ููŠ ุบูˆุบู„
02:50
instead of getting my scientific papers, you got this.
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ุนูˆุถ ุฃู† ุชุฌุฏ ุฃุจุญุงุซูŠ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุŒ ุณุชุฌุฏ ู‡ุฐุง
02:54
["Am I a biohazard?"]
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"ู‡ู„ ุฃู†ุง ุฎุทุฑ ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ุŸ"
02:56
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
02:58
It was pretty depressing.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ู…ุญุจุทุง.
03:00
The only thing that got us through that period
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู†ุชุฎุทู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ
03:02
was that we knew that all over the world,
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ู‡ูˆ ูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ู†ุนุฑู ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฃุฑุฌุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
03:04
there were other people that were trying to do
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู…
03:06
the same thing that we were.
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ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุง
03:08
They were opening biohacker spaces, and some of them
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ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠูุชุญูˆู† ู…ุณุงุญุงุช ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู‡ุงูƒุฑุŒ ูˆุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ู‡ู…
03:10
were facing much greater challenges than we did,
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ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠูˆุงุฌู‡ูˆู† ุชุญุฏูŠุงุช ุฃุนุธู… ู…ู…ุง ูˆุงุฌู‡ู†ุงุŒ
03:13
more regulations, less resources.
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ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุฃู‚ู„
03:17
But now, three years later, here's where we stand.
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ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุจุนุฏ ุซู„ุงุซ ุณู†ูŠู† ุŒ ู‡ุง ู†ุญู† ุฐุง.
03:21
It's a vibrant, global community of hackerspaces,
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ุงู†ู‡ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ ูˆุญูŠูˆูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ุงูƒุฑุณุจุงูŠุณุฒุŒ
03:26
and this is just the beginning.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ .
03:28
These are some of the biggest ones,
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ู‡ุงู‡ูŠ ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุฃูƒุจุฑู‡ุงุŒ
03:30
and there are others opening every day.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุชูุชุญ ูŠูˆู…ูŠุง .
03:32
There's one probably going to open up in Moscow,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุณูŠูุชุชุญ ููŠ ู…ูˆุณูƒูˆุŒ
03:35
one in South Korea,
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ูˆุขุฎุฑ ููŠ ูƒูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ ุŒ
03:36
and the cool thing is they each have their own
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ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุน ู‡ูˆ ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชู…ุชู„ูƒ
03:38
individual flavor
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ุฐูˆู‚ู‡ุง ุงู„ูุฑูŠุฏ
03:40
that grew out of the community they came out of.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุงุจุน ู…ู†ู‡ุง
03:42
Let me take you on a little tour.
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ุฏุนู†ูŠ ุฃุฎุฐูƒู… ููŠ ุฌูˆู„ุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ.
03:46
Biohackers work alone.
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ุงู„ Biohackers ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ุจู…ูุฑุฏู‡ู….
03:48
We work in groups,
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ุฅู†ู†ุง ู†ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุชุŒ
03:51
in big cities โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
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ููŠ ูƒุจุฑู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏู† -( ุถุญูƒ )-
03:55
and in small villages.
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู‰ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ .
03:58
We reverse engineer lab equipment.
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ู†ุบูŠู‘ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุจุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณ
04:00
We genetically engineer bacteria.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุฌูŠู†ูŠุง
04:03
We hack hardware,
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ูˆู†ุฎุชุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉุŒ
04:05
software,
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ุงู„ุจุฑู…ุฌูŠุงุชุŒ
04:07
wetware,
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ุงู„ูˆูŠุชูˆุงุฑุŒ
04:10
and, of course, the code of life.
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ูˆุทุจุนุงุŒ ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ.
04:13
We like to build things.
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ู†ูˆุฏ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
04:16
Then we like to take things apart.
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ุซู… ู†ุญุจ ุฃู† ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฏู‰.
04:22
We make things grow.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุชู†ู…ูˆ.
04:24
We make things glow.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุชุชูˆู‡ุฌ.
04:26
And we make cells dance.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุชุฑู‚ุต.
04:30
The spirit of these labs, it's open, it's positive,
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ุณู…ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู…ู„ุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ูุชูˆุญุฉุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠุฉุŒ
04:34
but, you know, sometimes when people think of us,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠููƒุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠู†ุงุŒ
04:36
the first thing that comes to mind is bio-safety,
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชุจุงุฏุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฐู‡ู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ
04:40
bio-security, all the dark side stuff.
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ุงู„ุฃู…ู† ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุŒ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ.
04:43
I'm not going to minimize those concerns.
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ู„ุณุช ุนุงุฒู…ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฎุงูˆู.
