Creativity is a remix | Kirby Ferguson

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

翻译人员: Jiadong Ma 校对人员: Yuguo Zhang

We're going to begin in 1964.

我们从1964 年开始谈起。

Bob Dylan is 23 years old, and his career

鲍勃 · 迪伦才 23 岁

is just reaching its pinnacle.

和他的事业正处在颠峰。

He's been christened the voice of a generation,

他被尊为时代之声

and he's churning out classic songs

他在以看似不可能的速度，

at a seemingly impossible rate,

制作经典歌曲

but there's a small minority of dissenters, and they claim

但有少数的异议，并且他们声称

that Bob Dylan is stealing other people's songs.

鲍勃 · 迪伦在剽窃其他人的歌曲。

2004. Brian Burton, aka Danger Mouse,

2004.布莱恩 · 伯顿，也就是危险老鼠，

takes the Beatles' "White Album,"

取了披头士的"白色专辑"，

combines it with Jay-Z's "The Black Album"

结合专辑Jay-Z的"黑色专辑"

to create "The Grey Album."

创建了"灰色专辑"。

"The Grey Album" becomes an immediate sensation online,

"灰色专辑"立即在网上疯传

and the Beatles' record company sends out countless

披头士乐队的唱片公司发出了无数

cease-and-desist letters for "unfair competition

停止"不公平竞争

and dilution of our valuable property."

和稀释重要财产。“的信函

Now, "The Grey Album" is a remix.

好了，"灰色专辑"是混搭的，

It is new media created from old media.

它是从旧媒体造出的新媒体。

It was made using these three techniques:

它是由以下三种技巧来造成的：

copy, transform and combine.

复制、 转换和合并。

It's how you remix. You take existing songs,

过程是：你把现有的歌曲，

you chop them up, you transform the pieces,

截成小段、 变换这些片断，

you combine them back together again,

最后再结合起来，

and you've got a new song, but that new song

你造出了一首新歌，但这首新歌

is clearly comprised of old songs.

很明显是老歌曲组成的。

But I think these aren't just the components of remixing.

但我觉得这些不是只是复配的组件。

I think these are the basic elements of all creativity.

我认为这些是所有创新的基本要素。

I think everything is a remix,

我认为一切都是混搭，

and I think this is a better way to conceive of creativity.

而且我认为这是对创造力更好的态度。

All right, let's head back to 1964, and let's hear

好吧，让我们回到 1964 年，让我们听听

where some of Dylan's early songs came from.

其中的一些迪伦早期的歌曲是从哪来的。

We'll do some side-by-side comparisons here.

我们要在这里做一些横向比较。

All right, this first song you're going to hear

好吧，第一首歌你会听到

is "Nottamun Town." It's a traditional folk tune.

是"诺塔芒城"。它是一个传统的民间曲调。

After that, you'll hear Dylan's "Masters of War."

之后，你会听到迪伦的"战争之王"。

Jean Ritchie: ♫ In Nottamun Town, not a soul would look out, ♫

让 · 里奇： ♫ 在 诺塔芒城，一个灵魂都不会向往看，♫

♫ not a soul would look up, not a soul would look down. ♫

♫ 灵魂不会向上看，没有一个灵魂会向下瞧。♫

Bob Dylan: ♫ Come you masters of war, ♫

鲍勃 · 迪伦： ♫ 来吧战争之王，♫

♫ you that build the big guns, you that build the death planes, ♫

♫ 你构建枪支，你的打造死亡的飞机，♫

♫ You that build all the bombs. ♫

♫ 你，造成所有的炸弹。♫

Kirby Ferguson: Okay, so that's the same basic melody

柯比弗格森： 好吧，这就是相同的基本旋律

and overall structure. This next one is "The Patriot Game,"

与整体结构。这下一个是"爱国者游戏 “

by Dominic Behan. Alongside that,

由多米尼克本汉。同时，

you're going to hear "With God on Our Side," by Dylan.

