Deborah Gordon: What ants teach us about the brain, cancer and the Internet

78,446 views ・ 2014-05-13

TED


Ju lutemi, klikoni dy herë mbi titrat në anglisht më poshtë për të luajtur videon.

Translator: Ereblir Kadriu Reviewer: Iris Xholi
00:13
I study ants
0
13099
1619
Une i studioje milingonat
00:14
in the desert, in the tropical forest
1
14718
3297
ne shkretetire, ne pyllin tropikal
00:18
and in my kitchen,
2
18015
1528
dhe ne kuzhinen time,
00:19
and in the hills around Silicon Valley where I live.
3
19543
4020
dhe ne kodrat perreth Lugines Silicon ku une jetoj.
00:23
I've recently realized that ants
4
23563
1676
Se fundmi kam kuptuar se milingonat
00:25
are using interactions differently
5
25239
2278
jane duke perdorur bashkeveprimin ne menyre te ndryshme
00:27
in different environments,
6
27517
1828
ne ambiente te ndryshme,
00:29
and that got me thinking that we could learn from this
7
29345
2000
dhe kjo me beri te mendoj se ne mund te mesojme nga kjo
00:31
about other systems,
8
31345
1555
per sisteme te tjera,
00:32
like brains and data networks that we engineer,
9
32900
5588
sikurse truri dhe rrjetet e te dhenave qe ne ndertojme,
00:38
and even cancer.
10
38488
2846
dhe madje kancerin.
00:41
So what all these systems have in common
11
41334
1752
Pra cka kane te perbashket keto sisteme
00:43
is that there's no central control.
12
43086
2857
eshte se nuk ka kontroll qendror.
00:45
An ant colony consists of sterile female workers --
13
45943
3820
Nje koloni e miliongonave perbehet nga puntoret sterile femra--
00:49
those are the ants you see walking around —
14
49763
2386
ato jane milingonat qe i shihni qe shetisin--
00:52
and then one or more reproductive females
15
52149
2156
dhe pastaj nje ose me shume femra riprodhuese
00:54
who just lay the eggs.
16
54305
2103
te cilat vetem leshojne vezet.
00:56
They don't give any instructions.
17
56408
2009
Ato nuk japin asnje udhezim.
00:58
Even though they're called queens,
18
58417
1984
Edhe pse quhen mbretresha,
01:00
they don't tell anybody what to do.
19
60401
2165
ato nuk i tregojne askujt cfare te bejne.
01:02
So in an ant colony, there's no one in charge,
20
62566
3276
Pra ne nje koloni te milingonave, nuk eshte askush ne krye,
01:05
and all systems like this without central control
21
65842
2778
dhe te gjitha sistemet si kjo pa kontrollin qendror
01:08
are regulated using very simple interactions.
22
68620
3919
jane te sistemuar duke perdorur bashkeveprime shume te thjeshta.
01:12
Ants interact using smell.
23
72549
2727
Milingonat bashkeveprojne duke perdorur eren(nuhatjen)
01:15
They smell with their antennae,
24
75276
2187
Ato nuhasin me antenen e tyre,
01:17
and they interact with their antennae,
25
77463
2761
dhe ato bashkeveprojne me antenen e tyre,
01:20
so when one ant touches another with its antennae,
26
80224
3009
pra kur nje milingone prek tjetren me antenen e saj
01:23
it can tell, for example, if the other ant
27
83233
1607
mund te tregoj, per shembull, nese milingona tjeter
01:24
is a nestmate
28
84840
1634
eshte nje partner foleje
01:26
and what task that other ant has been doing.
29
86474
4236
dhe cka ishin detyrat e milingonave tjera.
01:30
So here you see a lot of ants moving around
30
90710
3200
Pra ja ku kemi shume miliongona qe sillen per rreth
01:33
and interacting in a lab arena
31
93910
1933
duke bashkevepruar ne nje zone laboratorike
01:35
that's connected by tubes to two other arenas.
32
95843
3438
qe eshte e lidhur me dy tuba me dy zona tjera.
01:39
So when one ant meets another,
33
99281
2504
Pra kur nje milingone takon tjetren,
01:41
it doesn't matter which ant it meets,
34
101785
2089
nuk ka rendesi cilen milingone takon,
01:43
and they're actually not transmitting
35
103874
1885
dhe keto faktikisht nuk jane duke transmetuar
01:45
any kind of complicated signal or message.
36
105759
3465
asnje lloj sinjali ose mesazhi te komplikuar.
01:49
All that matters to the ant is the rate
37
109224
2111
E gjitha cka i intereson milingones eshte norma
01:51
at which it meets other ants.
38
111335
2821
në të cilën ajo takon milingonat e tjera.
01:54
And all of these interactions, taken together,
39
114156
2757
Dhe te gjitha keto bashkeveprime, te bera bashke,
01:56
produce a network.
40
116913
2505
prodhojne nje rrjet.