04:46
Any powerful technology is inherently dual use,
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ุฃูŠ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุนุงุฏุฉ ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ุŒ
04:50
and, you know, you get something like
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ู…ุซู„
04:51
synthetic biology, nanobiotechnology,
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ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุงุตุทู†ุงุนูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ู†ุงู†ูˆูŠุฉุŒ
04:55
it really compels you, you have to look at both
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ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุฌุจุฑูƒุŒ ูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ู…ู†
04:57
the amateur groups but also the professional groups,
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ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุฉ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ูŠุฉุŒ
05:01
because they have better infrastructure,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชู…ู„ูƒ ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุฃูุถู„ุŒ
05:03
they have better facilities,
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู…ุฑุงูู‚ ุฃูุถู„ุŒ
05:05
and they have access to pathogens.
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ูˆุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุจุจุงุช ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ.
05:07
So the United Nations did just that, and they recently
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ุงู„ุฃู…ู… ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ู‚ุงู…ุช ุจุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆ ู…ุคุฎุฑุง
05:11
issued a report on this whole area,
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ุฃุตุฏุฑุช ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑุง ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ูƒู„ู‡ุงุŒ
05:13
and what they concluded was the power of this technology
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ูˆ ู…ุง ุฎู„ุตูˆุง ุงู„ูŠู‡ ุฃู† ู‚ูˆุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง
05:16
for positive was much greater than the risk for negative,
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ุงู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุทุฑ ุงู„ุณู„ุจูŠุŒ
05:20
and they even looked specifically at the DIYbio community,
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ุจุฏุช ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน DIYbioุŒ
05:24
and they noted, not surprisingly, that the press
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ูˆู„ุงุญุธูˆุงุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชุบุฑุจุŒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุตุญุงูุฉ
05:27
had a tendency to consistently overestimate our capabilities
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ู‚ุฏ ุชู…ูŠู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุจุงู„ุบุฉ ููŠ ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ู‚ุฏุฑุงุชู†ุง
05:31
and underestimate our ethics.
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ูˆุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงุฎู„ุงู‚ู†ุง.
05:34
As a matter of fact, DIY people from all over the world,
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ููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน DIY ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
05:37
America, Europe, got together last year,
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ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุงุŒ ูˆุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุงุŒ ุฅุฌุชู…ุนู†ุง ู…ุนุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุŒ
05:40
and we hammered out a common code of ethics.
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ูˆุชู…ูƒู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูˆุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ูŠุซุงู‚ ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ ู„ู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุงุช.
05:43
That's a lot more than conventional science has done.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู…ุง ู‚ุงู… ุจู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ.
05:46
Now, we follow state and local regulations.
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุชู‚ูŠุฏ ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠุฉ.
05:50
We dispose of our waste properly, we follow
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ูุงูŠุงุช ุจุดูƒู„ ุตุญูŠุญุŒ ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุชู‚ูŠุฏ
05:52
safety procedures, we don't work with pathogens.
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ุจุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุช ุงู„ุณู„ุงู…ุฉุŒ ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ู…ุณุจุจุงุช ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ.
05:55
You know, if you're working with a pathogen,
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ุฃู†ุช ุชุนุฑูุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ู…ุณุจุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฑุถุŒ
05:58
you're not part of the biohacker community,
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ูุฃู†ุช ู„ุณุช ุฌุฒุกุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู‡ุงูƒูŠุฑุŒ
06:00
you're part of the bioterrorist community, I'm sorry.
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ุงุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุฌุฒุกุง ู…ู† ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุฅุฑู‡ุงุจ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุŒ ู„ุณุช ุฌุฒุกุง.
06:03
And sometimes people ask me,
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ูˆุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ูŠุณุฃู„ู†ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ
06:05
"Well, what about an accident?"
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"ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ุฅู† ุชุนู„ู‘ู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุญุงุฏุซุŸ"
06:07
Well, working with the safe organisms that we normally
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุขู…ู†ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุญู† ุนุงุฏุฉ
06:11
work with, the chance of an accident happening
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ู†ุนู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡ุงุŒ ูˆูุฑุตุฉ ุญุฏูˆุซ ุญุงุฏุซ
06:14
with somebody accidentally creating, like,
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ู…ุน ุดุฎุต ู…ุง ุตู†ุน ุฎุทุฆุง ู…ุซู„ุŒ
06:16
some sort of superbug,
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ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุดุฑุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚ุฉุŒ
06:18
that's literally about as probable as a snowstorm
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ู‡ุฐุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ูƒูุฑุถูŠุฉ ุญุฏูˆุซ ุนุงุตูุฉ ุซู„ุฌูŠุฉ
06:22
in the middle of the Sahara Desert.
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ููŠ ูˆุณุท ุงู„ุตุญุฑุงุก ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰.
