Deborah Gordon: What ants teach us about the brain, cancer and the Internet

78,560 views ใƒป 2014-05-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:13
I study ants
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื ืžืœื™ื
00:14
in the desert, in the tropical forest
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ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื
00:18
and in my kitchen,
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ื•ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืœื™,
00:19
and in the hills around Silicon Valley where I live.
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ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื ืื ื™ ื’ืจื”.
00:23
I've recently realized that ants
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื ืžืœื™ื
00:25
are using interactions differently
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”
00:27
in different environments,
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
00:29
and that got me thinking that we could learn from this
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื–ื”
00:31
about other systems,
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ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
00:32
like brains and data networks that we engineer,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
00:38
and even cancer.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
00:41
So what all these systems have in common
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
00:43
is that there's no central control.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
00:45
An ant colony consists of sterile female workers --
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ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื ืžืœื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ืช --
00:49
those are the ants you see walking around โ€”
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช --
00:52
and then one or more reproductive females
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ื•ื ืงื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช
00:54
who just lay the eggs.
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
00:56
They don't give any instructions.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช.
00:58
Even though they're called queens,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช,
01:00
they don't tell anybody what to do.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:02
So in an ant colony, there's no one in charge,
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ืื– ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื ืžืœื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžื ื”ืœ,
01:05
and all systems like this without central control
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช
01:08
are regulated using very simple interactions.
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ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
01:12
Ants interact using smell.
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ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื—.
01:15
They smell with their antennae,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
01:17
and they interact with their antennae,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
01:20
so when one ant touches another with its antennae,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื ืžืœื” ืื—ืช ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืื—ืจืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื,
01:23
it can tell, for example, if the other ant
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื”ื ืžืœื” ื”ืื—ืจืช
01:24
is a nestmate
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืงืŸ
01:26
and what task that other ant has been doing.
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ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื ืžืœื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ืขื•ืฉื”.
01:30
So here you see a lot of ants moving around
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ืื– ืคื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช
01:33
and interacting in a lab arena
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ื•ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
01:35
that's connected by tubes to two other arenas.
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ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืชื™ ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:39
So when one ant meets another,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื ืžืœื” ืื—ืช ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ืื—ืจืช,
01:41
it doesn't matter which ant it meets,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื• ื ืžืœื” ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืฉืช,
01:43
and they're actually not transmitting
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืžืฉื“ืจื•ืช
01:45
any kind of complicated signal or message.
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ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื”.
01:49
All that matters to the ant is the rate
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืžืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฆื‘
01:51
at which it meets other ants.
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ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ื ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:54
And all of these interactions, taken together,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื™ื—ื“,
01:56
produce a network.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืจืฉืช.
01:59
So this is the network of the ants
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ืื– ื–ื• ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื
02:01
that you just saw moving around in the arena,
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ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืจื”,
02:04
and it's this constantly shifting network
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ื•ื–ื• ืจืฉืช ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
02:07
that produces the behavior of the colony,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”,
02:10
like whether all the ants are hiding inside the nest,
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ื›ืžื• ืื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืŸ,
02:12
or how many are going out to forage.
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ืื• ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜.
02:15
A brain actually works in the same way,
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ืžื•ื— ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš,
02:17
but what's great about ants is
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืคืœื ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื ื–ื”
02:18
that you can see the whole network as it happens.
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช.
02:23
There are more than 12,000 species of ants,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 12,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื,
02:26
in every conceivable environment,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช,
02:29
and they're using interactions differently
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื—ืจืช
02:31
to meet different environmental challenges.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:34
So one important environmental challenge
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ืื– ืืชื’ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ื“
02:36
that every system has to deal with
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื•
02:38
is operating costs, just what it takes
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ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืคืขื•ืœ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื” ื ื“ืจืฉ
02:40
to run the system.
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ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
02:42
And another environmental challenge is resources,
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ื•ืืชื’ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
02:45
finding them and collecting them.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื,
02:47
In the desert, operating costs are high
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ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
02:50
because water is scarce,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื,
02:52
and the seed-eating ants that I study in the desert
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ื•ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ
02:54
have to spend water to get water.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื.
02:57
So an ant outside foraging,
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ืื– ื ืžืœื” ืžืœืงื˜ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
02:59
searching for seeds in the hot sun,
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ืžื—ืคืฉืช ื–ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ืžื”,
03:01
just loses water into the air.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื‘ื“ืช ืžื™ื ืœืื•ื™ืจ.
