Deborah Gordon: What ants teach us about the brain, cancer and the Internet

78,446 views ใƒป 2014-05-13

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sungho Yoo ๊ฒ€ํ† : Gemma Lee
00:13
I study ants
0
13099
1619
์ €๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
in the desert, in the tropical forest
1
14718
3297
์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ, ์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ์ง€์—ญ,
00:18
and in my kitchen,
2
18015
1528
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ์ง‘ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:19
and in the hills around Silicon Valley where I live.
3
19543
4020
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€์š”.
00:23
I've recently realized that ants
4
23563
1676
์ €๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด
00:25
are using interactions differently
5
25239
2278
ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
00:27
in different environments,
6
27517
1828
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
and that got me thinking that we could learn from this
7
29345
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
00:31
about other systems,
8
31345
1555
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ๋‚˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
00:32
like brains and data networks that we engineer,
9
32900
5588
์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์•”๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
00:38
and even cancer.
10
38488
2846
์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
So what all these systems have in common
11
41334
1752
์ž, ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์€
00:43
is that there's no central control.
12
43086
2857
์ค‘์•™ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
An ant colony consists of sterile female workers --
13
45943
3820
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์ƒ์‹ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์•”์ปท ์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๊ณผ,--
00:49
those are the ants you see walking around โ€”
14
49763
2386
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์œ„์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.--
00:52
and then one or more reproductive females
15
52149
2156
ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ž€๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
00:54
who just lay the eggs.
16
54305
2103
์•”์ปท ์ƒ์‹ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
They don't give any instructions.
17
56408
2009
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
Even though they're called queens,
18
58417
1984
๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ผ ํ•  ์ง€๋ผ๋„,
01:00
they don't tell anybody what to do.
19
60401
2165
๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฌด์–ผํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
So in an ant colony, there's no one in charge,
20
62566
3276
๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ฒด์—๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
and all systems like this without central control
21
65842
2778
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ค‘์•™ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฒด์ œ๋“ค์€
01:08
are regulated using very simple interactions.
22
68620
3919
์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์†Œํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
Ants interact using smell.
23
72549
2727
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜์ง€์š”.
01:15
They smell with their antennae,
24
75276
2187
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋”๋“ฌ์ด๋กœ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ 
01:17
and they interact with their antennae,
25
77463
2761
๋”๋“ฌ์ด๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
so when one ant touches another with its antennae,
26
80224
3009
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”๋“ฌ์ด๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ
01:23
it can tell, for example, if the other ant
27
83233
1607
์ ‘์ด‰ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€
01:24
is a nestmate
28
84840
1634
์ง‘์•ˆ์‹๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€,
01:26
and what task that other ant has been doing.
29
86474
4236
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
So here you see a lot of ants moving around
30
90710
3200
์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์œก์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ
01:33
and interacting in a lab arena
31
93910
1933
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ์œก์žฅ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
01:35
that's connected by tubes to two other arenas.
32
95843
3438
์„œ๋กœ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
So when one ant meets another,
33
99281
2504
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด,
01:41
it doesn't matter which ant it meets,
34
101785
2089
์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜๋“ ์ง€์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด,
01:43
and they're actually not transmitting
35
103874
1885
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€๋ฅผ
01:45
any kind of complicated signal or message.
36
105759
3465
์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
All that matters to the ant is the rate
37
109224
2111
๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค์ง
01:51
at which it meets other ants.
38
111335
2821
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ํšŸ์ˆ˜ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
And all of these interactions, taken together,
39
114156
2757
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋งŒ๋‚จ๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฉด
01:56
produce a network.
40
116913
2505
๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€์ฃ .
01:59
So this is the network of the ants
41
119418
2210
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๊นŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์…จ๋˜, ์‚ฌ์œก์žฅ์—์„œ ์›€์ง์ด๋˜
02:01
that you just saw moving around in the arena,
42
121628
2644
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
and it's this constantly shifting network
43
124272
3287
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€
02:07
that produces the behavior of the colony,
44
127559
2520
๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์ง‘์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€,
02:10
like whether all the ants are hiding inside the nest,
45
130079
2881
๋ช‡ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
02:12
or how many are going out to forage.
46
132960
2694
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ฃ .