06:24
Now, it could happen,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุญุฏุซุŒ
06:26
but I'm not going to plan my life around it.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃู†ุง ู„ู† ุฃุฎุทุท ู„ุญูŠุงุชูŠ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุทุงู‚.
06:30
I've actually chosen to take a different kind of risk.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุฎุชุฑุช ุฎูˆุถ ู†ูˆุน ู…ุฎุชู„ู ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุทุฑ.
06:33
I signed up for something called the Personal Genome Project.
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ุญุชู‰ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ูˆู‚ุนุช ู„ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ "ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠ".
06:36
It's a study at Harvard where, at the end of the study,
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ู‡ูŠ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ู‡ุงุฑูุงุฑุฏ ุญูŠุซุŒ ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉุŒ
06:38
they're going to take my entire genomic sequence,
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ุณูŠุชุฎุฐูˆู† ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูŠ ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡ุŒ
06:41
all of my medical information, and my identity,
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ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุทุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆูŠุชูŠุŒ
06:45
and they're going to post it online for everyone to see.
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ูˆุณูŠู†ุดุฑูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุญุชู‰ ูŠุทู„ุนูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡.
06:49
There were a lot of risks involved that they talked about
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุทุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุฏุซู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ุง
06:52
during the informed consent portion.
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ุฃุซู†ุงุก ูุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุจูˆู„.
06:54
The one I liked the best is,
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ุงู„ุฃูุถู„ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆุŒ
06:55
someone could download my sequence, go back to the lab,
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ุดุฎุต ู…ุง ุณูŠุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุชุญู…ูŠู„ ุชุณู„ุณู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุจู†ูŠุŒ ูˆุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุŒ
06:59
synthesize some fake Ellen DNA,
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ุชูˆู„ูŠู ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ู„ุฅู„ูŠู† ุงู„ูˆู‡ู…ูŠุฉุŒ
07:02
and plant it at a crime scene. (Laughter)
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ูˆุฒุฑุนู‡ ููŠ ู…ุณุฑุญ ุฌุฑูŠู…ุฉ. (ุถุญูƒ)
07:06
But like DIYbio, the positive outcomes and
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุซู„ DIYbioุŒุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠุฉ ูˆ
07:10
the potential for good for a study like that
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ุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡
07:13
far outweighs the risk.
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ุชููˆู‚ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุทุฑ.
07:15
Now, you might be asking yourself,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุณุฃู„ ู†ูุณูƒุŒ
07:18
"Well, you know, what would I do in a biolab?"
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"ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃูุนู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุŸ"
07:21
Well, it wasn't that long ago we were asking, "Well,
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ูุชุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุชุณุงุฆู„ุŒ "ุญุณู†ุงุŒ
07:25
what would anyone do with a personal computer?"
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ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ุฃู† ูŠูุนู„ ุจูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ุดุฎุตูŠุŸ "
07:28
So this stuff is just beginning.
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ู„ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ.
07:30
We're only seeing just the tip of the DNA iceberg.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุดู‡ุฏ ูู‚ุท ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุบูŠุถ ู…ู† ููŠุถ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ.
07:34
Let me show you what you could do right now.
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ูˆุงุณู…ุญูˆุง ู„ูŠ ุฃุจูŠู† ู„ูƒู… ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ูˆู‡ ุงู„ุขู†.
07:37
A biohacker in Germany, a journalist, wanted to know
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ุจูŠูˆู‡ุงูƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุงุŒ ุตุญููŠุŒ ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุนุฑู
07:40
whose dog was leaving little presents on his street?
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ู„ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุงู… ุจุชุฑูƒ ู‡ุฏุงูŠุง ููŠ ุดุงุฑุนู‡ุŸ
07:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ุถุญูƒ) (ุชุตููŠู‚)
07:47
Yep, you guessed it. He threw tennis balls
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ู†ุนู…ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุญุฒุฑุชู… . ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฑู…ู‰ ูƒุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชู†ุณ
07:49
to all the neighborhood dogs, analyzed the saliva,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ูƒู„ุงุจ ุงู„ุญูŠุŒ ุจุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ู„ุนุงุจุŒ
07:53
identified the dog, and confronted the dog owner.
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ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ุจุŒ ูˆู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ ุตุงุญุจ ุงู„ูƒู„ุจ.
07:56
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ุถุญูƒ) (ุชุตููŠู‚)
08:03
I discovered an invasive species in my own backyard.
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ุงูƒุชุดูุช ูุตูŠู„ุฉ ุงุฌุชุงุญุช ุงู„ูู†ุงุก ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูŠ.
08:06
Looked like a ladybug, right?
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ุชุดุจู‡ ุงู„ุฎู†ูุณุงุกุŒ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŸ
08:08
It actually is a Japanese beetle.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู‡ูŠ ุฎู†ูุณุงุก ุงู„ูŠุงุจุงู†ูŠุฉ.