01:59
So this is the network of the ants
41
119418
2210
Pra ky eshte rrjeti i milingonave
02:01
that you just saw moving around in the arena,
42
121628
2644
qe e keni pare qe sillet ne zona,
02:04
and it's this constantly shifting network
43
124272
3287
dhe eshte ky nderrim konstant i rrjetit
02:07
that produces the behavior of the colony,
44
127559
2520
qe prodhon sjelljen e kolonise,
02:10
like whether all the ants are hiding inside the nest,
45
130079
2881
si pershembull te gjitha milingonat fshehur brenda ne fole,
02:12
or how many are going out to forage.
46
132960
2694
ose sa jane duke shkuar ne foragjere.
02:15
A brain actually works in the same way,
47
135654
1759
Truri faktkisht punon ne menyre te njejte,
02:17
but what's great about ants is
48
137413
1500
por cka eshte e mrekullushme rreth miliongonave eshte
02:18
that you can see the whole network as it happens.
49
138913
4867
se ju mund te shihni te tere rrjetin se si ndodh.
02:23
There are more than 12,000 species of ants,
50
143780
3100
Ka me shume se 12.000 specie te miliongonave,
02:26
in every conceivable environment,
51
146880
2125
ne nje ambient shume te pershtkoatshem,
02:29
and they're using interactions differently
52
149005
2649
dhe ata jane duke perdorur bashkeveprimin ndryshe
02:31
to meet different environmental challenges.
53
151654
2768
per te perballur sfida te ndryshme mjedisore.
02:34
So one important environmental challenge
54
154422
2305
Pra nje sfide e rendesishme e mjedisit,
02:36
that every system has to deal with
55
156727
1870
qe cdo sistem duhet te merret
02:38
is operating costs, just what it takes
56
158597
2083
eshte shpenzimi operativ, cka nevojitet
02:40
to run the system.
57
160680
2265
per te funksionuar sistemi.
02:42
And another environmental challenge is resources,
58
162945
2548
Dhe një tjetër sfidë e mjedisit është e burimeve,
02:45
finding them and collecting them.
59
165493
2336
gjetjen dhe mbledhjen e tyre.
02:47
In the desert, operating costs are high
60
167829
2783
Në shkretëtirë, shpenzimet operative janë të larta
02:50
because water is scarce,
61
170612
1773
sepse uji është i pakët,
02:52
and the seed-eating ants that I study in the desert
62
172385
2499
dhe milingonat farë-ngrënese që i studioj në shkretëtirë
02:54
have to spend water to get water.
63
174884
2900
duhet të shpenzojnë ujë për të marrë ujë
02:57
So an ant outside foraging,
64
177784
2139
Pra nje milingone jashte tagjise,
02:59
searching for seeds in the hot sun,
65
179923
2037
qe kerkon fara ne diellin e nxehte,
03:01
just loses water into the air.
66
181960
2007
vetem humbet ujin ne ajer.
03:03
But the colony gets its water
67
183967
1664
Por kolonia e merr ujin e saj
03:05
by metabolizing the fats out of the seeds
68
185631
1766
duke metabolizuar yndyrat e pa nevojshme nga farat
03:07
that they eat.
69
187397
1934
qe ato hane.
03:09
So in this environment, interactions are used
70
189331
3159
Pra ne kete mjedis, bashkeveprimet perdoren
03:12
to activate foraging.
71
192490
1549
per te aktivizuar tagjite.
03:14
An outgoing forager doesn't go out unless
72
194039
2264
Nje kerkues i ushqimit nuk del perderisa
03:16
it gets enough interactions with returning foragers,
73
196303
2573
nuk merr bashkeveprime te mjaftushme me kerkuesit e ushimit qe kthehen,
03:18
and what you see are the returning foragers
74
198876
1990
dhe ajo cka shihni jane kerkuesit e ushqimit qe kthehen
03:20
going into the tunnel, into the nest,
75
200866
1824
qe shkojne ne tunel, ne fole,
03:22
and meeting outgoing foragers on their way out.
76
202690
2636
dhe takojne kerkuesit e t tjere qe pergatiten per me dalur.
03:25
This makes sense for the ant colony,
77
205326
1623
Kjo ka kuptim per kolonine e milingonave,
03:26
because the more food there is out there,
78
206949
2323
sepse sa me shume ushqim qe ka ,
03:29
the more quickly the foragers find it,
79
209272
1851
as me shpejt e gjejne kerkuesit ate,
03:31
the faster they come back,
80
211123
1236
sa me shpejt qe kthehen,
03:32
and the more foragers they send out.
81
212359
2801
aq me shume kerkues dergojne jashte.
03:35
The system works to stay stopped,
82
215160
2507
Sistemi funksionon te qendroj i ndalur,
03:37
unless something positive happens.
83
217667
2015
derisa dicka poztive ndodh.
03:39
So interactions function to activate foragers.
84
219682
3881
Pra bashkeveprimi funksionon per te aktivizuar kerkuesit.
03:43
And we've been studying the evolution of this system.
