Eben Bayer: Are mushrooms the new plastic?

168,170 views ใƒป 2010-10-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
So, I'd like to spend a few minutes with you folks today
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื›ื
00:18
imagining what our planet might look like in a thousand years.
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ืื™ืš ื™ืจืื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:21
But before I do that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
00:23
I need to talk to you about synthetic materials like plastics,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื,
00:26
which require huge amounts of energy to create
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ืฉื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:29
and, because of their disposal issues,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื
00:31
are slowly poisoning our planet.
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ื”ื ืžืจืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:33
I also want to tell you and share with you
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ื’ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื
00:35
how my team and I
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™
00:37
have been using mushrooms over the last three years.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘-3 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
00:40
Not like that. (Laughter)
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ืœื ื›ื›ื”. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
00:42
We're using mushrooms to create an entirely new class of materials,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ืœืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
00:45
which perform a lot like plastics during their use,
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ืฉืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื,
00:48
but are made from crop waste
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื
00:50
and are totally compostable at the end of their lives.
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ื•ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืœืงื•ืžืคื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื ืชื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
00:53
(Cheering)
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[ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช]
00:55
But first,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช,
00:57
I need to talk to you about what I consider one of the most egregious offenders
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ืขืœื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:00
in the disposable plastics category.
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ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ.
01:02
This is a material you all know is Styrofoam,
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ื›ืงืœืงืจ,
01:04
but I like to think of it as toxic white stuff.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืจืขื™ืœ.
01:08
In a single cubic foot of this material --
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ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ืขื ืฆืœืข ืฉืœ 33 ืก"ืž ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” --
01:10
about what would come around your computer or large television --
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื• ืœื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” --
01:12
you have the same energy content
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
01:14
of about a liter and a half of petrol.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง.
01:16
Yet, after just a few weeks of use,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
01:18
you'll throw this material in the trash.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืš ืœืืฉืคื”.
01:21
And this isn't just found in packaging.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืจืง ืœืืจื™ื–ื”.
01:23
20 billion dollars of this material is produced every year,
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20 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
01:25
in everything from building materials to surfboards
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืœืงืจืฉื™ ื’ืœื™ืฉื”
01:28
to coffee cups to table tops.
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ื•ืœื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืงืคื” ื•ืœืžืคื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
01:30
And that's not the only place it's found.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืฉื.
01:33
The EPA estimates, in the United States,
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ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืขืจื™ืš
01:35
by volume, this material occupies 25 percent of our landfills.
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืžืœื 25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื ืคื— ื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:39
Even worse is when it finds its way into our natural environment --
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• --
01:42
on the side of the road or next to a river.
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ืœืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื• ืœื™ื“ ื ื”ืจื•ืช.
01:44
If it's not picked up by a human, like me and you,
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ืื ืื“ื, ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ืื• ื›ืžื•ื›ื, ืœื ืื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืชื•,
01:47
it'll stay there for thousands and thousands of years.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:49
Perhaps even worse
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข
01:51
is when it finds its way into our oceans, like in the great plastic gyre,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
01:54
where these materials are being mechanically broken
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ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช
01:56
into smaller and smaller bits,
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ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
01:58
but they're not really going away.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืขืœืžื™ื.
02:00
They're not biologically compatible.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
02:02
They're basically fouling up
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช
02:04
Earth's respiratory and circulatory systems.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:06
And because these materials are so prolific,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื,
02:09
because they're found in so many places,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช,
02:11
there's one other place you'll find this material, styrene,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื• ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ,
02:14
which is made from benzene, a known carcinogen.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ.
02:16
You'll find it inside of you.
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื.
02:19
So, for all these reasons,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
02:21
I think we need better materials,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:23
and there are three key principles we can use to guide these materials.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื 3 ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:27
The first is feedstocks.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื.
02:29
Today, we use a single feedstock, petroleum,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื ื™ื—ื™ื“ - ื ืคื˜,
02:32
to heat our homes, power our cars
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
02:34
and make most of the materials you see around you.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื.
02:37
We recognize this is a finite resource,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืฉืื‘ ืกื•ืคื™,
02:39
and it's simply crazy to do this, to put a liter and a half of petrol in the trash
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืœืืฉืคื” ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง
02:42
every time you get a package.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื.
02:44
Second of all, we should really strive to use far less energy
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
02:46
in creating these materials.
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:48
I say far less, because 10 percent isn't going to cut it.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ "ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช", ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ-10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืงื•.
02:51
We should be talking about half, a quarter,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™, ืจื‘ืข,
02:53
one-tenth the energy content.
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ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
02:56
And lastly, and I think perhaps most importantly,
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:59
we should be creating materials
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
03:01
that fit into what I call nature's recycling system.
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ืฉืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข".
03:04
This recycling system has been in place for the last billion years.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:07
I fit into it, you fit into it,
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืชืื ืœื”, ืืชื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœื”,
03:09
and a hundred years tops, my body can return to the Earth with no preprocessing.
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื“ืžื” ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืงื“ื™ื.
