Eben Bayer: Are mushrooms the new plastic?

168,170 views ・ 2010-10-04

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: J J LEE κ²€ν† : Sookjin Hyun
00:15
So, I'd like to spend a few minutes with you folks today
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자, μ €λŠ” 였늘 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ λͺ‡ λΆ„ λ™μ•ˆ
00:18
imagining what our planet might look like in a thousand years.
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λ―Έλž˜μ— 우리 지ꡬ가 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³€ν• κΉŒ 상상을 ν•΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
But before I do that,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그에 μ•žμ„œ,
00:23
I need to talk to you about synthetic materials like plastics,
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ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±κ³Ό 같은 ν•©μ„± λ¬Όμ§ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ§ν•΄λ³ΌκΉŒ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
which require huge amounts of energy to create
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μƒμ„±ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ•„μ£Ό λ§Žμ€ μ–‘μ˜ μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ μ†Œλͺ¨λ˜κ³ 
00:29
and, because of their disposal issues,
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사후 처리문제 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
00:31
are slowly poisoning our planet.
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우리의 지ꡬλ₯Ό μ„œμ„œνžˆ ν•΄μΉ˜κ³  있죠.
00:33
I also want to tell you and share with you
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λ˜ν•œ 저와 우리 νŒ€μ΄ μ§€λ‚œ μ‚Όλ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
00:35
how my team and I
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 버섯을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ™”λŠ”μ§€
00:37
have been using mushrooms over the last three years.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  κ³΅μœ ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
Not like that. (Laughter)
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그런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šκ΅¬μš”. (μ›ƒμŒ)
00:42
We're using mushrooms to create an entirely new class of materials,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 버섯을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ°¨μ›μ˜ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
which perform a lot like plastics during their use,
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μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œ ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±κ³Ό 맀우 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ μ„±λŠ₯을 λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
00:48
but are made from crop waste
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농업 폐기물둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ
00:50
and are totally compostable at the end of their lives.
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μ†Œμš©κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ 없어진 μ΄ν›„μ—λŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ λΆ„ν•΄λ˜μ£ .
00:53
(Cheering)
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(κ°ˆμ±„)
00:55
But first,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¨Όμ €
00:57
I need to talk to you about what I consider one of the most egregious offenders
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일회용 ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± λΆ€λ¬Έμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ•…λͺ… 높은 λ²”μ£„μž 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ
01:00
in the disposable plastics category.
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κ°„μ£Όλ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ§ν•΄μ•Όκ² λ„€μš”.
01:02
This is a material you all know is Styrofoam,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” μŠ€ν‹°λ‘œνΌμ΄λž€ λ¬Όμ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
but I like to think of it as toxic white stuff.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” μœ λ…μ„±μ˜ 흰색 물질둜 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
In a single cubic foot of this material --
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‚˜ λŒ€ν˜• ν…”λ ˆλΉ„μ „μ„ 포μž₯ν•˜μ—¬
01:10
about what would come around your computer or large television --
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ 도착할 이 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ—λŠ” μž…λ°©ν”ΌνŠΈ λ‹Ή
01:12
you have the same energy content
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μ„μœ  1.5 리터에 μƒλ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€λŸ‰μ΄
01:14
of about a liter and a half of petrol.
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μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
Yet, after just a few weeks of use,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, 단지 λͺ‡ μ£Όκ°„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  λ‚œ λ’€μ—λŠ”
01:18
you'll throw this material in the trash.
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μ“°λ ˆκΈ°ν†΅μ— λ˜μ Έλ²„λ¦¬κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
And this isn't just found in packaging.
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그리고 이것은 단지 포μž₯μ—λ§Œ κ΅­ν•œλœ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
20 billion dollars of this material is produced every year,
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맀년 200μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬ μƒλ‹Ήμ˜ 이런 물질이 μƒμ‚°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
in everything from building materials to surfboards
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건좕 μž¬λ£Œμ—μ„œ λΆ€ν„° μ„œν•‘λ³΄λ“œ, μ»€ν”Όμž”, ν…Œμ΄λΈ” μœ—λ©΄μ—
01:28
to coffee cups to table tops.
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이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ λͺ¨λ“  ν’ˆλͺ©μ—μ„œ 말이죠.
01:30
And that's not the only place it's found.