85
223563
2907
Dhe ne e kemi studjuar evulucionin e ketij sistemi.
03:46
First of all, there's variation.
86
226470
1091
Se pari, ka ndryshime.
03:47
It turns out that colonies are different.
87
227561
2479
Duket se kolonite jane te ndryshme.
03:50
On dry days, some colonies forage less,
88
230040
2696
Ne ditet e thata, disa koloni kerkojne me pak,
03:52
so colonies are different in how
89
232736
1505
pra kolonite ndryshojne ne menyrens
03:54
they manage this trade-off
90
234241
1354
se si menaxhojne kete tregti
03:55
between spending water to search for seeds
91
235595
3168
ndermjet shpenzimit te ujit teksa kerkojne per fara
03:58
and getting water back in the form of seeds.
92
238763
3320
dhe kthimin e ujit ne formen e farave.
04:02
And we're trying to understand why
93
242083
1719
Jemi duke provuar te kuptojme pse
04:03
some colonies forage less than others
94
243802
2140
disa koloni kerkojne me pak se tjerat
04:05
by thinking about ants as neurons,
95
245942
2325
duke menduar per milingonat si neurone,
04:08
using models from neuroscience.
96
248267
2338
e duke perdorur modele nga neurosheknca.
04:10
So just as a neuron adds up its stimulation
97
250605
2674
Pra, ashtu sic neuroni shton stimulin
04:13
from other neurons to decide whether to fire,
98
253279
2006
nga te tjere neuron per te vendosur nese te shkrepe,
04:15
an ant adds up its stimulation from other ants
99
255285
2885
nje milingone shton stumulin e saj nga miliongona te tjera
04:18
to decide whether to forage.
100
258170
2023
per te vendosur nese duhet te kerkoj.
04:20
And what we're looking for is whether there might be
101
260193
1637
Dhe ajo që ne jemi duke kërkuar është se a mund të ketë
04:21
small differences among colonies
102
261830
1992
diferenca të vogla ndërmjet kolonive
04:23
in how many interactions each ant needs
103
263822
3314
ne sa nderveprime secila miliongone ka nevoje
04:27
before it's willing to go out and forage,
104
267136
1926
para se te jete e gatshme te dal te kerkoj ushqim,
04:29
because a colony like that would forage less.
105
269062
3767
sepse nje koloni e tille mund te kerkoj me pak.
04:32
And this raises an analogous question about brains.
106
272829
3139
Dhe kjo ngre një pyetje analoge në lidhje me trurin.
04:35
We talk about the brain,
107
275968
1412
Ne flasim per trurin,
04:37
but of course every brain is slightly different,
108
277380
2890
por sigurisht qe c'do tru eshte paksa i ndryshem,
04:40
and maybe there are some individuals
109
280270
1379
dhe ndoshta jane disa individ
04:41
or some conditions
110
281649
1319
ose disa kushte
04:42
in which the electrical properties of neurons are such
111
282968
3222
ne te cilat karakteristikat elektrike te neuroneve jane te tilla
04:46
that they require more stimulus to fire,
112
286190
3870
qe kerkojne me shume stimuj per te reaguar,
04:50
and that would lead to differences in brain function.
113
290060
3726
dhe kjo na dergon ne ndryshime ne funksionin e trurit.
04:53
So in order to ask evolutionary questions,
114
293786
2334
Pra ne vend se te pyesim per pyetje te zhvillimit,
04:56
we need to know about reproductive success.
115
296120
2679
ne kemi nevoje te dime rreth suksesit te riprodhimit.
04:58
This is a map of the study site
116
298799
2325
Kjo eshte nje harte e faqes se studimit
05:01
where I have been tracking this population
117
301124
2553
ku kam qene duke gjurmuar kete popullate
05:03
of harvester ant colonies for 28 years,
118
303677
3293
kolonie të milingonave korrëse për 28 vjet,
05:06
which is about as long as a colony lives.
119
306970
2262
c'ka perkon pothuajse me jetegjatesine e kolonise.
05:09
Each symbol is a colony,
120
309232
2099
Secili simbol eshte nje koloni,
05:11
and the size of the symbol is how many offspring it had,
121
311331
3266
dhe madhesia e simbolit eshte sa pasardhes ajo kishte,
05:14
because we were able to use genetic variation
122
314597
1913
pasi ishim ne gjendje te perdorim variacione gjentike
05:16
to match up parent and offspring colonies,
123
316510
2711
per te perputhur prinderit dhe pasardhesit e kolonive,
05:19
that is, to figure out which colonies
124
319221
3297
qe do te thote, te zbulojme cilat koloni
05:22
were founded by a daughter queen
125
322518
1925
ishin gjetur nga nje vajze e mbretreshes
05:24
produced by which parent colony.
126
324443
2068
prodhuar nga cili koloni prindrore.
