Deborah Gordon: What ants teach us about the brain, cancer and the Internet

78,470 views ・ 2014-05-13

TED


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Translator: Ereblir Kadriu Reviewer: Iris Xholi
00:13
I study ants
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Une i studioje milingonat
00:14
in the desert, in the tropical forest
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ne shkretetire, ne pyllin tropikal
00:18
and in my kitchen,
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dhe ne kuzhinen time,
00:19
and in the hills around Silicon Valley where I live.
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dhe ne kodrat perreth Lugines Silicon ku une jetoj.
00:23
I've recently realized that ants
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Se fundmi kam kuptuar se milingonat
00:25
are using interactions differently
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jane duke perdorur bashkeveprimin ne menyre te ndryshme
00:27
in different environments,
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ne ambiente te ndryshme,
00:29
and that got me thinking that we could learn from this
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dhe kjo me beri te mendoj se ne mund te mesojme nga kjo
00:31
about other systems,
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per sisteme te tjera,
00:32
like brains and data networks that we engineer,
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sikurse truri dhe rrjetet e te dhenave qe ne ndertojme,
00:38
and even cancer.
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dhe madje kancerin.
00:41
So what all these systems have in common
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Pra cka kane te perbashket keto sisteme
00:43
is that there's no central control.
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eshte se nuk ka kontroll qendror.
00:45
An ant colony consists of sterile female workers --
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Nje koloni e miliongonave perbehet nga puntoret sterile femra--
00:49
those are the ants you see walking around —
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ato jane milingonat qe i shihni qe shetisin--
00:52
and then one or more reproductive females
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dhe pastaj nje ose me shume femra riprodhuese
00:54
who just lay the eggs.
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te cilat vetem leshojne vezet.
00:56
They don't give any instructions.
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Ato nuk japin asnje udhezim.
00:58
Even though they're called queens,
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Edhe pse quhen mbretresha,
01:00
they don't tell anybody what to do.
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ato nuk i tregojne askujt cfare te bejne.
01:02
So in an ant colony, there's no one in charge,
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Pra ne nje koloni te milingonave, nuk eshte askush ne krye,
01:05
and all systems like this without central control
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dhe te gjitha sistemet si kjo pa kontrollin qendror
01:08
are regulated using very simple interactions.
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jane te sistemuar duke perdorur bashkeveprime shume te thjeshta.
01:12
Ants interact using smell.
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Milingonat bashkeveprojne duke perdorur eren(nuhatjen)
01:15
They smell with their antennae,
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Ato nuhasin me antenen e tyre,
01:17
and they interact with their antennae,
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dhe ato bashkeveprojne me antenen e tyre,
01:20
so when one ant touches another with its antennae,
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pra kur nje milingone prek tjetren me antenen e saj
01:23
it can tell, for example, if the other ant
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mund te tregoj, per shembull, nese milingona tjeter
01:24
is a nestmate
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eshte nje partner foleje
01:26
and what task that other ant has been doing.
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dhe cka ishin detyrat e milingonave tjera.
01:30
So here you see a lot of ants moving around
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Pra ja ku kemi shume miliongona qe sillen per rreth
01:33
and interacting in a lab arena
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duke bashkevepruar ne nje zone laboratorike
01:35
that's connected by tubes to two other arenas.
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qe eshte e lidhur me dy tuba me dy zona tjera.
01:39
So when one ant meets another,
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Pra kur nje milingone takon tjetren,
01:41
it doesn't matter which ant it meets,
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nuk ka rendesi cilen milingone takon,
01:43
and they're actually not transmitting
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dhe keto faktikisht nuk jane duke transmetuar
01:45
any kind of complicated signal or message.
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asnje lloj sinjali ose mesazhi te komplikuar.
01:49
All that matters to the ant is the rate
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E gjitha cka i intereson milingones eshte norma
01:51
at which it meets other ants.
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në të cilën ajo takon milingonat e tjera.
01:54
And all of these interactions, taken together,
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Dhe te gjitha keto bashkeveprime, te bera bashke,
01:56
produce a network.
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prodhojne nje rrjet.
01:59
So this is the network of the ants
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Pra ky eshte rrjeti i milingonave
02:01
that you just saw moving around in the arena,
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qe e keni pare qe sillet ne zona,
02:04
and it's this constantly shifting network
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dhe eshte ky nderrim konstant i rrjetit
02:07
that produces the behavior of the colony,
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qe prodhon sjelljen e kolonise,
02:10
like whether all the ants are hiding inside the nest,
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si pershembull te gjitha milingonat fshehur brenda ne fole,
02:12
or how many are going out to forage.
