Creativity is a remix | Kirby Ferguson

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Translator: Katarina Kesselova Reviewer: Matej Sykora

We're going to begin in 1964.

Začneme v roku 1964.

Bob Dylan is 23 years old, and his career

Bob Dylan má 23 rokov a jeho kariéra

is just reaching its pinnacle.

práve vrcholí.

He's been christened the voice of a generation,

Nazývajú ho hlasom generácie,

and he's churning out classic songs

chŕli klasické skladby

at a seemingly impossible rate,

zdanlivo nemožným tempom,

but there's a small minority of dissenters, and they claim

ale malá skupina jeho oponentov tvrdí,

that Bob Dylan is stealing other people's songs.

že Bob Dylan kradne piesne iných ľudí.

2004. Brian Burton, aka Danger Mouse,

V roku 2004 Brian Burton, zvaný "Nebezpečná myš",

takes the Beatles' "White Album,"

vzal "Biely Album" od Beatles

combines it with Jay-Z's "The Black Album"

skombinoval ho s "Čiernym albumom" Jay-Z-ho

to create "The Grey Album."

a vytvoril "Sivý album."

"The Grey Album" becomes an immediate sensation online,

"Sivý album" sa stal okamžite internetovou senzáciou

and the Beatles' record company sends out countless

a nahrávacia spoločnosť Beatles rozposlala

cease-and-desist letters for "unfair competition

nespočetné žiadosti o stiahnutie nahrávok kvôli "nekalej súťaži

and dilution of our valuable property."

a znehodnoteniu majetku."

Now, "The Grey Album" is a remix.

Nuž, "Sivý album" je remix.

It is new media created from old media.

Je to nové médium vytvorené zo starého média.

It was made using these three techniques:

Bol vytvorený pomocou troch techník:

copy, transform and combine.

kopírovanie, pretvorenie, skombinovanie.

It's how you remix. You take existing songs,

Tak sa remixuje. vezmete existujúcu pieseň,

you chop them up, you transform the pieces,

rozsekáte ju, pretvoríte jednotlivé kúsky

you combine them back together again,

a skombinujete naspäť dokopy.

and you've got a new song, but that new song

Získate novú pieseň, ale tá

is clearly comprised of old songs.

sa zjavne skladá zo starých piesní.

But I think these aren't just the components of remixing.

Ja si myslím, že to nie sú len komponenty remixovania.

I think these are the basic elements of all creativity.

Sú to základné zložky všetkej tvorivosti.

I think everything is a remix,

Myslím si, že všetko je remix,

and I think this is a better way to conceive of creativity.

a že je to lepší spôsob, ako si predstavovať tvorivosť.

All right, let's head back to 1964, and let's hear

Dobre, vráťme sa späť do roku 1964 a vypočujme si

where some of Dylan's early songs came from.

odkiaľ pochádzajú prvé piesne Boba Dylana.

We'll do some side-by-side comparisons here.

Porovnáme piesne bok po boku.

All right, this first song you're going to hear

Dobre, prvá skladbu, ktorú si vypočujete

is "Nottamun Town." It's a traditional folk tune.

je "Nottamun Town," tradičná folková melódia.

After that, you'll hear Dylan's "Masters of War."

Potom budete počuť Dylanovu "Masters of War".

Jean Ritchie: ♫ In Nottamun Town, not a soul would look out, ♫

Jean Ritchie: ♫ V Nottamunskom meste, žiadna duša nepozerá nahor, ♫

♫ not a soul would look up, not a soul would look down. ♫

♫ žiadna duša nepozerá nahor, žiadna duša nepozerá nadol. ♫

Bob Dylan: ♫ Come you masters of war, ♫

Bob Dylan: ♫ Príďte páni vojny, ♫

♫ you that build the big guns, you that build the death planes, ♫

♫ vy, čo staviate veľké zbrane, vy, čo staviate lietadlá smrti. ♫

♫ You that build all the bombs. ♫

♫ Vy, čo staviate bomby. ♫

Kirby Ferguson: Okay, so that's the same basic melody

Okej, takže je to rovnaká základná melódia

and overall structure. This next one is "The Patriot Game,"

a celková štruktúra. Ďalšia pieseň je "The Patriot Game"

by Dominic Behan. Alongside that,

od Dominika Behana. Zároveň si vypočujete

you're going to hear "With God on Our Side," by Dylan.

"With God on Our Side" od Dylana.