02:15
A brain actually works in the same way,
47
135654
1759
์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‡Œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
but what's great about ants is
48
137413
1500
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ ์€
02:18
that you can see the whole network as it happens.
49
138913
4867
์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ฃ .
02:23
There are more than 12,000 species of ants,
50
143780
3100
ํ˜„์žฌ 12,000์ข… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด
02:26
in every conceivable environment,
51
146880
2125
๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
and they're using interactions differently
52
149005
2649
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
02:31
to meet different environmental challenges.
53
151654
2768
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œํ†ต๋ฒ•์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
So one important environmental challenge
54
154422
2305
๋ชจ๋“  ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ค„์•ผ ํ• 
02:36
that every system has to deal with
55
156727
1870
ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
02:38
is operating costs, just what it takes
56
158597
2083
์šด์˜๋น„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
to run the system.
57
160680
2265
์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’์ด์ฃ .
02:42
And another environmental challenge is resources,
58
162945
2548
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ์ž์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
finding them and collecting them.
59
165493
2336
์ž์›๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ๋ชจ์•„์™€์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
02:47
In the desert, operating costs are high
60
167829
2783
์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
02:50
because water is scarce,
61
170612
1773
์šด์˜๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
and the seed-eating ants that I study in the desert
62
172385
2499
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์”จ์•—์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€
02:54
have to spend water to get water.
63
174884
2900
๋ฌผ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์„ ์จ์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:57
So an ant outside foraging,
64
177784
2139
๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”,
02:59
searching for seeds in the hot sun,
65
179923
2037
๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ํƒœ์–‘ ์•„๋ž˜์„œ ์”จ์•—์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š”
03:01
just loses water into the air.
66
181960
2007
๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋บ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
But the colony gets its water
67
183967
1664
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋Š”
03:05
by metabolizing the fats out of the seeds
68
185631
1766
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์”จ์•—์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„
03:07
that they eat.
69
187397
1934
๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌผ์„ ์–ป์ฃ .
03:09
So in this environment, interactions are used
70
189331
3159
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ ์†Œํ†ต์€
03:12
to activate foraging.
71
192490
1549
๋จน์ด์ฑ„์ง‘์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
An outgoing forager doesn't go out unless
72
194039
2264
๋Œ์•„์˜จ ์ฑ„์ง‘๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์ƒ,
03:16
it gets enough interactions with returning foragers,
73
196303
2573
์ฑ„์ง‘๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๊ตด ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
and what you see are the returning foragers
74
198876
1990
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ์ฑ„์ง‘์ž๋“ค์ด
03:20
going into the tunnel, into the nest,
75
200866
1824
๊ตด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ,
03:22
and meeting outgoing foragers on their way out.
76
202690
2636
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฑ„์ง‘๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
This makes sense for the ant colony,
77
205326
1623
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ฒด์—๊ฒ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
because the more food there is out there,
78
206949
2323
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ–์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก,
03:29
the more quickly the foragers find it,
79
209272
1851
์ฑ„์ง‘์ž๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ฐพ์•„ ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:31
the faster they come back,
80
211123
1236
๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ์•„์™€,
03:32
and the more foragers they send out.
81
212359
2801
๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฑ„์ง‘์ž๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
The system works to stay stopped,
82
215160
2507
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋จน์ด ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์ด ์ž˜ ์•ˆ๋˜๋ฉด
03:37
unless something positive happens.
83
217667
2015
์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
So interactions function to activate foragers.
84
219682
3881
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์†Œํ†ต์€ ์ฑ„์ง‘๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
And we've been studying the evolution of this system.
85
223563
2907
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
First of all, there's variation.
86
226470
1091
๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
It turns out that colonies are different.
87
227561
2479
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
On dry days, some colonies forage less,
88
230040
2696
๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ๋‚ ์—”, ์–ด๋–ค ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์€ ๋จน์ด ํฌ์ง‘์„ ๋œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ฃ .
03:52
so colonies are different in how
89
232736
1505
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์€
03:54
they manage this trade-off
90
234241
1354
์”จ์•—์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
03:55
between spending water to search for seeds
91
235595
3168
์”จ์•—์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ
03:58
and getting water back in the form of seeds.