05:26
And this was amazing for me, after all these years,
127
326511
2002
Dhe kjo ishte e mrekullushme per mua, pas gjithe ketyre viteve,
05:28
to find out, for example, that colony 154,
128
328513
3128
te zbuloj, per shembull, se kolonia 154,
05:31
whom I've known well for many years,
129
331641
2176
te cilen e kam njohur mire per shume vite,
05:33
is a great-grandmother.
130
333817
1819
eshte nje stergjyshe.
05:35
Here's her daughter colony,
131
335636
1740
Ketu eshte kolonia e vajzes se saj,
05:37
here's her granddaughter colony,
132
337376
2684
ketu eshte kolonia e mbeses se saj,
05:40
and these are her great-granddaughter colonies.
133
340060
2392
dhe keto jane kolonite e ster-mbeses se saj.
05:42
And by doing this, I was able to learn
134
342452
2025
Dhe duke e bere kete une isha ne gjendje te mesoj
05:44
that offspring colonies resemble parent colonies
135
344477
3283
qe pasardhesit e kolonive perfaqesojne kolonite e prinderve
05:47
in their decisions about which days are so hot
136
347760
2217
ne vendimet e tyre se cilat dite jane te nxehta
05:49
that they don't forage,
137
349977
1778
qe ata nuk dalin te kerkojne,
05:51
and the offspring of parent colonies
138
351755
1464
dhe pasaerdhesi i kolonive te prinderve
05:53
live so far from each other that the ants never meet,
139
353219
2906
jetojne aq larg me njeri tjetrin sa milingonat nuk takohen kurre,
05:56
so the ants of the offspring colony
140
356125
2289
pra milingonat e pasardhesit te kolonise
05:58
can't be learning this from the parent colony.
141
358414
2244
nuk mund ta mesojne kete nga kolonia e prinderit.
06:00
And so our next step is to look
142
360658
1381
Pra hapi yne tjeter eshte te shohim
06:02
for the genetic variation underlying this resemblance.
143
362039
5276
per variacionet gjenetike duke nenvizuar kete perfaqesim.
06:07
So then I was able to ask, okay, who's doing better?
144
367315
4125
Keshtu pastaj, kur isha te drejte te pyesja, ne rregull, kush eshte duke ecur me mire?
06:11
Over the time of the study,
145
371440
1460
Gjatë kohës së studimit,
06:12
and especially in the past 10 years,
146
372900
1465
dhe sidomos në 10 vitet e fundit,
06:14
there's been a very severe and deepening drought
147
374365
3308
ka pasur thatesira shume te renda dhe te thella
06:17
in the Southwestern U.S.,
148
377673
2127
ne SHBA-ne Jugperendimore.,
06:19
and it turns out that the colonies that conserve water,
149
379800
3053
dhe kjo sjell qe Kolonitë të cilat kursejnë ujin,
06:22
that stay in when it's really hot outside,
150
382853
4429
qe qendrojne brenda kur me te vertete eshte shume nxehte jashte
06:27
and thus sacrifice getting as much food as possible,
151
387282
2632
dhe në këtë mënyrë sakrifikojnë marrjen e sa më shumë ushqime të jetë e mundur,
06:29
are the ones more likely to have offspring colonies.
152
389914
2945
jane ato te cilat kane gjasa te kene koloni pasardhese.
06:32
So all this time, I thought that colony 154
153
392859
2269
Pra gjate tere ksaj kohe, kam menduar se kolonia 154
06:35
was a loser, because on really dry days,
154
395128
2670
ishte e deshtuar, sepse ne dite vertete te thata,
06:37
there'd be just this trickle of foraging,
155
397798
1868
nuk do te jete vetem kjo rrjedhe e kerkimit,
06:39
while the other colonies were out
156
399666
1591
perderisa koloni te tjera ishin jashte
06:41
foraging, getting lots of food,
157
401257
2117
duke kerkuar, duke marre shume ushqim,
06:43
but in fact, colony 154 is a huge success.
158
403374
3020
por ne fakt, kolonia 154 eshte nje sukses i madh.
06:46
She's a matriarch.
159
406394
1332
Ajo eshte nje matriarkat.
06:47
She's one of the rare great-grandmothers on the site.
160
407726
3052
Ajo eshte nje nder te rrallat stergjyshe
06:50
To my knowledge, this is the first time
161
410778
2785
Me sa di une, kjo eshte hera e pare
06:53
that we've been able to track
162
413563
1639
qe kemi qene ne gjendje te gjejme
06:55
the ongoing evolution of collective behavior
163
415202
3001
evolucionon e vazhdueshëm të sjelljes kolektive
06:58
in a natural population of animals
164
418203
2117
në një popullsi natyrore kafshësh
07:00
and find out what's actually working best.
165
420320
4657
dhe te zbulojme cka ne te verete eshte duke funksionuar me se miri.
07:04
Now, the Internet uses an algorithm
166
424977
2421
Tani, interneti perdor nje algoritem
07:07
to regulate the flow of data
167
427398
2853
per te rregulluar rrjedhen e te dhenave
07:10
that's very similar to the one
168
430251
2227
qe eshte shume e ngjashme me ate
07:12
that the harvester ants are using to regulate
169
432478
2376
qe milingonat korrëse janë duke përdorur për të rregulluar
07:14
the flow of foragers.