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ose sa jane duke shkuar ne foragjere.
02:15
A brain actually works in the same way,
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Truri faktkisht punon ne menyre te njejte,
02:17
but what's great about ants is
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por cka eshte e mrekullushme rreth miliongonave eshte
02:18
that you can see the whole network as it happens.
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se ju mund te shihni te tere rrjetin se si ndodh.
02:23
There are more than 12,000 species of ants,
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Ka me shume se 12.000 specie te miliongonave,
02:26
in every conceivable environment,
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ne nje ambient shume te pershtkoatshem,
02:29
and they're using interactions differently
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dhe ata jane duke perdorur bashkeveprimin ndryshe
02:31
to meet different environmental challenges.
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per te perballur sfida te ndryshme mjedisore.
02:34
So one important environmental challenge
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Pra nje sfide e rendesishme e mjedisit,
02:36
that every system has to deal with
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qe cdo sistem duhet te merret
02:38
is operating costs, just what it takes
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eshte shpenzimi operativ, cka nevojitet
02:40
to run the system.
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per te funksionuar sistemi.
02:42
And another environmental challenge is resources,
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Dhe një tjetër sfidë e mjedisit është e burimeve,
02:45
finding them and collecting them.
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gjetjen dhe mbledhjen e tyre.
02:47
In the desert, operating costs are high
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Në shkretëtirë, shpenzimet operative janë të larta
02:50
because water is scarce,
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sepse uji është i pakët,
02:52
and the seed-eating ants that I study in the desert
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dhe milingonat farë-ngrënese që i studioj në shkretëtirë
02:54
have to spend water to get water.
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duhet të shpenzojnë ujë për të marrë ujë
02:57
So an ant outside foraging,
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Pra nje milingone jashte tagjise,
02:59
searching for seeds in the hot sun,
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qe kerkon fara ne diellin e nxehte,
03:01
just loses water into the air.
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vetem humbet ujin ne ajer.
03:03
But the colony gets its water
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Por kolonia e merr ujin e saj
03:05
by metabolizing the fats out of the seeds
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duke metabolizuar yndyrat e pa nevojshme nga farat
03:07
that they eat.
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qe ato hane.
03:09
So in this environment, interactions are used
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Pra ne kete mjedis, bashkeveprimet perdoren
03:12
to activate foraging.
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per te aktivizuar tagjite.
03:14
An outgoing forager doesn't go out unless
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Nje kerkues i ushqimit nuk del perderisa
03:16
it gets enough interactions with returning foragers,
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nuk merr bashkeveprime te mjaftushme me kerkuesit e ushimit qe kthehen,
03:18
and what you see are the returning foragers
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dhe ajo cka shihni jane kerkuesit e ushqimit qe kthehen
03:20
going into the tunnel, into the nest,
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qe shkojne ne tunel, ne fole,
03:22
and meeting outgoing foragers on their way out.
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dhe takojne kerkuesit e t tjere qe pergatiten per me dalur.
03:25
This makes sense for the ant colony,
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Kjo ka kuptim per kolonine e milingonave,
03:26
because the more food there is out there,
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sepse sa me shume ushqim qe ka ,
03:29
the more quickly the foragers find it,
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as me shpejt e gjejne kerkuesit ate,
03:31
the faster they come back,
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sa me shpejt qe kthehen,
03:32
and the more foragers they send out.
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aq me shume kerkues dergojne jashte.
03:35
The system works to stay stopped,
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Sistemi funksionon te qendroj i ndalur,
03:37
unless something positive happens.
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derisa dicka poztive ndodh.
03:39
So interactions function to activate foragers.
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Pra bashkeveprimi funksionon per te aktivizuar kerkuesit.
03:43
And we've been studying the evolution of this system.
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Dhe ne e kemi studjuar evulucionin e ketij sistemi.
03:46
First of all, there's variation.
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Se pari, ka ndryshime.
03:47
It turns out that colonies are different.
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Duket se kolonite jane te ndryshme.
03:50
On dry days, some colonies forage less,
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Ne ditet e thata, disa koloni kerkojne me pak,
03:52
so colonies are different in how
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pra kolonite ndryshojne ne menyrens
03:54
they manage this trade-off
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se si menaxhojne kete tregti
03:55
between spending water to search for seeds
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ndermjet shpenzimit te ujit teksa kerkojne per fara
03:58
and getting water back in the form of seeds.