92
238763
3320
๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
And we're trying to understand why
93
242083
1719
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์™œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋“ค์€
04:03
some colonies forage less than others
94
243802
2140
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฑ„์ง‘์„ ๋œ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
04:05
by thinking about ants as neurons,
95
245942
2325
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ 
04:08
using models from neuroscience.
96
248267
2338
์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
So just as a neuron adds up its stimulation
97
250605
2674
์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
04:13
from other neurons to decide whether to fire,
98
253279
2006
๋ฐ›์€ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋”ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด
04:15
an ant adds up its stimulation from other ants
99
255285
2885
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ž๊ทน์„ ํ•ฉ์ณ์„œ
04:18
to decide whether to forage.
100
258170
2023
๋จน์ด์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
And what we're looking for is whether there might be
101
260193
1637
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ
04:21
small differences among colonies
102
261830
1992
์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์—
04:23
in how many interactions each ant needs
103
263822
3314
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์ด ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์—
04:27
before it's willing to go out and forage,
104
267136
1926
์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:29
because a colony like that would forage less.
105
269062
3767
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋Š” ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ๋œ ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
And this raises an analogous question about brains.
106
272829
3139
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์ฃ .
04:35
We talk about the brain,
107
275968
1412
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
04:37
but of course every brain is slightly different,
108
277380
2890
๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ,
04:40
and maybe there are some individuals
109
280270
1379
์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํŠน์ • ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜, ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ,
04:41
or some conditions
110
281649
1319
์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ
04:42
in which the electrical properties of neurons are such
111
282968
3222
๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๊ทน์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
04:46
that they require more stimulus to fire,
112
286190
3870
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‡Œ์ƒํƒœ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
and that would lead to differences in brain function.
113
290060
3726
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
04:53
So in order to ask evolutionary questions,
114
293786
2334
์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
04:56
we need to know about reproductive success.
115
296120
2679
๋ฒˆ์‹ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
This is a map of the study site
116
298799
2325
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตฐ์ฒด์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด
05:01
where I have been tracking this population
117
301124
2553
์‹œ๊ฐ„์ธ 28๋…„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ์›”๋™์•ˆ,
05:03
of harvester ant colonies for 28 years,
118
303677
3293
์ฑ„์ง‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด ์˜จ
05:06
which is about as long as a colony lives.
119
306970
2262
์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
Each symbol is a colony,
120
309232
2099
๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ
05:11
and the size of the symbol is how many offspring it had,
121
311331
3266
์ ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
because we were able to use genetic variation
122
314597
1913
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด
05:16
to match up parent and offspring colonies,
123
316510
2711
๋ชจ ๊ตฐ์ฒด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๋”ธ์ธ ์—ฌ์™• ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์šด
05:19
that is, to figure out which colonies
124
319221
3297
๊ตฐ์ฒด์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
05:22
were founded by a daughter queen
125
322518
1925
๋ชจ ๊ตฐ์ฒด์™€ ์ž์‹ ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”
05:24
produced by which parent colony.
126
324443
2068
์œ ์ „ ๋ณ€์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
And this was amazing for me, after all these years,
127
326511
2002
์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋žœ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฐํžˆ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:28
to find out, for example, that colony 154,
128
328513
3128
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ์˜จ
05:31
whom I've known well for many years,
129
331641
2176
๊ตฐ์ฒด154๋Š”
05:33
is a great-grandmother.
130
333817
1819
์ฆ์กฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
Here's her daughter colony,
131
335636
1740
์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋”ธ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฒด์ด๊ณ 
05:37
here's her granddaughter colony,
132
337376
2684
์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์†๋…€์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฒด์ด๊ณ 
05:40
and these are her great-granddaughter colonies.
133
340060
2392
์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฆ์†๋…€์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
And by doing this, I was able to learn
134
342452
2025
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ €๋Š” ์ž์†๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€
05:44
that offspring colonies resemble parent colonies
135
344477
3283
์–ด๋–ค ๋‚ ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋”์›Œ์„œ
05:47
in their decisions about which days are so hot
136
347760
2217
๋จน์ด ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ
05:49
that they don't forage,
137
349977
1778
๋ชจ ๊ตฐ์ฒด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
and the offspring of parent colonies
138
351755
1464
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ ๊ตฐ์ฒด์˜ ์ž์†๋“ค์€
05:53
live so far from each other that the ants never meet,
139
353219
2906
์„œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋งŒํผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
so the ants of the offspring colony
140
356125
2289
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์† ๊ตฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€
05:58
can't be learning this from the parent colony.