170
434854
1541
rrjedhen e kuptimit.
07:16
And guess what we call this analogy?
171
436395
3366
Dhe gjeni cka quajme ne analogji?
07:19
The anternet is coming.
172
439761
1518
Anterneti po vjen.
07:21
(Applause)
173
441279
1721
(Duartrokitje)
07:23
So data doesn't leave the source computer
174
443000
3454
Pra te dhenat nuk lene burimin e kompjuterit
07:26
unless it gets a signal that there's enough bandwidth
175
446454
2861
nese nuk merr sinjal te mjaftueshem
07:29
for it to travel on.
176
449315
2729
per teudhetuar.
07:32
In the early days of the Internet,
177
452044
1441
Ne fillimet e internetit
07:33
when operating costs were really high
178
453485
2274
kur shpenzimet operative ishin me të vërtetë të larta
07:35
and it was really important not to lose any data,
179
455759
3227
dhe ishte me të vërtetë e rëndësishme të mos humbnim asnjë të dhënë,
07:38
then the system was set up for interactions
180
458986
2157
atëherë sistemi u krijua për ndërveprime
07:41
to activate the flow of data.
181
461143
3062
për të aktivizuar rrjedhën e te dhënave.
07:44
It's interesting that the ants are using an algorithm
182
464205
2385
Është interesante se milingonat janë duke përdorur një algoritëm
07:46
that's so similar to the one that we recently invented,
183
466590
3896
që është aq i ngjashem me atë që kohët e fundit kemi shpikur,
07:50
but this is only one of a handful of ant algorithms
184
470486
2953
por kjo është vetëm një pjesë e vogël e algoritme të milingonave
07:53
that we know about,
185
473439
1419
te cilet njohim,
07:54
and ants have had 130 million years
186
474858
3193
dhe milingonat kanë pasur 130 milion vjet
07:58
to evolve a lot of good ones,
187
478051
2026
per te zhvilluar me te mirat,
08:00
and I think it's very likely
188
480077
1506
dhe mendoj se eshte shume e mundshme
08:01
that some of the other 12,000 species
189
481583
2557
se disa nga 12.000 speciet e tjera
08:04
are going to have interesting algorithms
190
484140
2697
jane duke pasur algoritma intersante
08:06
for data networks
191
486837
1024
per te dhena
08:07
that we haven't even thought of yet.
192
487861
2697
per te cilet ende nuk kemi menduar.
08:10
So what happens when operating costs are low?
193
490558
3085
Pra, çfarë ndodh kur shpenzimet operative janë të ulëta?
08:13
Operating costs are low in the tropics,
194
493643
1787
Shpenzimet operative janë të ulëta në tropik,
08:15
because it's very humid, and it's easy for the ants
195
495430
2096
sepse është shumë e lagësht, dhe është e lehtë për milingonat
08:17
to be outside walking around.
196
497526
2824
që do të dalin jashtë.
08:20
But the ants are so abundant
197
500350
1653
Por milingonat janë kaq të bollshme
08:22
and diverse in the tropics
198
502003
1818
dhe të ndryshme në tropik
08:23
that there's a lot of competition.
199
503821
2598
se ka shumë konkurrencë.
08:26
Whatever resource one species is using,
200
506419
1952
Çfarëdo burim një specie të jete duke përdorur,
08:28
another species is likely to be using that
201
508371
3172
një tjetër specie ka të ngjarë të jetë duke përdorur atë
08:31
at the same time.
202
511543
2379
në të njëjtën kohë.
08:33
So in this environment, interactions are used
203
513922
2608
Pra, në këtë mjedis, ndërveprimet përdoren
08:36
in the opposite way.
204
516530
1945
në mënyrë të kundërt.
08:38
The system keeps going
205
518475
1395
Sistemi funksionon
08:39
unless something negative happens,
206
519870
1554
përveç nëse ndodh diçka negative,
08:41
and one species that I study makes circuits
207
521424
2167
dhe nje specie qe kam studiuar ben rrjete
08:43
in the trees of foraging ants
208
523591
2159
ne dru per miliongat e huaja
08:45
going from the nest to a food source and back,
209
525750
2981
qe shkon nga foleja deri te burimi i ushqimit dhe kthet mbrapa,
08:48
just round and round,
210
528731
1329
vetem sillet perqark,
08:50
unless something negative happens,
211
530060
1442
derisa i ndodh dicka e keqe,
08:51
like an interaction
212
531502
1609
si nderveprimi
08:53
with ants of another species.
213
533111
2739
me miliongona te specieve tjera.
08:55
So here's an example of ant security.
214
535850
2937
Ja nje shembull i sigurise se milingonave.
08:58
In the middle, there's an ant
215
538787
1858
Ne mes, eshte nje milingone
09:00
plugging the nest entrance with its head
216
540645
2463
mbyll hyrjen e foles me koke
09:03
in response to interactions with another species.