03:12
Yet that packaging I got in the mail yesterday
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืจื™ื–ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ
03:14
is going to last for thousands of years.
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ืชืฉืจื•ื“ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:16
This is crazy.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ.
03:18
But nature provides us with a really good model here.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™.
03:21
When a tree's done using its leaves --
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ื›ืฉืขืฅ ืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื• --
03:23
its solar collectors, these amazing molecular photon capturing devices --
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ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื --
03:26
at the end of a season,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ื ื”,
03:28
it doesn't pack them up, take them to the leaf reprocessing center
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื•ืจื– ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื ืœืžืจื›ื– ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื
03:31
and have them melted down to form new leaves.
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ื•ืžืžื™ืก ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:33
It just drops them, the shortest distance possible,
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœืžืจื—ืง ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™, ืืœ ืื“ืžืช ื”ื™ืขืจ,
03:36
to the forest floor,
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ืฉื ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ-ืฉื™ื“ืจื•ื’ (Upcycling)
03:38
where they're actually upcycled into next year's topsoil.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
03:40
And this gets us back to the mushrooms.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:44
Because in nature,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
03:46
mushrooms are the recycling system.
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ.
03:48
And what we've discovered
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ื•ืื ื• ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื”,
03:50
is, by using a part of the mushroom you've probably never seen --
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ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื,
03:52
analogous to its root structure; it's called mycelium --
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ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœื”, ื•ื”ื ืงืจื ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ,
03:55
we can actually grow materials
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
03:57
with many of the same properties of conventional synthetics.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื.
04:00
Now, mycelium is an amazing material,
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ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
04:02
because it's a self-assembling material.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
04:04
It actually takes things we would consider waste --
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช --
04:06
things like seed husks or woody biomass --
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ืžืกื” ืขืฆื™ืช --
04:09
and can transform them into a chitinous polymer,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ,
04:11
which you can form into almost any shape.
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ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื”.
04:13
In our process,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื ื•,
04:15
we basically use it as a glue.
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื‘ืง.
04:17
And by using mycelium as a glue,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื“ื‘ืง,
04:19
you can mold things just like you do in the plastic industry,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
04:22
and you can create materials with many different properties,
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
04:25
materials that are insulating, fire-resistant,
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืฉ,
04:28
moisture-resistant, vapor-resistant --
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ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืœื—ื•ืช, ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื“ื™ื,
04:31
materials that can absorb impacts, that can absorb acoustical impacts.
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช.
04:34
But these materials are grown from agricultural byproducts,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื
04:37
not petroleum.
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ื•ืœื ืžื ืคื˜.
04:39
And because they're made of natural materials,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
04:42
they are 100 percent compostable
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ื”ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืœืงื•ืžืคื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื
04:44
in you own backyard.
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ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
04:47
So I'd like to share with you the four basic steps
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ืืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื
04:49
required to make these materials.
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ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:51
The first is selecting a feedstock,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื,
04:53
preferably something that's regional, that's in your area, right --
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ืขื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
04:55
local manufacturing.
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™.
04:57
The next is actually taking this feedstock and putting in a tool,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืœื ืœื›ืœื™,
05:00
physically filling an enclosure, a mold,
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ืžืžืœืื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉื˜ื—, ืชื‘ื ื™ืช,
05:02
in whatever shape you want to get.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื” ืœื›ื.
05:04
Then you actually grow the mycelium through these particles,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:07
and that's where the magic happens,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืงืกื,
05:09
because the organism is doing the work in this process,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
05:11
not the equipment.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“.
05:13
The final step is, of course, the product,
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ.
05:15
whether it's a packaging material, a table top, or building block.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืจื™ื–ื”, ืžืคืช ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืœื•ืง ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.
05:18
Our vision is local manufacturing,
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ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™,
05:20
like the local food movement, for production.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™.
05:22
So we've created formulations for all around the world
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:24
using regional byproducts.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
05:26
If you're in China, you might use a rice husk
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืจื–
05:29
or a cottonseed hull.
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ืื• ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื–ืจืขื™ ื›ื•ืชื ื”.
05:31
If you're in Northern Europe or North America,
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืื• ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
05:33
you can use things like buckwheat husks or oat hulls.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ืกืžืช ืื• ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืขืœ.
05:37
We then process these husks with some basic equipment.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
05:40
And I want to share with you a quick video from our facility
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ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ ืงืฆืจ ืฉืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
05:42
that gives you a sense of how this looks at scale.
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ื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
05:45
So what you're seeing here is actually cotton hulls from Texas, in this case.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื ื” ืžื˜ืงืกืก.
05:48
It's a waste product.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช.
05:50
And what they're doing in our equipment
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ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื•
05:52
is going through a continuous system,
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื ืข
05:54
which cleans, cooks, cools
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ืฉืžื ืงื”, ืžื‘ืฉืœ, ืžืงืจืจ
05:57
and pasteurizes these materials,
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ื•ืžืคืกื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:59
while also continuously inoculating them with our mycelium.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื—ื“ื™ืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:02
This gives us a continuous stream of material
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ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื–ืจื ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ
06:04
that we can put into almost any shape,
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื”.