141
358414
2244
๋ชจ ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ฃ .
06:00
And so our next step is to look
142
360658
1381
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š”
06:02
for the genetic variation underlying this resemblance.
143
362039
5276
์ด ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์œ ์ „๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
So then I was able to ask, okay, who's doing better?
144
367315
4125
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ž˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
Over the time of the study,
145
371440
1460
์ „์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
06:12
and especially in the past 10 years,
146
372900
1465
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„
06:14
there's been a very severe and deepening drought
147
374365
3308
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—
06:17
in the Southwestern U.S.,
148
377673
2127
์•„์ฃผ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
and it turns out that the colonies that conserve water,
149
379800
3053
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•ด ๋†“์•˜๋˜ ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋“ค์€
06:22
that stay in when it's really hot outside,
150
382853
4429
์•„์ฃผ ๋”์šด ๋‚  ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ง‘ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ง€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
06:27
and thus sacrifice getting as much food as possible,
151
387282
2632
๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
06:29
are the ones more likely to have offspring colonies.
152
389914
2945
๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…์กฑ ๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
So all this time, I thought that colony 154
153
392859
2269
์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป, ์ €๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ฒด154๊ฐ€
06:35
was a loser, because on really dry days,
154
395128
2670
ํŒจ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ๋‚ ์€
06:37
there'd be just this trickle of foraging,
155
397798
1868
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ 
06:39
while the other colonies were out
156
399666
1591
๋งŽ์€ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
06:41
foraging, getting lots of food,
157
401257
2117
๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
06:43
but in fact, colony 154 is a huge success.
158
403374
3020
์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ตฐ์ฒด154๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ž‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
She's a matriarch.
159
406394
1332
์•”์ปท ์šฐ๋‘๋จธ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฉฐ
06:47
She's one of the rare great-grandmothers on the site.
160
407726
3052
๊ตฐ์ฒด์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์ฆ์กฐ๋ชจ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
To my knowledge, this is the first time
161
410778
2785
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ
06:53
that we've been able to track
162
413563
1639
๋™๋ฌผ ์ž์—ฐ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์—์„œ
06:55
the ongoing evolution of collective behavior
163
415202
3001
์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ
06:58
in a natural population of animals
164
418203
2117
์ถ”์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
07:00
and find out what's actually working best.
165
420320
4657
๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
Now, the Internet uses an algorithm
166
424977
2421
ํ˜„์žฌ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:07
to regulate the flow of data
167
427398
2853
์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
07:10
that's very similar to the one
168
430251
2227
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด
07:12
that the harvester ants are using to regulate
169
432478
2376
์ฑ„์ง‘๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
07:14
the flow of foragers.
170
434854
1541
๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
And guess what we call this analogy?
171
436395
3366
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:19
The anternet is coming.
172
439761
1518
์ €๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ๋‚˜๋„ค์š”.
07:21
(Applause)
173
441279
1721
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
07:23
So data doesn't leave the source computer
174
443000
3454
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
07:26
unless it gets a signal that there's enough bandwidth
175
446454
2861
๋Œ€์—ญํญ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
07:29
for it to travel on.
176
449315
2729
์›๋ž˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
In the early days of the Internet,
177
452044
1441
์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
07:33
when operating costs were really high
178
453485
2274
์šด์˜๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น„์‹ธ์„œ
07:35
and it was really important not to lose any data,
179
455759
3227
๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
then the system was set up for interactions
180
458986
2157
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
07:41
to activate the flow of data.
181
461143
3062
์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
It's interesting that the ants are using an algorithm
182
464205
2385
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ทผ๋ž˜์— ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
07:46
that's so similar to the one that we recently invented,
183
466590
3896
๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ง€๋งŒ
07:50
but this is only one of a handful of ant algorithms
184
470486
2953
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
07:53
that we know about,
185
473439
1419
๋ช‡ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
and ants have had 130 million years
186
474858
3193
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” 1์–ต 3์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
07:58
to evolve a lot of good ones,
187
478051
2026
๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ
08:00
and I think it's very likely
188
480077
1506
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”
08:01
that some of the other 12,000 species
189
481583
2557
๋‹ค๋ฅธ 12,000์ข… ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š”
08:04
are going to have interesting algorithms
190
484140
2697
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•œ
08:06
for data networks
191
486837
1024
ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„
08:07
that we haven't even thought of yet.