217
543108
2993
ne pergjgije te bashkeveprimit me specie tjera.
09:06
Those are the little ones running around
218
546101
1659
Keto jane te vogla qe vrapojne
09:07
with their abdomens up in the air.
219
547760
2751
me barqet e tyre lart ne ajer,
09:10
But as soon as the threat is passed,
220
550511
2046
Por si te kalon rreziku,
09:12
the entrance is open again,
221
552557
2755
hyrja hapet perseri,
09:15
and maybe there are situations
222
555312
1790
dhe ndoshta ka situata
09:17
in computer security
223
557102
1089
ne sigurimin e kompjuterit
09:18
where operating costs are low enough
224
558191
2206
ku shpenzimet operative jane mjaftushem te ulta
09:20
that we could just block access temporarily
225
560397
3375
ku ne mund te bllokojme qasjen perkohesisht
09:23
in response to an immediate threat,
226
563772
2193
ne pergjigje te ndonje kercenimi te menjehershem
09:25
and then open it again,
227
565965
2026
dhe pastaj e hapim perseri,
09:27
instead of trying to build
228
567991
1269
ne vend se te provojme te ndertojme
09:29
a permanent firewall or fortress.
229
569260
3980
nje keshtjelle te perhershme.
09:33
So another environmental challenge
230
573240
1940
Pra, një tjetër sfidë e mjedisit
09:35
that all systems have to deal with
231
575180
1695
qe të gjitha sistemet duhet ta kene parasysh
09:36
is resources, finding and collecting them.
232
576875
5452
jane burimet, ti gjejne dhe mbledhin ato.
09:42
And to do this, ants solve the problem
233
582327
1673
Dhe per te bere kete, miliongonat zgjidhin problemin
09:44
of collective search,
234
584000
1258
e gjetjes kolektive,
09:45
and this is a problem that's of great interest
235
585258
1576
dhe ky eshte nje problem me interes te madh
09:46
right now in robotics,
236
586834
1484
per momentin ne robotike,
09:48
because we've understood that,
237
588318
1732
sepse ne e kemi kuptuar qe,
09:50
rather than sending a single,
238
590050
1614
ne vend se te dergojme nje robot
09:51
sophisticated, expensive robot out
239
591664
3495
te sofistikuar, te shtrejte
09:55
to explore another planet
240
595159
1417
per te eksploruar nje tjeter planet
09:56
or to search a burning building,
241
596576
2567
ose te kerkojme nje ndertese
09:59
that instead, it may be more effective
242
599143
2600
me e dobishme mund te jete qe
10:01
to get a group of cheaper robots
243
601743
4377
te marrim nje grup robotesh me te lire
10:06
exchanging only minimal information,
244
606120
2545
duke shkembyer vetem informacione minimale,
10:08
and that's the way that ants do it.
245
608665
2799
dhe kjo eshte menyra se si milingonat e beje kete gje.
10:11
So the invasive Argentine ant
246
611464
1765
Pra miliongonat invazive Argjentinase
10:13
makes expandable search networks.
247
613229
2330
bejne zgjerimin e rrjetit te kerkimit.
10:15
They're good at dealing with the main problem
248
615559
2273
Ato jane te mira ne trajtimin e problemit kryesor
10:17
of collective search,
249
617832
1331
te kerkimit kolektiv,
10:19
which is the trade-off between
250
619163
2566
gje qe eshte nje trade-off ndermjet
10:21
searching very thoroughly
251
621729
1336
kerkimit ne teresi
10:23
and covering a lot of ground.
252
623065
1997
dhe mbulimit,
10:25
And what they do is,
253
625062
895
10:25
when there are many ants in a small space,
254
625957
2387
Dhe ajo cka ato bejne,
eshte qe kur ka shume miliongona ne vende te vogla,
10:28
then each one can search very thoroughly
255
628344
2213
atehere secila mund te hulumtoj shume thelle
10:30
because there will be another ant nearby
256
630557
1624
sepse do te kete nje tjter miliongone afer
10:32
searching over there,
257
632181
1357
duke kerkuar atje,
10:33
but when there are a few ants
258
633538
1647
por kur jane pak miliongona
10:35
in a large space,
259
635185
2055
ne nje hapersire me te madhe,
10:37
then they need to stretch out their paths
260
637240
2414
atëherë ata duhet të shtrijnë shtigjet e tyre
10:39
to cover more ground.
261
639654
1803
për të mbuluar më shumë terren.
10:41
I think they use interactions to assess density,
262
641457
2954
Unë mendoj se ata përdorin ndërveprimet për të vlerësuar dendësinë,
10:44
so when they're really crowded,
263
644411
1229
keshtu qe kur kane me shume grumbull,
10:45
they meet more often,
264
645640
1102
ato takohen me shpesh,
10:46
and they search more thoroughly.
265
646742
2465
dhe kerkojne me hollesisht.