你将听到迪伦的"上帝在我们这边"。

Dominic Behan: ♫ Come all ye young rebels, ♫

多米尼克本汉： ♫ 来吧，你们反叛的年轻人，♫

♫ and list while I sing, ♫

♫ 在我唱时，♫

♫ for the love of one's land is a terrible thing. ♫

♫列出爱一个人的土地是件可怕的事情。♫

BD: ♫ Oh my name it is nothin', ♫

BD ： ♫ 哦我的名字什么都不是，♫

♫ my age it means less, ♫

♫ 我的年龄不是问题 ♫

♫ the country I come from is called the Midwest. ♫

♫ 我来自的国家被称为中西部。♫

KF: Okay, so in this case, Dylan admits

KF： 好的所以在这种情况下，迪伦承认

he must have heard "The Patriot Game," he forgot about it,

他一定会听说过"爱国者游戏"，他忘了这件事，

then when the song kind of bubbled back up

然后当这首歌有点回想起来时，

in his brain, he just thought it was his song.

在他的大脑中，他认为那是他的歌。

Last one, this is "Who's Going To Buy You Ribbons,"

最后一个，这是"谁会给你买丝带，"

another traditional folk tune.

另一个传统民间小调。

Alongside that is "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right."

旁边的是"不要犹豫，那没关系。"

This one's more about the lyric.

这更多关于歌词。

Paul Clayton: ♫ It ain't no use to sit and sigh now, ♫

保罗 · 克莱顿： ♫坐地叹息没有用♫

♫ darlin', and it ain't no use to sit and cry now. ♫

♫ 亲爱的 ，现在坐地叹息没有用。♫

BD: ♫ It ain’t no use to sit and wonder why, babe, ♫

BD： ♫坐地冥想没有用，宝贝，♫

♫ if you don't know by now, ♫

♫ 如果你现在还不明白♫

♫ and it ain't no use to sit and wonder why, babe, ♫

♫ 坐地冥想为什么真的没有用，宝贝，♫

♫ it'll never do somehow. ♫

♫ 它永远不会有用。♫

KF: Okay, now, there's a lot of these.

KF： 好吧，现在，有了很多例子。

It's been estimated that two thirds of the melodies

据预计，迪伦有三分之二

Dylan used in his early songs were borrowed.

在他早期的歌中用过的旋律都是借来的。

This is pretty typical among folk singers.

这在民间歌手中相当平常。

Here's the advice of Dylan's idol, Woody Guthrie.

这里是迪伦的偶像 Woody Guthrie的意见。

"The worlds are the important thing.

"世界是重要的事情，

Don't worry about tunes. Take a tune,

就是别担心歌的曲调。一首曲子，

sing high when they sing low,

当他们唱低，你就唱高

sing fast when they sing slow, and you've got a new tune."

当他们唱得慢，你就唱快。你就有一首新的曲子。"

(Laughter) (Applause)

（笑声）（掌声）

And that's, that's what Guthrie did right here,

这就是 Guthrie 就在这里做的

and I'm sure you all recognize the results.

相信大家都承认这结果。

(Music)

（音乐）

We know this tune, right? We know it?

我们听过这首曲子，正确吗？我们听过它吗？

Actually you don't.

其实你没有。

That is "When the World's on Fire," a very old melody,

这就是"当世界起火"的非常老的旋律，

in this case performed by the Carter Family.

这个由卡特家族演奏。

Guthrie adapted it into "This Land Is Your Land."

Guthrie 改编它为"这片土地是你的土地"。

So, Bob Dylan, like all folk singers, he copied melodies,

所以，鲍勃 · 迪伦，像所有的民歌手，他复制旋律，

he transformed them, he combined them with new lyrics

他改变了它们，将它们与新歌词结合

which were frequently their own concoction

这经常是自己炮制

of previous stuff.

以前的东西。

Now, American copyright and patent laws run counter

现在，关于我们建立在别人的工作的概念，

to this notion that we build on the work of others.

美国的版权和专利法律背道而驰。

Instead, these laws and laws around the world

这些法律和世界各地的法律都

use the rather awkward analogy of property.

使用财产似的笨拙的类比。

Now, creative works may indeed be kind of like property,

现在，创意作品可能确实是有点像财产，

but it's property that we're all building on,

但它的价值，是基于我们后来附加的创造上，

and creations can only take root and grow

只要一有创意的土壤

once that ground has been prepared.