192
487861
2697
์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
So what happens when operating costs are low?
193
490558
3085
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šด์˜๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
08:13
Operating costs are low in the tropics,
194
493643
1787
์—ด๋Œ€์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šด์˜๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:15
because it's very humid, and it's easy for the ants
195
495430
2096
์•„์ฃผ ์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด
08:17
to be outside walking around.
196
497526
2824
๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
But the ants are so abundant
197
500350
1653
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š”
08:22
and diverse in the tropics
198
502003
1818
์—ด๋Œ€์— ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ด์„œ
08:23
that there's a lot of competition.
199
503821
2598
๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์น˜์—ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
Whatever resource one species is using,
200
506419
1952
์–ด๋–ค ์ž์›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋“ 
08:28
another species is likely to be using that
201
508371
3172
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ ์ž์›์„
08:31
at the same time.
202
511543
2379
๋™์‹œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
So in this environment, interactions are used
203
513922
2608
์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์†์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„
08:36
in the opposite way.
204
516530
1945
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
The system keeps going
205
518475
1395
ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ
08:39
unless something negative happens,
206
519870
1554
์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
and one species that I study makes circuits
207
521424
2167
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š”
08:43
in the trees of foraging ants
208
523591
2159
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™€ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ 
08:45
going from the nest to a food source and back,
209
525750
2981
๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
08:48
just round and round,
210
528731
1329
๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
unless something negative happens,
211
530060
1442
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€
08:51
like an interaction
212
531502
1609
์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ํ•  ๋•Œ
08:53
with ants of another species.
213
533111
2739
๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
So here's an example of ant security.
214
535850
2937
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:58
In the middle, there's an ant
215
538787
1858
์ค‘์•™์— ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
09:00
plugging the nest entrance with its head
216
540645
2463
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ข…๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
09:03
in response to interactions with another species.
217
543108
2993
๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ง‘ ์ž…๊ตฌ์— ์ง‘์–ด ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:06
Those are the little ones running around
218
546101
1659
์ž‘์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์น˜์ผœ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ
09:07
with their abdomens up in the air.
219
547760
2751
๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
But as soon as the threat is passed,
220
550511
2046
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆ์ฒญ๊ฐ์ด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ž ๋งˆ์ž
09:12
the entrance is open again,
221
552557
2755
์ž…๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
and maybe there are situations
222
555312
1790
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ณด์•ˆ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—๋„
09:17
in computer security
223
557102
1089
์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
09:18
where operating costs are low enough
224
558191
2206
์šด์˜๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:20
that we could just block access temporarily
225
560397
3375
๊ธ‰์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
09:23
in response to an immediate threat,
226
563772
2193
์ž ์‹œ ์ ‘์†์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•œ ๋’ค
09:25
and then open it again,
227
565965
2026
๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
instead of trying to build
228
567991
1269
์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉํ™”๋ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ
09:29
a permanent firewall or fortress.
229
569260
3980
์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:33
So another environmental challenge
230
573240
1940
๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”
09:35
that all systems have to deal with
231
575180
1695
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ๋‚œ์ œ๋Š”
09:36
is resources, finding and collecting them.
232
576875
5452
์ž์›์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
And to do this, ants solve the problem
233
582327
1673
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€
09:44
of collective search,
234
584000
1258
๊ณต๋™์ˆ˜์ƒ‰์„ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
and this is a problem that's of great interest
235
585258
1576
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ณตํ•™์—์„œ๋„
09:46
right now in robotics,
236
586834
1484
์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฐ
09:48
because we've understood that,
237
588318
1732
๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
09:50
rather than sending a single,
238
590050
1614
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
09:51
sophisticated, expensive robot out
239
591664
3495
ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
09:55
to explore another planet
240
595159
1417
์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ’๋น„์‹ผ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฅผ
09:56
or to search a burning building,
241
596576
2567
๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
09:59
that instead, it may be more effective
242
599143
2600
์ตœ์†Œ ์ •๋ณด๋งŒ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:01
to get a group of cheaper robots
243
601743
4377
๊ฐ’์‹ผ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
10:06
exchanging only minimal information,
244
606120
2545
๋” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
and that's the way that ants do it.