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dhe kthimin e ujit ne formen e farave.
04:02
And we're trying to understand why
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Jemi duke provuar te kuptojme pse
04:03
some colonies forage less than others
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disa koloni kerkojne me pak se tjerat
04:05
by thinking about ants as neurons,
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duke menduar per milingonat si neurone,
04:08
using models from neuroscience.
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e duke perdorur modele nga neurosheknca.
04:10
So just as a neuron adds up its stimulation
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Pra, ashtu sic neuroni shton stimulin
04:13
from other neurons to decide whether to fire,
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nga te tjere neuron per te vendosur nese te shkrepe,
04:15
an ant adds up its stimulation from other ants
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nje milingone shton stumulin e saj nga miliongona te tjera
04:18
to decide whether to forage.
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per te vendosur nese duhet te kerkoj.
04:20
And what we're looking for is whether there might be
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Dhe ajo që ne jemi duke kërkuar është se a mund të ketë
04:21
small differences among colonies
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diferenca të vogla ndërmjet kolonive
04:23
in how many interactions each ant needs
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ne sa nderveprime secila miliongone ka nevoje
04:27
before it's willing to go out and forage,
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para se te jete e gatshme te dal te kerkoj ushqim,
04:29
because a colony like that would forage less.
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sepse nje koloni e tille mund te kerkoj me pak.
04:32
And this raises an analogous question about brains.
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Dhe kjo ngre një pyetje analoge në lidhje me trurin.
04:35
We talk about the brain,
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Ne flasim per trurin,
04:37
but of course every brain is slightly different,
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por sigurisht qe c'do tru eshte paksa i ndryshem,
04:40
and maybe there are some individuals
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dhe ndoshta jane disa individ
04:41
or some conditions
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ose disa kushte
04:42
in which the electrical properties of neurons are such
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ne te cilat karakteristikat elektrike te neuroneve jane te tilla
04:46
that they require more stimulus to fire,
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qe kerkojne me shume stimuj per te reaguar,
04:50
and that would lead to differences in brain function.
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dhe kjo na dergon ne ndryshime ne funksionin e trurit.
04:53
So in order to ask evolutionary questions,
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Pra ne vend se te pyesim per pyetje te zhvillimit,
04:56
we need to know about reproductive success.
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ne kemi nevoje te dime rreth suksesit te riprodhimit.
04:58
This is a map of the study site
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Kjo eshte nje harte e faqes se studimit
05:01
where I have been tracking this population
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ku kam qene duke gjurmuar kete popullate
05:03
of harvester ant colonies for 28 years,
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kolonie të milingonave korrëse për 28 vjet,
05:06
which is about as long as a colony lives.
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c'ka perkon pothuajse me jetegjatesine e kolonise.
05:09
Each symbol is a colony,
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Secili simbol eshte nje koloni,
05:11
and the size of the symbol is how many offspring it had,
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dhe madhesia e simbolit eshte sa pasardhes ajo kishte,
05:14
because we were able to use genetic variation
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pasi ishim ne gjendje te perdorim variacione gjentike
05:16
to match up parent and offspring colonies,
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per te perputhur prinderit dhe pasardhesit e kolonive,
05:19
that is, to figure out which colonies
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qe do te thote, te zbulojme cilat koloni
05:22
were founded by a daughter queen
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ishin gjetur nga nje vajze e mbretreshes
05:24
produced by which parent colony.
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prodhuar nga cili koloni prindrore.
05:26
And this was amazing for me, after all these years,
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Dhe kjo ishte e mrekullushme per mua, pas gjithe ketyre viteve,
05:28
to find out, for example, that colony 154,
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te zbuloj, per shembull, se kolonia 154,
05:31
whom I've known well for many years,
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te cilen e kam njohur mire per shume vite,
05:33
is a great-grandmother.
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eshte nje stergjyshe.
05:35
Here's her daughter colony,
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Ketu eshte kolonia e vajzes se saj,
05:37
here's her granddaughter colony,
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ketu eshte kolonia e mbeses se saj,
05:40
and these are her great-granddaughter colonies.
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dhe keto jane kolonite e ster-mbeses se saj.