且只有这样创意才能继续生根发芽

Henry Ford once said, "I invented nothing new.

亨利 · 福特曾经说过："我没发明什么新的

I simply assembled the discoveries of other men

我只重新组合他人的发现

behind whom were centuries of work.

那背后是几个世纪的积累。

Progress happens when all the factors that make for it

当所有的因素，已准备好

are ready and then it is inevitable."

进步才会实现，才成为必然"。

2007. The iPhone makes it debut.

2007年，iPhone 首次亮相。

Apple undoubtedly brings this innovation to us early,

苹果无疑将这种创新给我们带来早了，

but its time was approaching because its core technology

因为及其核心技术曾被数十年来不断发展，

had been evolving for decades.

但它的时代已经接近。

That's multi-touch, controlling a device

这就是多点触控来控制设备的技术

by touching its display.

这就是多点触控来控制设备的技术

Here is Steve Jobs introducing multi-touch

这里是史蒂夫 · 乔布斯在引入多点触摸

and making a rather foreboding joke.

并说着预言性的玩笑。

Steve Jobs: And we have invented a new technology

史蒂夫 · 乔布斯： 与我们发明了一种新技术

called multi-touch.

被称为多点触摸。

You can do multi-fingered gestures on it,

你可以抓取的手势，

and boy have we patented it. (Laughter)

而且我们申请了专利！（笑声）

KF: Yes. And yet, here is multi-touch in action.

KF： 是的。然而，这里是多点触控的进展。

This is at TED, actually, about a year earlier.

这是在 TED，其实，较早前一年左右。

This is Jeff Han, and, I mean, that's multi-touch.

这是杰夫·韩，我的意思是，这就是多点触控。

It's the same animal, at least.

它至少是相同的动物。

Let's hear what Jeff Han has to say about this

让我们听听杰夫汉已谈论这

newfangled technology.

新奇的技术。

Jeff Han: Multi-touch sensing isn't anything --

杰夫 · 汉： 多点触摸感应不是别的什么 — —

isn't completely new. I mean, people like Bill Buxton

不是全新的。我的意思是，人们喜欢比尔巴克斯顿

have been playing around with it in the '80s.

它在八十年代玩弄它。

The technology, you know, isn't the most exciting thing here

这项技术，你知道，现在并不是最令人兴奋的事情

right now other than probably its newfound accessibility.

除了它也许开拓了新的应用范围

KF: So he's pretty frank about it not being new.

KF： 所以他相当坦率,这个技术不是新的。

So it's not multi-touch as a whole that's patented.

所以，不是多点触控整体被专利保护，

It's the small parts of it that are,

这是它的小部分才是。

and it's in these small details where

正是在这些小细节中

we can clearly see patent law contradicting its intent:

我们可以清楚地看到专利法反驳其意图：

to promote the progress of useful arts.

为促进有价值艺术的进步。

Here is the first ever slide-to-unlock.

这里是第一个 滑动解锁。

That is all there is to it. Apple has patented this.

就这么简单。苹果，这已获得专利。

It's a 28-page software patent, but I will summarize

它是一种 28 页软件专利，但我会总结它所涵盖的内容。

what it covers. Spoiler alert: Unlocking your phone

注意,你们可能要失望了： 解锁您的电话

by sliding an icon with your finger. (Laughter)

通过滑动用手指的图标。（笑声）

I'm only exaggerating a little bit. It's a broad patent.

我只一点有点夸大。它是一种广泛的专利。

Now, can someone own this idea?

现在，有人可以拥有这种想法吗？

Now, back in the '80s, there were no software patents,

现在，早在八十年代，没有软件专利

and it was Xerox that pioneered the graphical user interface.

开创了图形用户界面的施乐公司才那么干。

What if they had patented pop-up menus,

如果他们拥有弹出菜单专利

scrollbars, the desktop with icons that look like folders

滚动条，在桌面上的图标看起来像文件夹

and sheets of paper?