245
608665
2799
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
So the invasive Argentine ant
246
611464
1765
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์นจ์ž…์„ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š”
10:13
makes expandable search networks.
247
613229
2330
์ˆ˜์ƒ‰๋ง์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„“ํž™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
They're good at dealing with the main problem
248
615559
2273
์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋™์ˆ˜์ƒ‰์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
10:17
of collective search,
249
617832
1331
์ž˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
10:19
which is the trade-off between
250
619163
2566
๊ทธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋นˆํ‹ˆ์—†์ด ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
10:21
searching very thoroughly
251
621729
1336
๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
10:23
and covering a lot of ground.
252
623065
1997
๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
And what they do is,
253
625062
895
10:25
when there are many ants in a small space,
254
625957
2387
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
์ข์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”
10:28
then each one can search very thoroughly
255
628344
2213
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ €๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฒ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:30
because there will be another ant nearby
256
630557
1624
๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์—์„œ
10:32
searching over there,
257
632181
1357
๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
but when there are a few ants
258
633538
1647
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
10:35
in a large space,
259
635185
2055
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ ์œผ๋ฉด
10:37
then they need to stretch out their paths
260
637240
2414
๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:39
to cover more ground.
261
639654
1803
๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
I think they use interactions to assess density,
262
641457
2954
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
so when they're really crowded,
263
644411
1229
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”
10:45
they meet more often,
264
645640
1102
๋” ์ž์ฃผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ 
10:46
and they search more thoroughly.
265
646742
2465
๋” ์ฒ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
Different ant species must use different algorithms,
266
649207
3400
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ข…์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
10:52
because they've evolved to deal with
267
652607
2522
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก
10:55
different resources,
268
655129
1671
์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด ์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
and it could be really useful to know about this,
269
656800
2559
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
and so we recently asked ants
270
659359
1642
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
11:01
to solve the collective search problem
271
661001
2450
๊ตญ์ œ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
11:03
in the extreme environment
272
663451
1368
๊ทน๋ฏธ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ทนํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
11:04
of microgravity
273
664819
1558
๊ณต๋™์ˆ˜์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
11:06
in the International Space Station.
274
666377
1976
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฒญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
When I first saw this picture, I thought,
275
668353
1545
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”
11:09
Oh no, they've mounted the habitat vertically,
276
669898
2857
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
11:12
but then I realized that, of course, it doesn't matter.
277
672755
2618
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์•„๋ฌด ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
So the idea here is that the ants
278
675373
2637
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€
11:18
are working so hard to hang on
279
678010
1970
๋ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—
11:19
to the wall or the floor or whatever you call it
280
679980
3057
๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํž˜์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
11:23
that they're less likely to interact,
281
683037
3009
๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
and so the relationship between
282
686046
1244
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€์ง€
11:27
how crowded they are and how often they meet
283
687290
2120
์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š”
11:29
would be messed up.
284
689410
1725
์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
We're still analyzing the data.
285
691135
1395
์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
11:32
I don't have the results yet.
286
692530
1964
์•„์ง ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
But it would be interesting to know
287
694494
1694
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
11:36
how other species solve this problem
288
696188
2459
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
11:38
in different environments on Earth,
289
698647
2564
์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
and so we're setting up a program
290
701211
1266
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:42
to encourage kids around the world
291
702477
2160
์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•ด์„œ
11:44
to try this experiment with different species.
292
704637
2536
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
It's very simple.
293
707173
1767
์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ 
11:48
It can be done with cheap materials.
294
708940
2090
๊ฐ’์‹ผ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
And that way, we could make a global map
295
711030
2833
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ๊ณต๋™์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜
11:53
of ant collective search algorithms.
296
713863
3347
์ „์ฒด ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
And I think it's pretty likely that the invasive species,
297
717210
2483
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š”
11:59
the ones that come into our buildings,
298
719693
2149
์นจ์ž…์„ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…๋“ค์ด
12:01
are going to be really good at this,
299
721842
1742
์ด์ผ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ํ• ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:03
because they're in your kitchen
300
723584
1848
์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:05
because they're really good at finding food and water.