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그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³³μ—μ„œλ„ 이런 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ°Ύμ•„λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
The EPA estimates, in the United States,
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λ―Έ ν™˜κ²½ 보호ꡭ이 μΆ”μ •ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό, λ―Έκ΅­ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ
01:35
by volume, this material occupies 25 percent of our landfills.
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λΆ€ν”Όλ‘œ 봀을 λ•Œ, 이런 물질이 μ“°λ ˆκΈ° 맀립μž₯의 25%을 μ°¨μ§€ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
Even worse is when it finds its way into our natural environment --
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보닀 μ•ˆμ’‹μ€ 것은, 우리의 μžμ—° ν™˜κ²½μœΌλ‘œ μœ μž…μ΄ 될 λ•Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
on the side of the road or next to a river.
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κΈΈκ°€λ‚˜ 강변에 말이죠.
01:44
If it's not picked up by a human, like me and you,
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μ €λ‚˜ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 같은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μˆ˜κ±°ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄,
01:47
it'll stay there for thousands and thousands of years.
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κ·Έ μžλ¦¬μ—μ„œ μ•„μ£Ό 였랜 μ„Έμ›” λ™μ•ˆ κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
Perhaps even worse
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μ•„λ§ˆ λ”μš± 더 μ•ˆ 쒋은 것은,
01:51
is when it finds its way into our oceans, like in the great plastic gyre,
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κ±°λŒ€ν•œ ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± μ†Œμš©λŒμ΄ μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œμ²˜λŸΌ, λ°”λ‹€λ‘œ μœ μž…μ΄ 될 λ•Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
where these materials are being mechanically broken
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이런 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ΄ κΈ°κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 잘게 μž‘μ€ 쑰각으둜
01:56
into smaller and smaller bits,
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λΆ€μ„œμ§€λŠ” 곳이죠.
01:58
but they're not really going away.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그것듀이 κ²°μ½” μ‚¬λΌμ§€μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
They're not biologically compatible.
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ μ ν•©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
02:02
They're basically fouling up
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근본적으둜 μ§€κ΅¬μ˜
02:04
Earth's respiratory and circulatory systems.
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호흑과 μˆœν™˜μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ 망쳐놓고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
And because these materials are so prolific,
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그리고 이런 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ€ μˆ˜κ°€ μ›Œλ‚™ 많고,
02:09
because they're found in so many places,
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μ›Œλ‚™ λ§Žμ€ μž₯μ†Œμ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—,
02:11
there's one other place you'll find this material, styrene,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³³μ—μ„œλ„ 이와 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 물질인 μŠ€ν‹°λ Œμ„ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
which is made from benzene, a known carcinogen.
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μŠ€ν‹°λ Œμ€ λ²€μ§„μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λ©°, λ°œμ•”λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
You'll find it inside of you.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ²΄λ‚΄μ—μ„œ 발견될 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
So, for all these reasons,
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자, 이 λͺ¨λ“  μ΄μœ λ“€λ‘œ μΈν•΄μ„œ
02:21
I think we need better materials,
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μ €λŠ” 보닀 λ‚˜μ€ 물질이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ¦¬λΌ μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
and there are three key principles we can use to guide these materials.
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그리고 그런 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν™œμš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ„Έ 가지 원칙이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
The first is feedstocks.
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μ²«λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” μ›μž¬λ£Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
Today, we use a single feedstock, petroleum,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„μœ λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μΌμ˜ μ›μž¬λ£Œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
to heat our homes, power our cars
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집에 λ‚œλ°©μ„ ν•˜κ³ , μ°¨λ₯Ό 움직이고
02:34
and make most of the materials you see around you.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 주변에 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ”λ° μ“°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
We recognize this is a finite resource,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„μœ κ°€ ν•œμ •λœ μžμ›μž„μ„ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
and it's simply crazy to do this, to put a liter and a half of petrol in the trash
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포μž₯물을 받을 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ 1.5 λ¦¬ν„°μ˜ μ„μœ λ₯Ό μ“°λ ˆκΈ°ν†΅μ— 던져 λ„£λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것은
02:42
every time you get a package.
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κ·Έμ•Όλ§λ‘œ μ •μ‹ λ‚˜κ°„ μ§“μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
Second of all, we should really strive to use far less energy
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λ‘˜μ§Έλ‘œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이와 같은 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ”λ° 보닀 적은 μ–‘μ˜
02:46
in creating these materials.