Dominic Behan: ♫ Come all ye young rebels, ♫

Dominic Behan: ♫ Príďte rebeli mladí, ♫

♫ and list while I sing, ♫

♫ vstúpte do armády, kým spievam, ♫

♫ for the love of one's land is a terrible thing. ♫

♫ láska k vlasti je strašná vec. ♫

BD: ♫ Oh my name it is nothin', ♫

Bob Dylan: ♫ Oh, moje meno je ničím, ♫

♫ my age it means less, ♫

♫ môj vek znamená pramálo, ♫

♫ the country I come from is called the Midwest. ♫

♫ kraj, z ktorého pochádzam sa volá Stredozápad. ♫

KF: Okay, so in this case, Dylan admits

V tomto prípade Dylan pripúsťa,

he must have heard "The Patriot Game," he forgot about it,

že musel počuť "The Patriot Game", ale zabudol na to.

then when the song kind of bubbled back up

Potom, keď sa mu pieseň znova vynorila v hlave,

in his brain, he just thought it was his song.

myslel si, že je to jeho pieseň.

Last one, this is "Who's Going To Buy You Ribbons,"

Ako posledná toto je "Who's Going To Buy You Ribbons",

another traditional folk tune.

ďalšia tradičná folková pieseň.

Alongside that is "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right."

A popri tom "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right."

This one's more about the lyric.

Tentorkát ide skôr o text piesne.

Paul Clayton: ♫ It ain't no use to sit and sigh now, ♫

Paul Clayton: ♫ Už nemá zmysel, sedieť a vzdychať, ♫

♫ darlin', and it ain't no use to sit and cry now. ♫

♫ drahá, už nemá zmysel, sedieť a vzdychať. ♫

BD: ♫ It ain’t no use to sit and wonder why, babe, ♫

Bob Dylan: ♫ Nemá zmysel sedieť a pýtať sa prečo, zlato ♫

♫ if you don't know by now, ♫

♫ ak to doteraz nevieš, ♫

♫ and it ain't no use to sit and wonder why, babe, ♫

♫ už nemá zmysel sedieť a pýtať sa prečo, zlato, ♫

♫ it'll never do somehow. ♫

♫ už to nebude mať zmysel. ♫

KF: Okay, now, there's a lot of these.

Dobre, nuž, príkladov je veľa.

It's been estimated that two thirds of the melodies

Odhaduje sa, že dve tretiny piesní,

Dylan used in his early songs were borrowed.

ktoré Dylan použil v prvých skladbách, boli požičané.

This is pretty typical among folk singers.

To je celkom typické medzi folkovými spevákmi.

Here's the advice of Dylan's idol, Woody Guthrie.

Tu je rada od Dylanovho idola, Woodyho Guthrieho.

"The worlds are the important thing.

"Dôležité sú slová.

Don't worry about tunes. Take a tune,

Melódiou sa netráp.

sing high when they sing low,

Vezmi pieseň, spievaj vysoko, kde sa spieva nízko,

sing fast when they sing slow, and you've got a new tune."

spievaj rýchlo, keď sa spieva pomaly a máš novú pieseň."

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smiech) (Potlesk)

And that's, that's what Guthrie did right here,

A Guthrie to naozaj urobil.

and I'm sure you all recognize the results.

Som si istý, že spoznáte výsledok.

(Music)

(Hudba)

We know this tune, right? We know it?

Pieseň poznáme, však? Poznáme ju.

Actually you don't.

V skutočnosti ju nepoznáte.

That is "When the World's on Fire," a very old melody,

Je to "When the World's on Fire", veľmi stará pieseň,

in this case performed by the Carter Family.

tentokrát v prevedení Carter Family.

Guthrie adapted it into "This Land Is Your Land."

Guthrie ju upravil do "This Land Is Your Land".

So, Bob Dylan, like all folk singers, he copied melodies,

Takže, Bob Dylan, ako všetci folkoví speváci, kopíroval skladby,

he transformed them, he combined them with new lyrics

menil ich, kombinoval s novým textom,

which were frequently their own concoction

ktoré boli častokrát

of previous stuff.

len zmesou predošlých vecí.

Now, American copyright and patent laws run counter

Americké autorské a patentové právo sa stavia proti názoru,

to this notion that we build on the work of others.

že staviame na práci iných.

Instead, these laws and laws around the world

Naopak tieto zákony a zákony po celom svete

use the rather awkward analogy of property.

používajú pomerne divnú analógiu vlastníctva.