和一张纸吗？

Would a young and inexperienced Apple

一个年轻和缺乏经验的苹果

have survived the legal assault from a much larger

会经受住从大得多的施乐公司的法律攻击

and more mature company like Xerox?

而变得更成熟吗？

Now, this idea that everything is a remix might sound

现在，这一切都是混搭的想法可能听起来

like common sense until you're the one getting remixed.

像是常识一样除非你是正被混编的人。

For example ...

例如 … …

SJ: I mean, Picasso had a saying.

SJ： 我的意思是，毕加索曾说

He said, "Good artists copy. Great artists steal."

他说，"好的艺术家拷贝。伟大的艺术家偷窃。"

And we have, you know,

我们有，你懂，

always been shameless about stealing great ideas.

一直对偷窃伟大的想法不觉无耻。

KF: Okay, so that's in '96. Here's in 2010.

KF： 好的，这是在 96年。现在是 2010 年。

"I'm going to destroy Android because it's a stolen product."

"我要销毁安卓系统，因为它是一个盗窃来的产品。"

(Laughter)

（笑声）

"I'm willing to go thermonuclear war on this." (Laughter)

"我愿意就此开动热核战争"。（笑声）

Okay, so in other words, great artists steal, but not from me.

好了，所以换句话说，伟大的艺术家窃取，但不是从我。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Now, behavioral economists might refer to this sort of thing as loss aversion

现在，行为经济学家可能会将这种事称为损失厌恶心理

We have a strong predisposition towards protecting

我们有强烈倾向于保护

what we feel is ours.

我们自己的东西。

We have no such aversion towards copying

我们没有对复制其他人厌恶

what other people have, because we do that nonstop.

因为我们不停地做。

So here's the sort of equation we're looking at.

所以这是我们看着的等式。

We've got laws that fundamentally treat creative works as property,

我们得从根本上将创意作品视为财产的法律

plus massive rewards or settlements

和在侵权行为中巨大的回报或浅规则

in infringement cases, plus huge legal fees

再加上若要在法庭上保护自己的巨大的法律费用

to protect yourself in court,

再加上若要在法庭上保护自己的巨大的法律费用

plus cognitive biases against perceived loss.

加上认知偏见反对感知损失。

And the sum looks like this.

与总和看起来像这样。

That is the last four years of lawsuits

这是过去四年在智能手机领域的诉讼

in the realm of smartphones.

这是过去四年在智能手机领域的诉讼

Is this promoting the progress of useful arts?

这是宣扬有用艺术的进展情况吗？

1983. Bob Dylan is 42 years old, and his time

1983。 鲍勃 · 迪伦是 42 岁的时候

in the cultural spotlight is long since past.

他在文化聚光灯下的时代早已过去。

He records a song called "Blind Willie McTell,"

他录了一首歌叫做"盲的 威利 麦克塔，"

named after the blues singer, and the song

这首歌的名字以蓝调歌手命名

is a voyage through the past, through a much darker time,

歌曲是穿梭到过去，到一个当时更黑暗的时代

but a simpler one, a time when musicians like Willie McTell

但有一种简单音乐的过去，人们喜欢威利 麦克塔的过去

had few illusions about what they did.

有他们所做的几个幻想。

"I jump 'em from other writers

"我从其他作家那抄来的

but I arrange 'em my own way."

但我用我自己的方式。

I think this is mostly what we do.

我认为这是我们主要做的。

Our creativity comes from without, not from within.

我们的创意来自于外界,而不是我们内心。

We are not self-made. We are dependent on one another,

我们不是闭门造车，而是相互依赖的，

and admitting this to ourselves isn't an embrace

对我们自己承认这一点并不是

of mediocrity and derivativeness.

对平庸和变种的拥抱。

It's a liberation from our misconceptions,

这是一次我们从误解中的解放，

and it's an incentive to not expect so much from ourselves

这是不对自己期望过高的感知

and to simply begin.

只要开始就好。

Thank you so much. It was an honor to be here.

非常感谢。能够在这里是我的荣幸。

Thank you. (Applause)

谢谢。（掌声）

Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)

谢谢。谢谢。（掌声）

Thank you. (Applause)

谢谢。（掌声）