03:03
But the colony gets its water
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžื™ื
03:05
by metabolizing the fats out of the seeds
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ืขื ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ืžื”ื–ืจืขื™ื
03:07
that they eat.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช.
03:09
So in this environment, interactions are used
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ืื– ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช
03:12
to activate foraging.
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ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื˜.
03:14
An outgoing forager doesn't go out unless
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ืžืœืงื˜ืช ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืืœื ืื
03:16
it gets enough interactions with returning foragers,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช,
03:18
and what you see are the returning foragers
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช
03:20
going into the tunnel, into the nest,
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ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืžื ื”ืจื”, ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืŸ,
03:22
and meeting outgoing foragers on their way out.
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ื•ืคื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
03:25
This makes sense for the ant colony,
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื,
03:26
because the more food there is out there,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื›ืœ,
03:29
the more quickly the foragers find it,
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ื”ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:31
the faster they come back,
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ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:32
and the more foragers they send out.
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
03:35
The system works to stay stopped,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืขืฆื•ืจื”,
03:37
unless something positive happens.
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ืืœื ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
03:39
So interactions function to activate foragers.
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ืื– ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช.
03:43
And we've been studying the evolution of this system.
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ื•ื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
03:46
First of all, there's variation.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
03:47
It turns out that colonies are different.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:50
On dry days, some colonies forage less,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช,
03:52
so colonies are different in how
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ืื– ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืš
03:54
they manage this trade-off
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ
03:55
between spending water to search for seeds
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืงื˜ ื–ืจืขื™ื
03:58
and getting water back in the form of seeds.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจืขื™ื.
04:02
And we're trying to understand why
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื”
04:03
some colonies forage less than others
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ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ืจื•ืช
04:05
by thinking about ants as neurons,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื ืžืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื,
04:08
using models from neuroscience.
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:10
So just as a neuron adds up its stimulation
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื•
04:13
from other neurons to decide whether to fire,
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ืžื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืœื™ืจื•ืช,
04:15
an ant adds up its stimulation from other ants
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ื ืžืœื” ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžื ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช
04:18
to decide whether to forage.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืœืœืงื˜.
04:20
And what we're looking for is whether there might be
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืื ื™ืฉ
04:21
small differences among colonies
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช
04:23
in how many interactions each ant needs
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื ืžืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”
04:27
before it's willing to go out and forage,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœืœืงื˜.
04:29
because a colony like that would forage less.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืชืœืงื˜ ืคื—ื•ืช.
04:32
And this raises an analogous question about brains.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื” ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช.
04:35
We talk about the brain,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
04:37
but of course every brain is slightly different,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื˜,
04:40
and maybe there are some individuals
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื
04:41
or some conditions
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ืื• ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื
04:42
in which the electrical properties of neurons are such
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื›ืืœื”
04:46
that they require more stimulus to fire,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืช.
04:50
and that would lead to differences in brain function.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช.
04:53
So in order to ask evolutionary questions,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
04:56
we need to know about reproductive success.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช.
04:58
This is a map of the study site
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ื–ื• ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
05:01
where I have been tracking this population
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ืฉื ืขืงื‘ืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
05:03
of harvester ant colonies for 28 years,
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 28 ืฉื ื™ื,
05:06
which is about as long as a colony lives.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.
05:09
Each symbol is a colony,
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ื›ืœ ืกืžืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”,
05:11
and the size of the symbol is how many offspring it had,
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”,
05:14
because we were able to use genetic variation
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
05:16
to match up parent and offspring colonies,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืฆืืฆื,
05:19
that is, to figure out which colonies
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”
05:22
were founded by a daughter queen
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ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืช ืžืœื›ื”
05:24
produced by which parent colony.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืื.
05:26
And this was amazing for me, after all these years,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
05:28
to find out, for example, that colony 154,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉืžื•ืฉื‘ื” 154,
05:31
whom I've known well for many years,
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ืฉื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื,
05:33
is a great-grandmother.
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ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ืชื ืจื‘ื”.