05:42
And by doing this, I was able to learn
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Dhe duke e bere kete une isha ne gjendje te mesoj
05:44
that offspring colonies resemble parent colonies
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qe pasardhesit e kolonive perfaqesojne kolonite e prinderve
05:47
in their decisions about which days are so hot
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ne vendimet e tyre se cilat dite jane te nxehta
05:49
that they don't forage,
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qe ata nuk dalin te kerkojne,
05:51
and the offspring of parent colonies
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dhe pasaerdhesi i kolonive te prinderve
05:53
live so far from each other that the ants never meet,
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jetojne aq larg me njeri tjetrin sa milingonat nuk takohen kurre,
05:56
so the ants of the offspring colony
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pra milingonat e pasardhesit te kolonise
05:58
can't be learning this from the parent colony.
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nuk mund ta mesojne kete nga kolonia e prinderit.
06:00
And so our next step is to look
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Pra hapi yne tjeter eshte te shohim
06:02
for the genetic variation underlying this resemblance.
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per variacionet gjenetike duke nenvizuar kete perfaqesim.
06:07
So then I was able to ask, okay, who's doing better?
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Keshtu pastaj, kur isha te drejte te pyesja, ne rregull, kush eshte duke ecur me mire?
06:11
Over the time of the study,
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Gjatë kohës së studimit,
06:12
and especially in the past 10 years,
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dhe sidomos në 10 vitet e fundit,
06:14
there's been a very severe and deepening drought
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ka pasur thatesira shume te renda dhe te thella
06:17
in the Southwestern U.S.,
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ne SHBA-ne Jugperendimore.,
06:19
and it turns out that the colonies that conserve water,
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dhe kjo sjell qe Kolonitë të cilat kursejnë ujin,
06:22
that stay in when it's really hot outside,
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qe qendrojne brenda kur me te vertete eshte shume nxehte jashte
06:27
and thus sacrifice getting as much food as possible,
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dhe në këtë mënyrë sakrifikojnë marrjen e sa më shumë ushqime të jetë e mundur,
06:29
are the ones more likely to have offspring colonies.
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jane ato te cilat kane gjasa te kene koloni pasardhese.
06:32
So all this time, I thought that colony 154
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Pra gjate tere ksaj kohe, kam menduar se kolonia 154
06:35
was a loser, because on really dry days,
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ishte e deshtuar, sepse ne dite vertete te thata,
06:37
there'd be just this trickle of foraging,
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nuk do te jete vetem kjo rrjedhe e kerkimit,
06:39
while the other colonies were out
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perderisa koloni te tjera ishin jashte
06:41
foraging, getting lots of food,
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duke kerkuar, duke marre shume ushqim,
06:43
but in fact, colony 154 is a huge success.
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por ne fakt, kolonia 154 eshte nje sukses i madh.
06:46
She's a matriarch.
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Ajo eshte nje matriarkat.
06:47
She's one of the rare great-grandmothers on the site.
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Ajo eshte nje nder te rrallat stergjyshe
06:50
To my knowledge, this is the first time
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Me sa di une, kjo eshte hera e pare
06:53
that we've been able to track
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qe kemi qene ne gjendje te gjejme
06:55
the ongoing evolution of collective behavior
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evolucionon e vazhdueshëm të sjelljes kolektive
06:58
in a natural population of animals
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në një popullsi natyrore kafshësh
07:00
and find out what's actually working best.
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dhe te zbulojme cka ne te verete eshte duke funksionuar me se miri.
07:04
Now, the Internet uses an algorithm
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Tani, interneti perdor nje algoritem
07:07
to regulate the flow of data
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per te rregulluar rrjedhen e te dhenave
07:10
that's very similar to the one
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qe eshte shume e ngjashme me ate
07:12
that the harvester ants are using to regulate
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qe milingonat korrëse janë duke përdorur për të rregulluar
07:14
the flow of foragers.
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rrjedhen e kuptimit.
07:16
And guess what we call this analogy?
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Dhe gjeni cka quajme ne analogji?
07:19
The anternet is coming.
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Anterneti po vjen.
07:21
(Applause)
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(Duartrokitje)
07:23
So data doesn't leave the source computer
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Pra te dhenat nuk lene burimin e kompjuterit
07:26
unless it gets a signal that there's enough bandwidth
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nese nuk merr sinjal te mjaftueshem
07:29
for it to travel on.
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per teudhetuar.