06:06
though today we're making corner blocks.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืคื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
06:08
And it's when this lid goes on the part,
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ื•ื›ืฉืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง,
06:10
that the magic really starts.
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ื”ืงืกื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
06:13
Because the manufacturing process is our organism.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืฉืœื ื•.
06:16
It'll actually begin to digest these wastes
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื›ืœ ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืืœื”
06:18
and, over the next five days,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš 5 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื
06:20
assemble them into biocomposites.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื”ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
06:23
Our entire facility
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ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื•ืœื•
06:25
is comprised of thousands and thousands and thousands of these tools
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื”
06:28
sitting indoors in the dark, quietly self-assembling materials --
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ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื-ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื --
06:31
and everything from building materials
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
06:33
to, in this case,
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ื•ืขื“, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
06:35
a packaging corner block.
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ืœื‘ืœื•ืง ืคื™ื ืชื™ ืœืืจื™ื–ื•ืช.
06:37
So I've said a number of times that we grow materials.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
06:40
And it's kind of hard to picture how that happens.
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ื•ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
06:42
So my team has taken five days-worth of growth,
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืงื— ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ 5 ื™ืžื™ื,
06:44
a typical growth cycle for us,
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ืžืขื’ืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•,
06:46
and condensed it into a 15-second time lapse.
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ื•ื“ื—ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœ-15 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
06:49
And I want you to really watch closely
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘
06:51
these little white dots on the screen,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
06:53
because, over the five-day period,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš 5 ื™ืžื™ื,
06:55
what they do is extend out and through this material,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:58
using the energy that's contained in these seed husks
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื,
07:00
to build this chitinous polymer matrix.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆื” ื”ืคื•ืœืžืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ.
07:02
This matrix self-assembles,
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช-ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
07:04
growing through and around the particles,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
07:06
making millions and millions of tiny fibers.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
07:09
And what parts of the seed husk we don't digest,
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืชืขื›ืœื™ื
07:12
actually become part of the final, physical composite.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
07:15
So in front of your eyes, this part just self-assembled.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื, ื”ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
07:17
It actually takes a little longer. It takes five days.
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื” ืื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ. ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื.
07:20
But it's much faster than conventional farming.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช.
07:23
The last step, of course, is application.
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื.
07:25
In this case, we've grown a corner block.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื’ื™ื“ืœื ื• ื‘ืœื•ืง ืคื™ื ืชื™.
07:27
A major Fortune 500 furniture maker
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ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”-500 ืฉืœ ื”-Furtune, ืžืฉืชืžืฉ
07:30
uses these corner blocks to protect their tables in shipment.
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ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื—.
07:33
They used to use a plastic packaging buffer,
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืจื™ื–ื” ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
07:35
but we were able to give them the exact same physical performance
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื™ืคืงื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื
07:38
with our grown material.
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ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื™ื“ืœื ื•.
07:40
Best of all, when it gets to the customer,
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ื•ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช, ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช
07:43
it's not trash.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืืฉืคื”.
07:45
They can actually put this in their natural ecosystem without any processing,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
07:47
and it's going to improve the local soil.
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ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
07:49
So, why mycelium?
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ืœืžื” ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ, ืื ื›ืš?
07:51
The first reason is local open feedstocks.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
07:53
You want to be able to do this anywhere in the world
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
07:55
and not worry about peak rice hull or peak cottonseed hulls,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื“ืื’ื” ืœืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืจื– ืื• ื›ื•ืชื ื”,
07:57
because you have multiple choices.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
07:59
The next is self-assembly,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
08:01
because the organism is actually doing most of the work in this process.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
08:04
You don't need a lot of equipment to set up a production facility.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืชืงืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
08:07
So you can have lots of small facilities
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
08:09
spread all across the world.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:11
Biological yield is really important.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:13
And because 100 percent of what we put in the tool become the final product,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ-100 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™,
08:16
even the parts that aren't digested
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืขื•ื›ืœื™ื
08:18
become part of the structure,
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื”,
08:20
we're getting incredible yield rates.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขื•ืœื™ื.
08:22
Natural polymers, well ... I think that's what's most important,
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ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ... ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:25
because these polymers have been tried and tested
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ื•ื ื‘ื“ืงื•
08:27
in our ecosystem for the last billion years,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื
08:29
in everything from mushrooms to crustaceans.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืจื˜ื ื™ื.
08:32
They're not going to clog up Earth's ecosystems. They work great.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ืกืชืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”. ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
08:35
And while, today,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช
08:37
we can practically guarantee that yesterday's packaging
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ืฉื”ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ
08:39
is going to be here in 10,000 years,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื,
08:41
what I want to guarantee
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ื•ื“ื
08:43
is that in 10,000 years,
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื,
08:45
our descendants, our children's children,
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ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
08:47
will be living happily and in harmony
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ื™ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”
08:50
with a healthy Earth.
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ืขื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืืจืฅ ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:52
And I think that can be some really good news.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
08:54
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
08:56
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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