05:35
Here's her daughter colony,
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ื”ื ื” ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื”,
05:37
here's her granddaughter colony,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื›ื“ื” ืฉืœื”,
05:40
and these are her great-granddaughter colonies.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
05:42
And by doing this, I was able to learn
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืœืžื•ื“
05:44
that offspring colonies resemble parent colonies
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ืฉืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื
05:47
in their decisions about which days are so hot
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ื–ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื—ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš
05:49
that they don't forage,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช,
05:51
and the offspring of parent colonies
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ื•ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื”
05:53
live so far from each other that the ants never meet,
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช,
05:56
so the ants of the offspring colony
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ืื– ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช
05:58
can't be learning this from the parent colony.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื.
06:00
And so our next step is to look
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜
06:02
for the genetic variation underlying this resemblance.
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
06:07
So then I was able to ask, okay, who's doing better?
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืžื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ?
06:11
Over the time of the study,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
06:12
and especially in the past 10 years,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
06:14
there's been a very severe and deepening drought
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืขืžื•ืงื”
06:17
in the Southwestern U.S.,
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
06:19
and it turns out that the colonies that conserve water,
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืžื™ื,
06:22
that stay in when it's really hot outside,
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ืฉื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื›ืฉืžืžืฉ ื—ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
06:27
and thus sacrifice getting as much food as possible,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ,
06:29
are the ones more likely to have offspring colonies.
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ื”ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช.
06:32
So all this time, I thought that colony 154
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืžื•ืฉื‘ื” 154
06:35
was a loser, because on really dry days,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืคืกื™ื“ื ื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื,
06:37
there'd be just this trickle of foraging,
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ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื˜ืคื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื˜.
06:39
while the other colonies were out
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
06:41
foraging, getting lots of food,
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ืœื™ืงื˜ื•, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ื›ืœ,
06:43
but in fact, colony 154 is a huge success.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” 154 ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
06:46
She's a matriarch.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ื™ืช.
06:47
She's one of the rare great-grandmothers on the site.
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช-ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ.
06:50
To my knowledge, this is the first time
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ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื™, ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
06:53
that we've been able to track
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘
06:55
the ongoing evolution of collective behavior
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
06:58
in a natural population of animals
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ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช
07:00
and find out what's actually working best.
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ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:04
Now, the Internet uses an algorithm
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื
07:07
to regulate the flow of data
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
07:10
that's very similar to the one
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ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”
07:12
that the harvester ants are using to regulate
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ืฉื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจ
07:14
the flow of foragers.
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ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช.
07:16
And guess what we call this analogy?
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื• ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•?
07:19
The anternet is coming.
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ื”ืื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžื’ื™ืข.
07:21
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:23
So data doesn't leave the source computer
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ืื– ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ
07:26
unless it gets a signal that there's enough bandwidth
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ืืœื ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืคืก
07:29
for it to travel on.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื•.
07:32
In the early days of the Internet,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
07:33
when operating costs were really high
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ื›ืฉืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
07:35
and it was really important not to lose any data,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืœืื‘ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข,
07:38
then the system was set up for interactions
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ืื– ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
07:41
to activate the flow of data.
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ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
07:44
It's interesting that the ants are using an algorithm
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ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื
07:46
that's so similar to the one that we recently invented,
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ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
07:50
but this is only one of a handful of ant algorithms
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื
07:53
that we know about,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื,
07:54
and ants have had 130 million years
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื 130 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
07:58
to evolve a lot of good ones,
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ืœืคืชื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:00
and I think it's very likely
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจื™
08:01
that some of the other 12,000 species
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ืฉืœื›ืžื” ืž 12,800 ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
08:04
are going to have interesting algorithms
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
08:06
for data networks
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ืœืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข
08:07
that we haven't even thought of yet.
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื.
08:10
So what happens when operating costs are low?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช?
08:13
Operating costs are low in the tropics,
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ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื,
08:15
because it's very humid, and it's easy for the ants
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืœื—, ื•ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœื ืžืœื™ื
08:17
to be outside walking around.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
08:20
But the ants are so abundant
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช
08:22
and diverse in the tropics
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ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืคื™
08:23
that there's a lot of competition.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
08:26
Whatever resource one species is using,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ ืฉืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•
08:28
another species is likely to be using that
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ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื’ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ
08:31
at the same time.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
08:33
So in this environment, interactions are used
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ืื– ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช
08:36
in the opposite way.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื”.