Now, creative works may indeed be kind of like property,

Veruže, tvorivé diela môžu byť trocha ako majetok,

but it's property that we're all building on,

ale je to majetok, ktorý staviame všetci.

and creations can only take root and grow

Výtvory sa zakorenia a rastú,

once that ground has been prepared.

len ak bola pripravená pôda.

Henry Ford once said, "I invented nothing new.

Henry Ford raz povedal: "Nič nové som nevynašiel.

I simply assembled the discoveries of other men

Len som dal dokopy objavy iných ľudí,

behind whom were centuries of work.

za ktorými sú stáročia práce.

Progress happens when all the factors that make for it

Pokrok prichádza, keď sú všetky prvky, ktoré ho tvoria

are ready and then it is inevitable."

pripravené a potom je to nevyhnutné."

2007. The iPhone makes it debut.

Rok 2007. Debut iPhonu.

Apple undoubtedly brings this innovation to us early,

Apple nám nepochybne prináša inováciu,

but its time was approaching because its core technology

ale kľúčová technológia

had been evolving for decades.

sa vyvýjala už dekády.

That's multi-touch, controlling a device

Toto je multi-touch, ovládanie zariadenia

by touching its display.

pomocou dotyku displeja.

Here is Steve Jobs introducing multi-touch

Tu Steve Jobs predstavuje multi-touch

and making a rather foreboding joke.

a vtipkuje o zlej predtuche.

Steve Jobs: And we have invented a new technology

Steve Jobs: A vynašli sme novú technológiu

called multi-touch.

nazvanú multi-touch.

You can do multi-fingered gestures on it,

Môžete s ňou robiť viacprstové gestá.

and boy have we patented it. (Laughter)

Jasné, že sme si ju patentovali! (Smiech)

KF: Yes. And yet, here is multi-touch in action.

Áno. A predsa tu máme multi-touch v akcii.

This is at TED, actually, about a year earlier.

Toto je na TEDe asi rok predtým.

This is Jeff Han, and, I mean, that's multi-touch.

Toto je Jeff Han a multi-touch.

It's the same animal, at least.

Niečo podobného druhu.

Let's hear what Jeff Han has to say about this

Vypočujme si, čo nám chce Jeff Han

newfangled technology.

o hypermodernej technológii povedať.

Jeff Han: Multi-touch sensing isn't anything --

Jeff Han: Multi-touch vnímanie nie je nič nové

isn't completely new. I mean, people like Bill Buxton

- nič úplne nové. Ľudia ako Bill Buxton

have been playing around with it in the '80s.

sa s tým hrali už v 80-tych rokoch.

The technology, you know, isn't the most exciting thing here

Najvzrušujúcejšia tu nie je teraz technológia.

right now other than probably its newfound accessibility.

Ale skôr znovu objavená dostupnosť.

KF: So he's pretty frank about it not being new.

Takže celkom otvorene hovorí o tom, že to nie je nové.

So it's not multi-touch as a whole that's patented.

Nie multi-touch ako taký je patentovaný.

It's the small parts of it that are,

Ale jeho malé časti sú.

and it's in these small details where

A v týchto malých detailoch vidíme,

we can clearly see patent law contradicting its intent:

že patentové právo odporuje svojmu zámeru:

to promote the progress of useful arts.

podporovať rozvoj vynálezov.

Here is the first ever slide-to-unlock.

Tu je predstavenie funkcie slide-to-unlock (odomykanie pohybom).

That is all there is to it. Apple has patented this.

To je celé. Apple si to patentoval.

It's a 28-page software patent, but I will summarize

Je to 28-stranový softvérový patent,

what it covers. Spoiler alert: Unlocking your phone

ale viem ho zhrnúť takto: Odomknutie vášho telefónu

by sliding an icon with your finger. (Laughter)

kĺzavým pohybom prsta po ikone. (Smiech)

I'm only exaggerating a little bit. It's a broad patent.

Len trocha preháňam. Je to rozsiahly patent.

Now, can someone own this idea?

Nuž, môže niekto vlastniť takýto nápad?

Now, back in the '80s, there were no software patents,

Späť v 80-tych rokoch, keď neexistovali softvérové patenty,

and it was Xerox that pioneered the graphical user interface.

to bol Xerox, ktorý prvý prišiel s grafickým rozhraním pre používateľa.

What if they had patented pop-up menus,

Čo ak by si patentovali vyskakovacie menu,

scrollbars, the desktop with icons that look like folders

posúvanie obrazovky, plochu s ikonami,

and sheets of paper?

ktoré vyzerajú ako priečinky na papiere?