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μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ†Œλͺ¨ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 정말 λ…Έλ ₯ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
I say far less, because 10 percent isn't going to cut it.
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훨씬 더 적게 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 10%λ‘œλŠ” 어림도 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:51
We should be talking about half, a quarter,
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1/2, 1/4, 1/10 μ •λ„λ‘œ 쀄일 수 μžˆμ„
02:53
one-tenth the energy content.
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μ •λ„λŠ” λ˜μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
And lastly, and I think perhaps most importantly,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ μƒκ°λ˜λŠ” λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
we should be creating materials
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ†Œμœ„ μžμ—°μ˜ μˆœν™˜μ²΄κ³„μ—
03:01
that fit into what I call nature's recycling system.
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μ ν•©ν•œ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
This recycling system has been in place for the last billion years.
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이 μˆœν™˜μ²΄κ³„λŠ” μ§€λ‚œ μˆ˜μ–΅ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 가동쀑이고
03:07
I fit into it, you fit into it,
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μ €λ‚˜ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ 그에 맞좰져 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
and a hundred years tops, my body can return to the Earth with no preprocessing.
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백년에 λ‹¬ν•˜κ² μ§€λ§Œ, 제 μœ‘μ²΄λŠ” 아무 처리 없이 ν™μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
Yet that packaging I got in the mail yesterday
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ–΄μ œ 우편으둜 받은 포μž₯μž¬λŠ”
03:14
is going to last for thousands of years.
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수 μ²œλ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ˜€λž˜λ„λ‘ κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
This is crazy.
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말도 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
03:18
But nature provides us with a really good model here.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μžμ—°μ€ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 정말 쒋은 λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ œκ³΅ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
When a tree's done using its leaves --
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λ‚˜λ­‡μžŽμ€ νƒœμ–‘κ΄‘ μˆ˜μ§‘κΈ°μ΄μž
03:23
its solar collectors, these amazing molecular photon capturing devices --
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λΆ„μž λΉ›μ•Œκ°±μ΄ 포획μž₯치이죠. λ‚˜λ­‡μžŽμ΄ κ³„μ ˆμ˜ λμžλ½μ—μ„œ
03:26
at the end of a season,
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κ·Έ μ‚¬μš©μ„ λ‹€ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
03:28
it doesn't pack them up, take them to the leaf reprocessing center
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λ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ‚˜λ­‡μžŽμ„ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ‚˜λ­‡μžŽμ„ 챙겨
03:31
and have them melted down to form new leaves.
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재처리 μ„Όν„°λ‘œ 보내 λ…Ήμ—¬λ‚΄κ±°λ‚˜ ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
It just drops them, the shortest distance possible,
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λ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ” λ‚˜λ­‡μžŽμ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κ°€μž₯ κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 거리에 κ·Έλƒ₯ λ–¨κΆˆ λ†“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
to the forest floor,
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숲의 λ°”λ‹₯에 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
where they're actually upcycled into next year's topsoil.
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λ‹€μŒ 해에 ν‘œν† λ‘œ μž¬ν™œμš© λ˜λŠ” 것이죠.
03:40
And this gets us back to the mushrooms.
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μ΄λ‘œμΈν•΄ 버섯에 관심을 돌리게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
Because in nature,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μžμ—°μ—μ„œλŠ”
03:46
mushrooms are the recycling system.
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버섯이 μˆœν™˜μ²΄κ³„ κ·Έ 자체이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
And what we've discovered
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μ•„λ§ˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 본적이 없을
03:50
is, by using a part of the mushroom you've probably never seen --
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λ²„μ„―μ˜ 일뢀뢄을 μ΄μš©ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ 것은
03:52
analogous to its root structure; it's called mycelium --
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-- 그것은 균사체라 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” λ²„μ„―μ˜ λΏŒλ¦¬κ΅¬μ‘°μ™€ μœ μ‚¬ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. --
03:55
we can actually grow materials
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기쑴의 ν•©μ„±ν™”ν•™ 물질과 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ
03:57
with many of the same properties of conventional synthetics.
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μ„±μ§ˆμ„ κ°€μ§€λŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μž¬λ°°ν•΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
Now, mycelium is an amazing material,
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자, κ· μ‚¬μ²΄λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό λ†€λΌμš΄ λ¬Όμ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
because it's a self-assembling material.