08:38
The system keeps going
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื”
08:39
unless something negative happens,
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ืืœื ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืงื•ืจื”,
08:41
and one species that I study makes circuits
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ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื
08:43
in the trees of foraging ants
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ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช
08:45
going from the nest to a food source and back,
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืžื”ืงืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื–ืจื”,
08:48
just round and round,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ื—ื–ื•ืจ,
08:50
unless something negative happens,
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ืืœื ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืงื•ืจื”,
08:51
like an interaction
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ื›ืžื• ืžืคื’ืฉ
08:53
with ants of another species.
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ืขื ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
08:55
So here's an example of ant security.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื ืžืœื™ื.
08:58
In the middle, there's an ant
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ื™ืฉ ื ืžืœื”
09:00
plugging the nest entrance with its head
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ืื•ื˜ืžืช ืืช ื”ืงืŸ ืขื ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื”
09:03
in response to interactions with another species.
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
09:06
Those are the little ones running around
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ืืœื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆื•ืช
09:07
with their abdomens up in the air.
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ืขื ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
09:10
But as soon as the threat is passed,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืื™ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ,
09:12
the entrance is open again,
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ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืฉื•ื‘,
09:15
and maybe there are situations
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื
09:17
in computer security
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ื‘ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
09:18
where operating costs are low enough
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ืฉื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง
09:20
that we could just block access temporarily
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืœื—ืกื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื”
09:23
in response to an immediate threat,
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื™ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™,
09:25
and then open it again,
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ื•ืื– ืœืคืชื•ื— ืฉื•ื‘,
09:27
instead of trying to build
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
09:29
a permanent firewall or fortress.
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ื—ื•ืžืช ืืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืื• ืžื‘ืฆืจ.
09:33
So another environmental challenge
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ืื– ืืชื’ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืื—ืจ
09:35
that all systems have to deal with
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื•
09:36
is resources, finding and collecting them.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื.
09:42
And to do this, ants solve the problem
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื ืžืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื”
09:44
of collective search,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
09:45
and this is a problem that's of great interest
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
09:46
right now in robotics,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
09:48
because we've understood that,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื•,
09:50
rather than sending a single,
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ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“,
09:51
sophisticated, expensive robot out
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ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ื•ื™ืงืจ
09:55
to explore another planet
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ
09:56
or to search a burning building,
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ืื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืขืจ,
09:59
that instead, it may be more effective
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ
10:01
to get a group of cheaper robots
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ืœืงื—ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:06
exchanging only minimal information,
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ืฉืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืจืง ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
10:08
and that's the way that ants do it.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื ืžืœื™ื ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
10:11
So the invasive Argentine ant
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ืื– ื”ื ืžืœื” ื”ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉืช
10:13
makes expandable search networks.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
10:15
They're good at dealing with the main problem
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ื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช
10:17
of collective search,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
10:19
which is the trade-off between
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:21
searching very thoroughly
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™
10:23
and covering a lot of ground.
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ื•ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
10:25
And what they do is,
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10:25
when there are many ants in a small space,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ื”,
ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ,
10:28
then each one can search very thoroughly
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
10:30
because there will be another ant nearby
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื ืžืœื” ืื—ืจืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื”
10:32
searching over there,
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ืฉืžื—ืคืฉืช ืฉื,
10:33
but when there are a few ants
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื ืžืœื™ื
10:35
in a large space,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
10:37
then they need to stretch out their paths
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
10:39
to cover more ground.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:41
I think they use interactions to assess density,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช,
10:44
so when they're really crowded,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช,
10:45
they meet more often,
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ื”ืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:46
and they search more thoroughly.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
10:49
Different ant species must use different algorithms,
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ืžื™ื ื™ ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
10:52
because they've evolved to deal with
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื
10:55
different resources,
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ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
10:56
and it could be really useful to know about this,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื–ื”,
10:59
and so we recently asked ants
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ืื– ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื ืžืœื™ื
11:01
to solve the collective search problem
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ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
11:03
in the extreme environment
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช
11:04
of microgravity
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื• ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
11:06
in the International Space Station.