Would a young and inexperienced Apple

Prežil by mladý a neskúsený Apple

have survived the legal assault from a much larger

po právnom útoku väčšej

and more mature company like Xerox?

a skúsenejšej spoločnosti ako Xerox?

Now, this idea that everything is a remix might sound

Táto predstava, že všetko je remix môže znieť prirodzene,

like common sense until you're the one getting remixed.

až kým to nie ste vy, koho kopírujú.

For example ...

Napríklad...

SJ: I mean, Picasso had a saying.

Steven Jobs: Picasso raz povedal:

He said, "Good artists copy. Great artists steal."

"Dobrí umelci kopírujú. Skvelí umelci kradnú."

And we have, you know,

Doteraz sme, ako viete,

always been shameless about stealing great ideas.

bez hanby kradli skvelé nápady iných.

KF: Okay, so that's in '96. Here's in 2010.

Takže to bolo v roku 1996. Tu je 2010.

"I'm going to destroy Android because it's a stolen product."

"Chystám sa zničiť Android, lebo je to ukradnutý produkt."

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

"I'm willing to go thermonuclear war on this." (Laughter)

"Som ochotný rozpútať jadrovú vojnu, ak to bude nutné."

Okay, so in other words, great artists steal, but not from me.

Takže inými slovami, skvelí umelci kradnú, ale nie odo mňa.

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

Now, behavioral economists might refer to this sort of thing as loss aversion

Behaviorálni ekonómovia to nazývajú nechuť k strate.

We have a strong predisposition towards protecting

Máme silnú predispozíciu chrániť to,

what we feel is ours.

o čom predpokladáme, že je naše.

We have no such aversion towards copying

Žiadnu takúto averziu nemáme voči kopírovaniu iných,

what other people have, because we do that nonstop.

lebo to robíme neustále.

So here's the sort of equation we're looking at.

Takže sa pozeráme na akúsi rovnicu.

We've got laws that fundamentally treat creative works as property,

Máme zákony, ktoré nakladajú s tvorivými výtvormi ako s majetkom

plus massive rewards or settlements

a masívne odškodné v súdnych zmieroch

in infringement cases, plus huge legal fees

a obrovské poplatky za právnikov,

to protect yourself in court,

na ochranu v týchto sporoch.

plus cognitive biases against perceived loss.

Plus kognitívnu predpojatosť voči vnímanej strate.

And the sum looks like this.

A výsledok rovnice vyzerá takto:

That is the last four years of lawsuits

toto sú posledné 4 roky súdnych sporov

in the realm of smartphones.

v oblasti smartfónov.

Is this promoting the progress of useful arts?

Toto pomáha rozvoju vynálezov?

1983. Bob Dylan is 42 years old, and his time

1983. Bob Dylan má 42 rokov

in the cultural spotlight is long since past.

a jeho roky slávy sú dávno preč.

He records a song called "Blind Willie McTell,"

Nahrá skladbu nazvanú "Slepý Willie McTell",

named after the blues singer, and the song

po bluesovom spevákovi.

is a voyage through the past, through a much darker time,

Pieseň je cestou po minulosti a oveľa ťažších časoch,

but a simpler one, a time when musicians like Willie McTell

ale jednoduchších časoch, keď hudobníci ako Willie McTell

had few illusions about what they did.

nemali veľa ilúzií o tom, čo robia.

"I jump 'em from other writers

"Beriem si od iných autorov,

but I arrange 'em my own way."

ale upravím si to podľa seba."

I think this is mostly what we do.

Myslím, že to vystihuje, čo robíme.

Our creativity comes from without, not from within.

Naša kreativita pochádza zvonku, nie zvnútra.

We are not self-made. We are dependent on one another,

Závisíme jeden na druhom.

and admitting this to ourselves isn't an embrace

Tým, že si to priznáme,

of mediocrity and derivativeness.

nepríjmeme priemernosť a nepôvodnosť.

It's a liberation from our misconceptions,

Je to oslobodenie od našich omylov.

and it's an incentive to not expect so much from ourselves

Je to popud k tomu, aby sme od seba príliš veľa neočakávali

and to simply begin.

a jednoducho začali.

Thank you so much. It was an honor to be here.

Ďakujem vám veľmi pekne. Bolo mi cťou tu byť.

Thank you. (Applause)

Ďakujem vám. (Potlesk)

Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)

Ďakujem. Ďakujem. (Potlesk)

Thank you. (Applause)

Ďakujem vám. (Potlesk)