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κ· μ‚¬μ²΄λŠ” μžκΈ°μ‘°ν•©μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 물질이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. (μžκΈ°μ‘°ν•© : λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ“± 생체 κ³ λΆ„μžκ°€ μ λ‹Ήν•œ ν™˜κ²½μ‘°κ±΄μ—μ„œ κ·Έ μžμ‹ μ΄ μ§‘ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ μƒλ¦¬μ μœΌλ‘œ μ˜λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” κ³ μ°¨ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒ)
04:04
It actually takes things we would consider waste --
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κ· μ‚¬μ²΄λŠ” 곑식 κ»μ§ˆμ΄λ‚˜ λ‚˜λ¬΄ μƒλ¬Όμžμ› 같이
04:06
things like seed husks or woody biomass --
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폐기물둜 κ°„μ£Όλ˜λŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ΄μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
and can transform them into a chitinous polymer,
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그리고 κ·Έ νκΈ°λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ 거의 λͺ¨λ“  ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μ„±ν˜•μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ
04:11
which you can form into almost any shape.
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ν‚€ν‹΄ κ³ λΆ„μžμ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λ³€ν˜•μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
In our process,
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우리의 κ³΅μ •μ—μ„œλŠ” 균사체λ₯Ό
04:15
we basically use it as a glue.
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기본적으둜 μ ‘μ°©μ œμ²˜λŸΌ μ‚¬μš©μ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
And by using mycelium as a glue,
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그리고 균사체λ₯Ό μ ‘μ°©μ œμ²˜λŸΌ μ‚¬μš©ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
04:19
you can mold things just like you do in the plastic industry,
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ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± μ‚°μ—…μ—μ„œ ν•˜λŠ” 것과 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μƒν’ˆμ„ μ„±ν˜•ν•΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
and you can create materials with many different properties,
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그리고 μ ˆμ—°, λ‚΄ν™”μ„±, 방슡, 증기저항과 같이
04:25
materials that are insulating, fire-resistant,
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μ•„μ£Ό λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 속성을 μ§€λ‹ˆλŠ”
04:28
moisture-resistant, vapor-resistant --
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λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ 생산해 λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
materials that can absorb impacts, that can absorb acoustical impacts.
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이 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ€ 좩격 μ™„ν™”ν•˜κ³  음ν–₯적 영ν–₯을 ν‘μˆ˜ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
But these materials are grown from agricultural byproducts,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ€ μ„μœ κ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ
04:37
not petroleum.
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농업 λΆ€μ‚°λ¬Όλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 생성 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
And because they're made of natural materials,
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그리고 μžμ—°λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:42
they are 100 percent compostable
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ’·λ§ˆλ‹Ήμ—μ„œλ„ μ™„μ „ν•˜κ²Œ
04:44
in you own backyard.
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λΆ„ν•΄κ°€ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
So I'd like to share with you the four basic steps
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이제 이런 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ”λ° ν•„μš”ν•œ
04:49
required to make these materials.
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κΈ°λ³Έ 4단계 곡정에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ € λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
The first is selecting a feedstock,
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첫 번째 λ‹¨κ³„λŠ” μ›μž¬λ£Œλ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
preferably something that's regional, that's in your area, right --
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가급적 지역적인, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ μ‚°μΆœλ˜λŠ” 것을 μ„ νƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:55
local manufacturing.
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λ°”λ‘œ ν˜„μ§€ μ œμ‘°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:57
The next is actually taking this feedstock and putting in a tool,
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λ‹€μŒ λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ, 이와 같은 μ›μž¬λ£Œλ₯Ό 틀에 λ„£λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
physically filling an enclosure, a mold,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ–»κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œλ“ μ§€
05:02
in whatever shape you want to get.
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물리적으둜 μ±„μ›Œ 넣을 수 μžˆλŠ” μ„±ν˜•ν‹€μ΄μ£ .
05:04
Then you actually grow the mycelium through these particles,
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그런 λ’€, 균사체λ₯Ό 이런 μ›μž¬λ£Œ μž…μžλ“€ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ λ°°μ–‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
and that's where the magic happens,
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그게 λ§ˆλ²•μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 곳이죠.