07:32
In the early days of the Internet,
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Ne fillimet e internetit
07:33
when operating costs were really high
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kur shpenzimet operative ishin me të vërtetë të larta
07:35
and it was really important not to lose any data,
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dhe ishte me të vërtetë e rëndësishme të mos humbnim asnjë të dhënë,
07:38
then the system was set up for interactions
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atëherë sistemi u krijua për ndërveprime
07:41
to activate the flow of data.
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për të aktivizuar rrjedhën e te dhënave.
07:44
It's interesting that the ants are using an algorithm
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2385
Është interesante se milingonat janë duke përdorur një algoritëm
07:46
that's so similar to the one that we recently invented,
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që është aq i ngjashem me atë që kohët e fundit kemi shpikur,
07:50
but this is only one of a handful of ant algorithms
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por kjo është vetëm një pjesë e vogël e algoritme të milingonave
07:53
that we know about,
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te cilet njohim,
07:54
and ants have had 130 million years
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dhe milingonat kanë pasur 130 milion vjet
07:58
to evolve a lot of good ones,
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per te zhvilluar me te mirat,
08:00
and I think it's very likely
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dhe mendoj se eshte shume e mundshme
08:01
that some of the other 12,000 species
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se disa nga 12.000 speciet e tjera
08:04
are going to have interesting algorithms
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jane duke pasur algoritma intersante
08:06
for data networks
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1024
per te dhena
08:07
that we haven't even thought of yet.
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per te cilet ende nuk kemi menduar.
08:10
So what happens when operating costs are low?
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3085
Pra, çfarë ndodh kur shpenzimet operative janë të ulëta?
08:13
Operating costs are low in the tropics,
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Shpenzimet operative janë të ulëta në tropik,
08:15
because it's very humid, and it's easy for the ants
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2096
sepse është shumë e lagësht, dhe është e lehtë për milingonat
08:17
to be outside walking around.
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që do të dalin jashtë.
08:20
But the ants are so abundant
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Por milingonat janë kaq të bollshme
08:22
and diverse in the tropics
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502003
1818
dhe të ndryshme në tropik
08:23
that there's a lot of competition.
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se ka shumë konkurrencë.
08:26
Whatever resource one species is using,
200
506419
1952
Çfarëdo burim një specie të jete duke përdorur,
08:28
another species is likely to be using that
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një tjetër specie ka të ngjarë të jetë duke përdorur atë
08:31
at the same time.
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në të njëjtën kohë.
08:33
So in this environment, interactions are used
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Pra, në këtë mjedis, ndërveprimet përdoren
08:36
in the opposite way.
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516530
1945
në mënyrë të kundërt.
08:38
The system keeps going
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1395
Sistemi funksionon
08:39
unless something negative happens,
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1554
përveç nëse ndodh diçka negative,
08:41
and one species that I study makes circuits
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2167
dhe nje specie qe kam studiuar ben rrjete
08:43
in the trees of foraging ants
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2159
ne dru per miliongat e huaja
08:45
going from the nest to a food source and back,
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2981
qe shkon nga foleja deri te burimi i ushqimit dhe kthet mbrapa,
08:48
just round and round,
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528731
1329
vetem sillet perqark,
08:50
unless something negative happens,
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1442
derisa i ndodh dicka e keqe,
08:51
like an interaction
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1609
si nderveprimi
08:53
with ants of another species.
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me miliongona te specieve tjera.
08:55
So here's an example of ant security.
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2937
Ja nje shembull i sigurise se milingonave.
08:58
In the middle, there's an ant
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1858
Ne mes, eshte nje milingone
09:00
plugging the nest entrance with its head
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mbyll hyrjen e foles me koke
09:03
in response to interactions with another species.
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ne pergjgije te bashkeveprimit me specie tjera.
09:06
Those are the little ones running around
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1659
Keto jane te vogla qe vrapojne
09:07
with their abdomens up in the air.
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2751
me barqet e tyre lart ne ajer,
09:10
But as soon as the threat is passed,
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550511
2046
Por si te kalon rreziku,
09:12
the entrance is open again,
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2755
hyrja hapet perseri,
09:15
and maybe there are situations
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dhe ndoshta ka situata
09:17
in computer security
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557102
1089
ne sigurimin e kompjuterit
09:18
where operating costs are low enough
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558191
2206
ku shpenzimet operative jane mjaftushem te ulta
09:20
that we could just block access temporarily
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3375
ku ne mund te bllokojme qasjen perkohesisht
09:23
in response to an immediate threat,
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563772
2193
ne pergjigje te ndonje kercenimi te menjehershem
09:25
and then open it again,
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565965
2026
dhe pastaj e hapim perseri,
09:27
instead of trying to build
228
567991
1269
ne vend se te provojme te ndertojme
09:29
a permanent firewall or fortress.