08:10
And the same kind of technology --
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ูˆู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง-
08:12
it's called DNA barcoding, it's really cool --
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ุชุณู…ู‰ ุจุชูˆุงุฒูŠ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ุง ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ-
08:14
You can use it to check if your caviar is really beluga,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ูƒุงููŠุงุฑ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู„ุฏู„ููŠู† ุฃุจูŠุถุŒ
08:19
if that sushi is really tuna, or if that goat cheese
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุฃู† ุงู„ุณูˆุดูŠ ุจุงู„ุชูˆู†ุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู† ุฌุจู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุงุนุฒ
08:22
that you paid so much for is really goat's.
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ุณุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุฏ ุฏูุนุช ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู„ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ.
08:26
In a biohacker space, you can analyze your genome
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ููŠ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุจูŠูˆู‡ุงูƒูŠุฑุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูƒ
08:29
for mutations.
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ู„ู„ุทูุฑุงุช.
08:31
You can analyze your breakfast cereal for GMO's,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุญุจูˆุจ ุงู„ุฅูุทุงุฑ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู„ุฉ ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุงุŒ
08:34
and you can explore your ancestry.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุงู„ู†ุณุจ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูƒ.
08:37
You can send weather balloons up into the stratosphere,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฅุฑุณุงู„ ุจุงู„ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุทู‚ุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุณุชุฑุงุชูˆุณููŠุฑุŒ
08:39
collect microbes, see what's up there.
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ุฌู…ุน ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุชุŒ ูˆู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
08:43
You can make a biocensor out of yeast
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุนุฒู„ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุณูŠู†ุณูˆุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ
08:45
to detect pollutants in water.
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ุงู„ูƒุดู ุนู† ุงู„ู…ู„ูˆุซุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡.
08:47
You can make some sort of a biofuel cell.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุตู†ุน ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ.
08:51
You can do a lot of things.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
08:53
You can also do an art science project. Some of these
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุนู„ูˆู… ูู†ูŠ. ูˆุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡
08:57
are really spectacular, and they look at social,
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ู‡ูŠ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉุŒ ูˆุชู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุŒ
09:00
ecological problems from a completely different perspective.
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ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุชู…ุงู…ุง.
09:03
It's really cool.
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ.
09:05
Some people ask me, well, why am I involved?
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุณุฃู„ู†ูŠุŒ ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃู†ุง ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉุŸ
09:08
I could have a perfectly good career in mainstream science.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู„ูŠ ู…ุณูŠุฑุฉ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ู….
09:12
The thing is, there's something in these labs
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ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃู…ุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช
09:14
that they have to offer society that you can't find
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ู…ุง ูŠุตู„ูˆู† ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน
09:17
anywhere else.
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ููŠ ุฃูŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑ.
09:19
There's something sacred about a space where
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ู‚ุฏุณ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ
09:22
you can work on a project, and you don't have to justify
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุจุฑูŠุฑ
09:24
to anyone that it's going to make a lot of money,
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ู„ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ุฃู†ู‡ ุณูŠุฌู†ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุŒ
09:27
that it's going to save mankind, or even that it's feasible.
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ุฃู†ู‡ ุณูŠู†ู‚ุฐ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ุญุชู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู…ูƒู† .
09:30
It just has to follow safety guidelines.
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ูŠุฌุจ ูู‚ุท ุฃู† ุชุชุจุน ุฅุฑุดุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุณู„ุงู…ุฉ.
09:33
If you had spaces like this all over the world,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ู…ู…ุงุซู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
09:36
it could really change the perception
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ุณุชุบูŠุฑ ุญู‚ุง ุชุตูˆู‘ุฑ
09:38
of who's allowed to do biotech.
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ุฃุคู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‚ุฏ ูŠูุณู…ุญ ู„ู‡ู… ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ.
09:41
It's spaces like these that spawned personal computing.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ู…ู…ุงุซู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุชูŠ ุงู†ุจุซู‚ุช ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุญูˆุงุณูŠุจ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ.
09:44
Why not personal biotech?
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ู„ู… ู„ุง ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉุŸ
09:47
If everyone in this room got involved,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ ุงุดุชุฑูƒุŒ
09:49
who knows what we could do?
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ูˆู…ู† ูŠุฏุฑูŠ ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ุŸ
09:51
This is such a new area, and as we say back in Brooklyn,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฌุงู„ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุŒ ูˆูƒู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ููŠ ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠู†ุŒ
09:55
you ain't seen nothin' yet. (Laughter)
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ู„ู… ุชุดุงู‡ุฏูˆุง ุดูŠุฆุง ุจุนุฏ . (ุถุญูƒ)
09:58
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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