05:09
because the organism is doing the work in this process,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이 곡정 쀑에 μœ κΈ°μ²΄κ°€ μž‘μš©ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
not the equipment.
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μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 말이죠.
05:13
The final step is, of course, the product,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λ‹¨κ³„λŠ” λ¬Όλ‘  μƒμ‚°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:15
whether it's a packaging material, a table top, or building block.
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그것이 μΆ©μ§„μž¬λ£Œ, ν…Œμ΄λΈ” μœ—νŒ, 건좕 μžμž¬μ΄λ˜μ§€ 간에 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
Our vision is local manufacturing,
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우리의 λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” ν˜„μ§€ μ œμ‘°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
like the local food movement, for production.
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마치 λ‘œμ»¬ν‘Έλ“œμš΄λ™κ³Ό μœ μ‚¬ν•˜κ²Œ 말이죠. (λ‘œμ»¬ν‘Έλ“œμš΄λ™ : νŠΉμ • μ§€μ—­μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ  건강, ν™˜κ²½, 경제λ₯Ό ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 지속가λŠ₯ν•œ 생산, 가곡, λΆ„λ°°, μ†ŒλΉ„λ₯Ό μ΄‰μ§„μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 지역을 기반으둜 ν•œ 곡동노λ ₯)
05:22
So we've created formulations for all around the world
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§€μ—­μ˜ 뢀산물을 ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ
05:24
using regional byproducts.
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μ μš©κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ„λ‘ κ³΅μ‹ν™”ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:26
If you're in China, you might use a rice husk
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 쀑ꡭ에 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄, μŒ€κ²¨λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
05:29
or a cottonseed hull.
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λ©΄ν™” κ»μ§ˆμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
If you're in Northern Europe or North America,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λΆμœ λŸ½μ΄λ‚˜ 뢁아메리카에 κ±°μ£Όν•˜κ³  κ³„μ‹œλ‹€λ©΄
05:33
you can use things like buckwheat husks or oat hulls.
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λ©”λ°€μ΄λ‚˜ 귀리 κ»μ§ˆμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  μˆ˜κ°€ 있겠죠.
05:37
We then process these husks with some basic equipment.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ κΈ°λ³Έ μž₯치둜 이 같은 곑물의 κ»μ§ˆλ“€μ„ μ²˜λ¦¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
And I want to share with you a quick video from our facility
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이제 짧은 μ˜μƒμœΌλ‘œ 우리의 μ„€λΉ„λ₯Ό μ†Œκ°œν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:42
that gives you a sense of how this looks at scale.
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λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄ κ³΅μ •μ˜ 규λͺ¨μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 감이 μ˜€μ‹œκ² μ£ .
05:45
So what you're seeing here is actually cotton hulls from Texas, in this case.
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이 κ²½μš°μ— μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 보고 κ³„μ‹œλŠ” 것은 ν…μ‚¬μŠ€μ˜ λ©΄ν™” κ»μ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
It's a waste product.
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μΌμ’…μ˜ 폐기물이죠.
05:50
And what they're doing in our equipment
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우리 μ„€λΉ„μ—μ„œμ˜ μž‘μ—…μ€
05:52
is going through a continuous system,
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μ—°μ†νλ¦„μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λ©° μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
which cleans, cooks, cools
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이 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ μ„Έμ²™ν•˜κ³ , 찌고,
05:57
and pasteurizes these materials,
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μ‹νžˆκ³ , μ‚΄κ· ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:59
while also continuously inoculating them with our mycelium.
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μ—°μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ 균사체λ₯Ό λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ— μ ‘μ’…ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆμ—λ„ 말이죠.
06:02
This gives us a continuous stream of material
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ 비둝 μΆ©μ§„μž¬λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
06:04
that we can put into almost any shape,
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이런 곡정은 거의 λͺ¨λ“  λͺ¨μ–‘을 λ§Œλ“€μˆ˜ μžˆλ„λ‘
06:06
though today we're making corner blocks.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ κ³„μ†λ˜λŠ” 물질의 흐름을 μ œκ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:08
And it's when this lid goes on the part,
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그리고 이런 λšœκ»‘μ΄ νŒŒνŠΈμ— 올렀질 λ•Œ
06:10
that the magic really starts.
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λ§ˆλ²•μ€ μ§„μ§œλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
Because the manufacturing process is our organism.