229
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nje keshtjelle te perhershme.
09:33
So another environmental challenge
230
573240
1940
Pra, një tjetër sfidë e mjedisit
09:35
that all systems have to deal with
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575180
1695
qe të gjitha sistemet duhet ta kene parasysh
09:36
is resources, finding and collecting them.
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576875
5452
jane burimet, ti gjejne dhe mbledhin ato.
09:42
And to do this, ants solve the problem
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1673
Dhe per te bere kete, miliongonat zgjidhin problemin
09:44
of collective search,
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1258
e gjetjes kolektive,
09:45
and this is a problem that's of great interest
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1576
dhe ky eshte nje problem me interes te madh
09:46
right now in robotics,
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1484
per momentin ne robotike,
09:48
because we've understood that,
237
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1732
sepse ne e kemi kuptuar qe,
09:50
rather than sending a single,
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590050
1614
ne vend se te dergojme nje robot
09:51
sophisticated, expensive robot out
239
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3495
te sofistikuar, te shtrejte
09:55
to explore another planet
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1417
per te eksploruar nje tjeter planet
09:56
or to search a burning building,
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ose te kerkojme nje ndertese
09:59
that instead, it may be more effective
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2600
me e dobishme mund te jete qe
10:01
to get a group of cheaper robots
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4377
te marrim nje grup robotesh me te lire
10:06
exchanging only minimal information,
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606120
2545
duke shkembyer vetem informacione minimale,
10:08
and that's the way that ants do it.
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608665
2799
dhe kjo eshte menyra se si milingonat e beje kete gje.
10:11
So the invasive Argentine ant
246
611464
1765
Pra miliongonat invazive Argjentinase
10:13
makes expandable search networks.
247
613229
2330
bejne zgjerimin e rrjetit te kerkimit.
10:15
They're good at dealing with the main problem
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2273
Ato jane te mira ne trajtimin e problemit kryesor
10:17
of collective search,
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617832
1331
te kerkimit kolektiv,
10:19
which is the trade-off between
250
619163
2566
gje qe eshte nje trade-off ndermjet
10:21
searching very thoroughly
251
621729
1336
kerkimit ne teresi
10:23
and covering a lot of ground.
252
623065
1997
dhe mbulimit,
10:25
And what they do is,
253
625062
895
10:25
when there are many ants in a small space,
254
625957
2387
Dhe ajo cka ato bejne,
eshte qe kur ka shume miliongona ne vende te vogla,
10:28
then each one can search very thoroughly
255
628344
2213
atehere secila mund te hulumtoj shume thelle
10:30
because there will be another ant nearby
256
630557
1624
sepse do te kete nje tjter miliongone afer
10:32
searching over there,
257
632181
1357
duke kerkuar atje,
10:33
but when there are a few ants
258
633538
1647
por kur jane pak miliongona
10:35
in a large space,
259
635185
2055
ne nje hapersire me te madhe,
10:37
then they need to stretch out their paths
260
637240
2414
atëherë ata duhet të shtrijnë shtigjet e tyre
10:39
to cover more ground.
261
639654
1803
për të mbuluar më shumë terren.
10:41
I think they use interactions to assess density,
262
641457
2954
Unë mendoj se ata përdorin ndërveprimet për të vlerësuar dendësinë,
10:44
so when they're really crowded,
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644411
1229
keshtu qe kur kane me shume grumbull,
10:45
they meet more often,
264
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1102
ato takohen me shpesh,
10:46
and they search more thoroughly.
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2465
dhe kerkojne me hollesisht.
10:49
Different ant species must use different algorithms,
266
649207
3400
Lloje të ndryshme të milingonave duhet të përdorin algoritme të ndryshme,
10:52
because they've evolved to deal with
267
652607
2522
sepse ata kanë evoluar për t'u marrë me
10:55
different resources,
268
655129
1671
burime të ndryshme,
10:56
and it could be really useful to know about this,
269
656800
2559
dhe kjo mund të jetë vërtetë e dobishme të njihet,
10:59
and so we recently asked ants
270
659359
1642
dhe keshtu ne se fundmi pyetem milingonat
11:01
to solve the collective search problem
271
661001
2450
te zgjidhnin provlemin e kerkimit kolektiv
11:03
in the extreme environment
272
663451
1368
ne ambientin ekstrem
11:04
of microgravity
273
664819
1558
te mikrogravitetit
11:06
in the International Space Station.