10:49
Different ant species must use different algorithms,
266
649207
3400
Lloje të ndryshme të milingonave duhet të përdorin algoritme të ndryshme,
10:52
because they've evolved to deal with
267
652607
2522
sepse ata kanë evoluar për t'u marrë me
10:55
different resources,
268
655129
1671
burime të ndryshme,
10:56
and it could be really useful to know about this,
269
656800
2559
dhe kjo mund të jetë vërtetë e dobishme të njihet,
10:59
and so we recently asked ants
270
659359
1642
dhe keshtu ne se fundmi pyetem milingonat
11:01
to solve the collective search problem
271
661001
2450
te zgjidhnin provlemin e kerkimit kolektiv
11:03
in the extreme environment
272
663451
1368
ne ambientin ekstrem
11:04
of microgravity
273
664819
1558
te mikrogravitetit
11:06
in the International Space Station.
274
666377
1976
ne Stacionin Ndërkombëtar të Hapësirës.
11:08
When I first saw this picture, I thought,
275
668353
1545
Per here te pare kur e kam pare kete foto, mendova,
11:09
Oh no, they've mounted the habitat vertically,
276
669898
2857
Oh jo, ata kane montuar ambientin vetikalisht,
11:12
but then I realized that, of course, it doesn't matter.
277
672755
2618
por pastaj kuptova, se kjo gje nuk ka rendesi.
11:15
So the idea here is that the ants
278
675373
2637
Pra idea eshte kjo qe miliongonat
11:18
are working so hard to hang on
279
678010
1970
jane duke punuar kaq shume qe te kapen fort
11:19
to the wall or the floor or whatever you call it
280
679980
3057
ne mur ose dysheme ose sidoqo qe mund ti quani
11:23
that they're less likely to interact,
281
683037
3009
sa ata kane me pak gjasa te bashkeveprojne,
11:26
and so the relationship between
282
686046
1244
dhe keshtu marrdhenia ndermjet
11:27
how crowded they are and how often they meet
283
687290
2120
sa grumbullim i madh eshte dhe sa shpesh takohen ata
11:29
would be messed up.
284
689410
1725
do te ngaterrohet.
11:31
We're still analyzing the data.
285
691135
1395
Ne jemi ende duke analizuar të dhënat.
11:32
I don't have the results yet.
286
692530
1964
Une nuk i kam rezultatet akoma.
11:34
But it would be interesting to know
287
694494
1694
Por do te ishte intersante te dime
11:36
how other species solve this problem
288
696188
2459
se si specie te tjera e zgjidhin kete problem
11:38
in different environments on Earth,
289
698647
2564
ne mjedise te tjera ne planet,
11:41
and so we're setting up a program
290
701211
1266
keshtu qe jemi duke bere nje program
11:42
to encourage kids around the world
291
702477
2160
te inkurajojme femije kudo ne bote
11:44
to try this experiment with different species.
292
704637
2536
te provojne kete eksperiment me specie te ndryshme.
11:47
It's very simple.
293
707173
1767
Eshte shume e thjeshte.
11:48
It can be done with cheap materials.
294
708940
2090
Mund te behet me materiale te lira.
11:51
And that way, we could make a global map
295
711030
2833
Dhe ne kete menyre, ne mund te bejme nje harte globale
11:53
of ant collective search algorithms.
296
713863
3347
te nje algoritmi te kerkimit kolektiv te miliongonave.
11:57
And I think it's pretty likely that the invasive species,
297
717210
2483
Unë mendoj se është shumë e mundshme që speciet invazive,
11:59
the ones that come into our buildings,
298
719693
2149
jane ato te cilat vine ne shtepite tona,
12:01
are going to be really good at this,
299
721842
1742
do te jene shume mire ne kete gje,
12:03
because they're in your kitchen
300
723584
1848
sepse ato jane ne kuzhinen tuaj
12:05
because they're really good at finding food and water.
301
725432
3907
sepse ato jane shume te mira ne gjetjen e ushqimit dhe ujit.
12:09
So the most familiar resource for ants
302
729339
3265
Pra burimi me i njohur per miliongonat
12:12
is a picnic,
303
732604
1315
eshte pikniku,
12:13
and this is a clustered resource.
304
733919
2145
dhe ky eshte nje burim i grupuar.
12:16
When there's one piece of fruit,
305
736064
999
Ku ka nje cope frut,
12:17
there's likely to be another piece of fruit nearby,
306
737063
2515
ka gjasa qe te kete edhe nje cope frut aty afer,
12:19
and the ants that specialize on clustered resources
307
739578
3432
dhe milingonat te cilat jane te specializuara ne burime te grupuara
12:23
use interactions for recruitment.
308
743010
1942
perdorin bashkeveprimin per rekrutim.