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μ œμž‘ 곡정이 우리의 유기적인 쑰직체이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:16
It'll actually begin to digest these wastes
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κ³΅μ •μœΌλ‘œ 이 폐기물듀은 μ‚­ν˜€μ§€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:18
and, over the next five days,
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그리고 5일이 κ²½κ³Όν•˜λ©΄,
06:20
assemble them into biocomposites.
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λ°”μ΄μ˜€λ³΅ν•©μž¬λ£Œλ‘œ κ²°ν•©ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
Our entire facility
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우리의 전체 μ„€λΉ„λŠ”
06:25
is comprised of thousands and thousands and thousands of these tools
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이런 μ–΄λ‘μš΄ 싀내에 놓여 μžˆλŠ” μ…€ 수 없이 λ§Žμ€ μž₯μΉ˜λ“€κ³Ό
06:28
sitting indoors in the dark, quietly self-assembling materials --
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쑰용히 μžκΈ°μ‘°ν•©ν•˜λŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€ 그리고 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μƒμ„±ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„° νŒŒμƒλ˜λŠ”
06:31
and everything from building materials
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λͺ¨λ“  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ ꡬ성이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
to, in this case,
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이 κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”
06:35
a packaging corner block.
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μΆ©μ§„μž¬λ£Œμ΄μ§€μš”.
06:37
So I've said a number of times that we grow materials.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μž¬λ°°ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ—¬λŸ¬μ°¨λ‘€ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:40
And it's kind of hard to picture how that happens.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” 것은 μ–΄λ €μš΄ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
So my team has taken five days-worth of growth,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 우리 νŒ€μ€ 5일 λΆ„λŸ‰μ˜ 재배λ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
a typical growth cycle for us,
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ „ν˜•μ μΈ 재배 사이클이죠.
06:46
and condensed it into a 15-second time lapse.
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그리고 15μ΄ˆμ”©μ˜ μ‹œκ°„ 경과둜 μ••μΆ•μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:49
And I want you to really watch closely
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 화면에 λΉ„μΉœ μž‘μ€ ν•˜μ–€ 점듀을
06:51
these little white dots on the screen,
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μžμ„Ένžˆ λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ λ³΄μ…¨μœΌλ©΄ μ’‹κ² κ΅°μš”.
06:53
because, over the five-day period,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 5일의 κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ
06:55
what they do is extend out and through this material,
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이 씨앗 껍데기듀에 ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
06:58
using the energy that's contained in these seed husks
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ν‚€ν‹΄ κ³ λΆ„μž 볡합물을 μƒμ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 물질 μž…μž μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ
07:00
to build this chitinous polymer matrix.
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퍼져 λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” 것이 ν•˜μ–€μ μ΄ ν•˜λŠ” μ—­ν• μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:02
This matrix self-assembles,
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이 μžκΈ°μ‘°ν•© 볡합물은
07:04
growing through and around the particles,
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물질의 μž…μžλ“€ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ μžλΌλ‚˜λ©°,
07:06
making millions and millions of tiny fibers.
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μˆ˜μ—†μ΄ λ§Žμ€ λ―Έμ„Έ μ„¬μœ λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
And what parts of the seed husk we don't digest,
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그리고 μ‚­ν˜€μ§€μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 곑물 껍데기의 μ–΄λ–€ 뢀뢄은
07:12
actually become part of the final, physical composite.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 물리적 합성물인 μ΅œμ’… μƒμ‚°λ¬Όμ˜ 일뢀뢄이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:15
So in front of your eyes, this part just self-assembled.
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이제 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 눈 μ•žμ—μ„œ 이 νŒŒνŠΈλŠ” μžκΈ°μ‘°ν•©μ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
It actually takes a little longer. It takes five days.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” 쑰금 더 길게 κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€. 5일이 걸리죠.
07:20
But it's much faster than conventional farming.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 전톡적인 의미의 μž¬λ°°λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 훨씬 λΉ λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:23
The last step, of course, is application.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λ‹¨κ³„λŠ” λ¬Όλ‘  μ‘μš©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:25
In this case, we've grown a corner block.
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이경우, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μΆ©μ§„μž¬λ£Œλ₯Ό μž¬λ°°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:27
A major Fortune 500 furniture maker
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포좘 500의 큰 가ꡬ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€
07:30
uses these corner blocks to protect their tables in shipment.