274
666377
1976
ne Stacionin Ndërkombëtar të Hapësirës.
11:08
When I first saw this picture, I thought,
275
668353
1545
Per here te pare kur e kam pare kete foto, mendova,
11:09
Oh no, they've mounted the habitat vertically,
276
669898
2857
Oh jo, ata kane montuar ambientin vetikalisht,
11:12
but then I realized that, of course, it doesn't matter.
277
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2618
por pastaj kuptova, se kjo gje nuk ka rendesi.
11:15
So the idea here is that the ants
278
675373
2637
Pra idea eshte kjo qe miliongonat
11:18
are working so hard to hang on
279
678010
1970
jane duke punuar kaq shume qe te kapen fort
11:19
to the wall or the floor or whatever you call it
280
679980
3057
ne mur ose dysheme ose sidoqo qe mund ti quani
11:23
that they're less likely to interact,
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683037
3009
sa ata kane me pak gjasa te bashkeveprojne,
11:26
and so the relationship between
282
686046
1244
dhe keshtu marrdhenia ndermjet
11:27
how crowded they are and how often they meet
283
687290
2120
sa grumbullim i madh eshte dhe sa shpesh takohen ata
11:29
would be messed up.
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689410
1725
do te ngaterrohet.
11:31
We're still analyzing the data.
285
691135
1395
Ne jemi ende duke analizuar të dhënat.
11:32
I don't have the results yet.
286
692530
1964
Une nuk i kam rezultatet akoma.
11:34
But it would be interesting to know
287
694494
1694
Por do te ishte intersante te dime
11:36
how other species solve this problem
288
696188
2459
se si specie te tjera e zgjidhin kete problem
11:38
in different environments on Earth,
289
698647
2564
ne mjedise te tjera ne planet,
11:41
and so we're setting up a program
290
701211
1266
keshtu qe jemi duke bere nje program
11:42
to encourage kids around the world
291
702477
2160
te inkurajojme femije kudo ne bote
11:44
to try this experiment with different species.
292
704637
2536
te provojne kete eksperiment me specie te ndryshme.
11:47
It's very simple.
293
707173
1767
Eshte shume e thjeshte.
11:48
It can be done with cheap materials.
294
708940
2090
Mund te behet me materiale te lira.
11:51
And that way, we could make a global map
295
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2833
Dhe ne kete menyre, ne mund te bejme nje harte globale
11:53
of ant collective search algorithms.
296
713863
3347
te nje algoritmi te kerkimit kolektiv te miliongonave.
11:57
And I think it's pretty likely that the invasive species,
297
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2483
Unë mendoj se është shumë e mundshme që speciet invazive,
11:59
the ones that come into our buildings,
298
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2149
jane ato te cilat vine ne shtepite tona,
12:01
are going to be really good at this,
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721842
1742
do te jene shume mire ne kete gje,
12:03
because they're in your kitchen
300
723584
1848
sepse ato jane ne kuzhinen tuaj
12:05
because they're really good at finding food and water.
301
725432
3907
sepse ato jane shume te mira ne gjetjen e ushqimit dhe ujit.
12:09
So the most familiar resource for ants
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729339
3265
Pra burimi me i njohur per miliongonat
12:12
is a picnic,
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732604
1315
eshte pikniku,
12:13
and this is a clustered resource.
304
733919
2145
dhe ky eshte nje burim i grupuar.
12:16
When there's one piece of fruit,
305
736064
999
Ku ka nje cope frut,
12:17
there's likely to be another piece of fruit nearby,
306
737063
2515
ka gjasa qe te kete edhe nje cope frut aty afer,
12:19
and the ants that specialize on clustered resources
307
739578
3432
dhe milingonat te cilat jane te specializuara ne burime te grupuara
12:23
use interactions for recruitment.
308
743010
1942
perdorin bashkeveprimin per rekrutim.