12:24
So when one ant meets another,
309
744952
1277
Pra kur nje milingone takon nje tjeter,
12:26
or when it meets a chemical deposited
310
746229
1625
ose kur takon nje depozite kimike
12:27
on the ground by another,
311
747854
1736
ne toke,
12:29
then it changes direction to follow
312
749590
1833
atëherë ajo ndryshon drejtim për të ndjekur
12:31
in the direction of the interaction,
313
751423
1573
në drejtim të ndërveprimit,
12:32
and that's how you get the trail of ants
314
752996
1977
dhe kjo është menyra si te merrni gjurmët e milingonave
12:34
sharing your picnic.
315
754973
1413
ne piknikun tuaj.
12:36
Now this is a place where I think we might be able
316
756386
1695
Tani ky është një vend ku unë mendoj se ne mund
12:38
to learn something from ants about cancer.
317
758081
3741
të mësojnë diçka nga milingonat rreth kancerit.
12:41
I mean, first, it's obvious that we could do a lot
318
761822
1981
Dua te them, eshte e qarte se ne mund te bejme shume
12:43
to prevent cancer
319
763803
1610
per te parandaluar kancerin
12:45
by not allowing people to spread around
320
765413
2577
duke mos lejuar njerezit te shperndajne
12:47
or sell the toxins that promote
321
767990
1944
ose shesin toksinat qe promovojne
12:49
the evolution of cancer in our bodies,
322
769934
2780
evolimi e kancerit ne trupat tone,
12:52
but I don't think the ants can help us much with this
323
772714
2346
por nuk mendoj qe milingonat mund te na ndihmojne shume rreth kesaj
12:55
because ants never poison their own colonies.
324
775060
3358
sepse miliongat helmojne kolonite e tyre.
12:58
But we might be able to learn something from ants
325
778418
1332
Por ne mund te mesojme dicka nga miliongonat
12:59
about treating cancer.
326
779750
1763
se si te trajtojme kancerin.
13:01
There are many different kinds of cancer.
327
781513
2225
Ka lloje te ndryshme te kancerit.
13:03
Each one originates in a particular part of the body,
328
783738
2978
Secili ze fill ne pjese te vecanta te trupit.
13:06
and then some kinds of cancer will spread
329
786716
2966
dhe disa kancer shperndahen
13:09
or metastasize to particular other tissues
330
789682
2830
ose kalojne ne metastaze ne inde te vecanta
13:12
where they must be getting resources that they need.
331
792512
2880
ku me sa duket furnizohn me lendet qe kane nevoje.
13:15
So if you think from the perspective
332
795392
1808
Pra, nëse ju mendoni nga perspektiva
13:17
of early metastatic cancer cells
333
797200
1950
e qelizat metastatike te hershme të kancerit
13:19
as they're out searching around
334
799150
1623
se si ata janë në kërkim
13:20
for the resources that they need,
335
800773
2317
për burimet qe kanë nevojë,
13:23
if those resources are clustered,
336
803090
1983
nese keto burime jane te grupuara,
13:25
they're likely to use interactions for recruitment,
337
805073
3013
ato kane gjasa te perdorin nderveprime per rekrutim,
13:28
and if we can figure out how cancer cells are recruiting,
338
808086
3093
dhe nese mund te zbulojme si qelizat e kancerit zhvillohen,
13:31
then maybe we could set traps
339
811179
2347
atehere ndodshta mund ti veme ne kurth
13:33
to catch them before they become established.
340
813526
4049
ti kapim ato para se ato te zhvillohen.
13:37
So ants are using interactions in different ways
341
817575
3235
Pra miliongonat jane duke perdorur nderveprim ne menyra te ndryshme
13:40
in a huge variety of environments,
342
820810
2602
ne shume llojshmeri mjedisore
13:43
and we could learn from this
343
823412
1821
dhe ne mund te mesojme nga kjo
13:45
about other systems that operate
344
825233
1777
per sisteme te tjera qe operojne
13:47
without central control.
345
827010
2337
pa kontroll qendror.
13:49
Using only simple interactions,
346
829347
1979
Duke perdorur vetem nderveprime te thjeshta,
13:51
ant colonies have been performing
347
831326
1795
kolonite e miliongonave kane qene duke performuar
13:53
amazing feats for more than 130 million years.
348
833121
3633
"amazing feat"(film vizatimor) per me shume se 130 milion vite.
13:56
We have a lot to learn from them.
349
836754
2140
Ne kemi shume per te mesuar nga ato.
13:58
Thank you.
350
838894
2738
Faleminderit
14:01
(Applause)
351
841632
2733
(Duartroktije)
Rreth kësaj faqe interneti

Kjo faqe do t'ju prezantojë me videot e YouTube që janë të dobishme për të mësuar anglisht. Do të shihni mësime angleze të mësuara nga mësues të nivelit më të lartë nga e gjithë bota. Klikoni dy herë mbi titrat në anglisht të shfaqura në secilën faqe të videos për të luajtur videon prej andej. Titrat lëvizin në sinkron me riprodhimin e videos. Nëse keni ndonjë koment ose kërkesë, ju lutemi na kontaktoni duke përdorur këtë formular kontakti.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7