301
725432
3907
๋จน์ด์™€ ๋ฌผ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
So the most familiar resource for ants
302
729339
3265
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์นœ๊ทผํ•œ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ์€
12:12
is a picnic,
303
732604
1315
์†Œํ’์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
and this is a clustered resource.
304
733919
2145
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ํ’์„ฑํ•œ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ์ด์ฃ .
12:16
When there's one piece of fruit,
305
736064
999
๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณผ์ผ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:17
there's likely to be another piece of fruit nearby,
306
737063
2515
๊ทธ ์˜†์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
and the ants that specialize on clustered resources
307
739578
3432
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋จน์ด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š”
12:23
use interactions for recruitment.
308
743010
1942
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ์œผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:24
So when one ant meets another,
309
744952
1277
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
12:26
or when it meets a chemical deposited
310
746229
1625
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€
12:27
on the ground by another,
311
747854
1736
๋•…์— ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚  ๋•Œ๋Š”
12:29
then it changes direction to follow
312
749590
1833
์†Œํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ
12:31
in the direction of the interaction,
313
751423
1573
๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
and that's how you get the trail of ants
314
752996
1977
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด
12:34
sharing your picnic.
315
754973
1413
์†Œํ’์„ ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:36
Now this is a place where I think we might be able
316
756386
1695
์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
12:38
to learn something from ants about cancer.
317
758081
3741
๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
I mean, first, it's obvious that we could do a lot
318
761822
1981
์ œ๋ง์€ ๋จผ์ € ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•”์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
12:43
to prevent cancer
319
763803
1610
๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
12:45
by not allowing people to spread around
320
765413
2577
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
12:47
or sell the toxins that promote
321
767990
1944
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์•”์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š”
12:49
the evolution of cancer in our bodies,
322
769934
2780
๋…์†Œ๋ฅผ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
but I don't think the ants can help us much with this
323
772714
2346
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์™€ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:55
because ants never poison their own colonies.
324
775060
3358
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
But we might be able to learn something from ants
325
778418
1332
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•”์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š”
12:59
about treating cancer.
326
779750
1763
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
There are many different kinds of cancer.
327
781513
2225
๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•”๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:03
Each one originates in a particular part of the body,
328
783738
2978
๋ชจ๋“  ์•”์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
and then some kinds of cancer will spread
329
786716
2966
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์•”๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ • ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ง์—
13:09
or metastasize to particular other tissues
330
789682
2830
ํผ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ „์ด๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
13:12
where they must be getting resources that they need.
331
792512
2880
๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์•”์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ์–ป๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:15
So if you think from the perspective
332
795392
1808
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
13:17
of early metastatic cancer cells
333
797200
1950
์•”์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
13:19
as they're out searching around
334
799150
1623
์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์•” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ
13:20
for the resources that they need,
335
800773
2317
์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
13:23
if those resources are clustered,
336
803090
1983
๊ทธ ์ž์›๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ง€์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:25
they're likely to use interactions for recruitment,
337
805073
3013
์•”์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์‹์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
and if we can figure out how cancer cells are recruiting,
338
808086
3093
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:31
then maybe we could set traps
339
811179
2347
๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ฆฝ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํฌํšํ•˜๋Š”
13:33
to catch them before they become established.
340
813526
4049
๋ซ์„ ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
So ants are using interactions in different ways
341
817575
3235
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
13:40
in a huge variety of environments,
342
820810
2602
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
13:43
and we could learn from this
343
823412
1821
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
13:45
about other systems that operate
344
825233
1777
์ค‘์•™ ํ†ต์ œ ์—†์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”
13:47
without central control.
345
827010
2337
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
Using only simple interactions,
346
829347
1979
์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์†Œํ†ต๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
13:51
ant colonies have been performing
347
831326
1795
๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ๊ตฐ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์œ„์—…์„
13:53
amazing feats for more than 130 million years.
348
833121
3633
1์–ต 3์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:56
We have a lot to learn from them.
349
836754
2140
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
Thank you.
350
838894
2738
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
(Applause)
351
841632
2733
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7