12:24
So when one ant meets another,
309
744952
1277
Pra kur nje milingone takon nje tjeter,
12:26
or when it meets a chemical deposited
310
746229
1625
ose kur takon nje depozite kimike
12:27
on the ground by another,
311
747854
1736
ne toke,
12:29
then it changes direction to follow
312
749590
1833
atëherë ajo ndryshon drejtim për të ndjekur
12:31
in the direction of the interaction,
313
751423
1573
në drejtim të ndërveprimit,
12:32
and that's how you get the trail of ants
314
752996
1977
dhe kjo është menyra si te merrni gjurmët e milingonave
12:34
sharing your picnic.
315
754973
1413
ne piknikun tuaj.
12:36
Now this is a place where I think we might be able
316
756386
1695
Tani ky është një vend ku unë mendoj se ne mund
12:38
to learn something from ants about cancer.
317
758081
3741
të mësojnë diçka nga milingonat rreth kancerit.
12:41
I mean, first, it's obvious that we could do a lot
318
761822
1981
Dua te them, eshte e qarte se ne mund te bejme shume
12:43
to prevent cancer
319
763803
1610
per te parandaluar kancerin
12:45
by not allowing people to spread around
320
765413
2577
duke mos lejuar njerezit te shperndajne
12:47
or sell the toxins that promote
321
767990
1944
ose shesin toksinat qe promovojne
12:49
the evolution of cancer in our bodies,
322
769934
2780
evolimi e kancerit ne trupat tone,
12:52
but I don't think the ants can help us much with this
323
772714
2346
por nuk mendoj qe milingonat mund te na ndihmojne shume rreth kesaj
12:55
because ants never poison their own colonies.
324
775060
3358
sepse miliongat helmojne kolonite e tyre.
12:58
But we might be able to learn something from ants
325
778418
1332
Por ne mund te mesojme dicka nga miliongonat
12:59
about treating cancer.
326
779750
1763
se si te trajtojme kancerin.
13:01
There are many different kinds of cancer.
327
781513
2225
Ka lloje te ndryshme te kancerit.
13:03
Each one originates in a particular part of the body,
328
783738
2978
Secili ze fill ne pjese te vecanta te trupit.
13:06
and then some kinds of cancer will spread
329
786716
2966
dhe disa kancer shperndahen
13:09
or metastasize to particular other tissues
330
789682
2830
ose kalojne ne metastaze ne inde te vecanta
13:12
where they must be getting resources that they need.
331
792512
2880
ku me sa duket furnizohn me lendet qe kane nevoje.
13:15
So if you think from the perspective
332
795392
1808
Pra, nëse ju mendoni nga perspektiva
13:17
of early metastatic cancer cells
333
797200
1950
e qelizat metastatike te hershme të kancerit
13:19
as they're out searching around
334
799150
1623
se si ata janë në kërkim
13:20
for the resources that they need,
335
800773
2317
për burimet qe kanë nevojë,
13:23
if those resources are clustered,
336
803090
1983
nese keto burime jane te grupuara,
13:25
they're likely to use interactions for recruitment,
337
805073
3013
ato kane gjasa te perdorin nderveprime per rekrutim,
13:28
and if we can figure out how cancer cells are recruiting,
338
808086
3093
dhe nese mund te zbulojme si qelizat e kancerit zhvillohen,
13:31
then maybe we could set traps
339
811179
2347
atehere ndodshta mund ti veme ne kurth
13:33
to catch them before they become established.
340
813526
4049
ti kapim ato para se ato te zhvillohen.
13:37
So ants are using interactions in different ways
341
817575
3235
Pra miliongonat jane duke perdorur nderveprim ne menyra te ndryshme
13:40
in a huge variety of environments,
342
820810
2602
ne shume llojshmeri mjedisore
13:43
and we could learn from this
343
823412
1821
dhe ne mund te mesojme nga kjo
13:45
about other systems that operate
344
825233
1777
per sisteme te tjera qe operojne
13:47
without central control.
345
827010
2337
pa kontroll qendror.
13:49
Using only simple interactions,
346
829347
1979
Duke perdorur vetem nderveprime te thjeshta,
13:51
ant colonies have been performing
347
831326
1795
kolonite e miliongonave kane qene duke performuar
13:53
amazing feats for more than 130 million years.
348
833121
3633
"amazing feat"(film vizatimor) per me shume se 130 milion vite.
13:56
We have a lot to learn from them.
349
836754
2140
Ne kemi shume per te mesuar nga ato.
13:58
Thank you.
350
838894
2738
Faleminderit
14:01
(Applause)
351
841632
2733
(Duartroktije)
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