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ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
11:08
When I first saw this picture, I thought,
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ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
11:09
Oh no, they've mounted the habitat vertically,
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ืื•ื™ ืœื, ื”ื ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืื ื›ื™ืช,
11:12
but then I realized that, of course, it doesn't matter.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื‘ื ืชื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
11:15
So the idea here is that the ants
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืœื™ื
11:18
are working so hard to hang on
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉ
11:19
to the wall or the floor or whatever you call it
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ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืœืจืฆืคื” ืื• ืื™ืš ืฉืชืงืจืื• ืœื–ื”
11:23
that they're less likely to interact,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืชืงืฉืจื•,
11:26
and so the relationship between
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ
11:27
how crowded they are and how often they meet
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ื›ืžื” ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช
11:29
would be messed up.
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ื™ืชื‘ืœื’ืŸ.
11:31
We're still analyzing the data.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
11:32
I don't have the results yet.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
11:34
But it would be interesting to know
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช
11:36
how other species solve this problem
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ืื™ืš ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
11:38
in different environments on Earth,
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
11:41
and so we're setting up a program
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
11:42
to encourage kids around the world
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ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
11:44
to try this experiment with different species.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืขื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
11:47
It's very simple.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
11:48
It can be done with cheap materials.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื.
11:51
And that way, we could make a global map
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืคื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
11:53
of ant collective search algorithms.
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ืฉืœ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืœื™ื.
11:57
And I think it's pretty likely that the invasive species,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื,
11:59
the ones that come into our buildings,
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ืืœื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
12:01
are going to be really good at this,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”,
12:03
because they're in your kitchen
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืœื›ื
12:05
because they're really good at finding food and water.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื.
12:09
So the most familiar resource for ants
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ืื– ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ืžืœื™ื
12:12
is a picnic,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืงื ื™ืง,
12:13
and this is a clustered resource.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืื‘ ืžืงื•ื‘ืฅ.
12:16
When there's one piece of fruit,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื™ืกื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™,
12:17
there's likely to be another piece of fruit nearby,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
12:19
and the ants that specialize on clustered resources
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ื•ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ื
12:23
use interactions for recruitment.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื’ื™ื•ืก.
12:24
So when one ant meets another,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื ืžืœื” ืื—ืช ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ืื—ืจืช,
12:26
or when it meets a chemical deposited
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ืื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ื”ืคืงื“ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช
12:27
on the ground by another,
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ืฉืœ ืื—ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
12:29
then it changes direction to follow
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘
12:31
in the direction of the interaction,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช,
12:32
and that's how you get the trail of ants
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ื•ื›ืš ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื
12:34
sharing your picnic.
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ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืงื ื™ืง ืฉืœื›ื.
12:36
Now this is a place where I think we might be able
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
12:38
to learn something from ants about cancer.
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
12:41
I mean, first, it's obvious that we could do a lot
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”
12:43
to prevent cancer
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกืจื˜ืŸ
12:45
by not allowing people to spread around
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคื–ืจ
12:47
or sell the toxins that promote
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ืื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืงื“ืžื™ื
12:49
the evolution of cancer in our bodies,
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ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
12:52
but I don't think the ants can help us much with this
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื ื–ื”
12:55
because ants never poison their own colonies.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืžืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืจืขื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
12:58
But we might be able to learn something from ants
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ื ืžืœื™ื
12:59
about treating cancer.
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ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
13:01
There are many different kinds of cancer.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
13:03
Each one originates in a particular part of the body,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
13:06
and then some kinds of cancer will spread
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ื•ืื– ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ื•
13:09
or metastasize to particular other tissues
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ืื• ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜
13:12
where they must be getting resources that they need.
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ืฉื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
13:15
So if you think from the perspective
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ืื– ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜
13:17
of early metastatic cancer cells
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ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืจืชื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื
13:19
as they're out searching around
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
13:20
for the resources that they need,
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ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื,
13:23
if those resources are clustered,
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ืื ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ื,
13:25
they're likely to use interactions for recruitment,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื’ื™ื•ืก,
13:28
and if we can figure out how cancer cells are recruiting,
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ื•ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื,
13:31
then maybe we could set traps
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช
13:33
to catch them before they become established.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืชืžืงืžื™ื.
13:37
So ants are using interactions in different ways
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ืื– ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
13:40
in a huge variety of environments,
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ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
13:43
and we could learn from this
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื–ื”
13:45
about other systems that operate
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ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช
13:47
without central control.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
13:49
Using only simple interactions,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช,
13:51
ant colonies have been performing
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ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื•
13:53
amazing feats for more than 130 million years.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 130 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
13:56
We have a lot to learn from them.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืŸ.
13:58
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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