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μš΄μ†‘ν•  λ•Œ ν…Œμ΄λΈ”μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 이 μΆ©μ§„μž¬λ£Œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:33
They used to use a plastic packaging buffer,
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ν•œ λ•ŒλŠ” ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± μ™„μΆ©μ œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμ£ .
07:35
but we were able to give them the exact same physical performance
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μž¬λ°°ν•œ 물질둜 κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ •ν™•νžˆ λ™μΌν•œ 물리적 μ„±λŠ₯을
07:38
with our grown material.
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μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
Best of all, when it gets to the customer,
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κ°€μž₯ 쒋은 것은, κ³ κ°μ—κ²Œ λ°°λ‹¬λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ
07:43
it's not trash.
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μ“°λ ˆκΈ°κ°€ μ•ˆλœλ‹€λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
07:45
They can actually put this in their natural ecosystem without any processing,
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ 처리 없이도 μžμ—°μƒνƒœκ³„μ— λ˜μ Έλ‘˜ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
and it's going to improve the local soil.
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그리고 그것이 ν˜„μ§€ 토양을 κ°œμ„ μ‹œν‚¬ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:49
So, why mycelium?
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자, μ™œ κ· μ‚¬μ²΄μΌκΉŒμš”?
07:51
The first reason is local open feedstocks.
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첫 번재 μ΄μœ λŠ” ν˜„μ§€μ—μ„œ ꡬ할 수 μžˆλŠ” μ›μž¬λ£Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:53
You want to be able to do this anywhere in the world
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μŒ€κ²¨λ₯Ό μ£ΌμšΈμ§€ λͺ©ν™” 껍데기λ₯Ό μ£ΌμšΈμ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ±±μ • 없이
07:55
and not worry about peak rice hull or peak cottonseed hulls,
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세계 μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œλ‚˜ μž¬λ°°ν•  수 있기λ₯Ό λ°”λž„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:57
because you have multiple choices.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 선택이 주어지기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:59
The next is self-assembly,
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λ‹€μŒμ€ μžκΈ°μ‘°ν•©μ΄μ£ .
08:01
because the organism is actually doing most of the work in this process.
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이 κ³΅μ •μ—μ„œ μœ κΈ°μ²΄λŠ” 사싀 거의 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 일을 ν•΄λ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:04
You don't need a lot of equipment to set up a production facility.
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생산 μ„€λΉ„λ₯Ό κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜λŠ”λ° λ§Žμ€ μž₯λΉ„κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:07
So you can have lots of small facilities
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μž‘μ€ 섀비듀을 ꡬ성할 수 있죠.
08:09
spread all across the world.
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세계 전역에 κ±Έμ³μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
Biological yield is really important.
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생물학적 μ‚°μΆœμ€ 정말 μ€‘μš”ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:13
And because 100 percent of what we put in the tool become the final product,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μž₯μΉ˜μ— λ„£λŠ” 것은 100% μ΅œμ’… μ‚°μΆœλ¬Όμ΄ 되기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:16
even the parts that aren't digested
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μ‚­ν˜€μ§€μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 뢀뢄이라고 할지라도
08:18
become part of the structure,
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전체 ꡬ쑰의 일뢀뢄이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
we're getting incredible yield rates.
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믿을 수 없을 μ •λ„μ˜ μ‚°μΆœ λΉ„μœ¨μ„ μ–»κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:22
Natural polymers, well ... I think that's what's most important,
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μžμ—° κ³ λΆ„μžλŠ” 제 μƒκ°μœΌλ‘œλŠ” κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:25
because these polymers have been tried and tested
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이런 κ³ λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ μ§€λ‚œ 10μ–΅λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 우리의 μƒνƒœκ³„μ—μ„œ
08:27
in our ecosystem for the last billion years,
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ν™œμš©λ˜κ³  κ²€μ¦λ˜μ–΄ μ™”κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
in everything from mushrooms to crustaceans.
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λ²„μ„―μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° 갑각λ₯˜μ— 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ λͺ¨λ“  κ²ƒμ—μ„œ 말이죠.
08:32
They're not going to clog up Earth's ecosystems. They work great.
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μžμ—° κ³ λΆ„μžλ“€μ΄ μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ μƒνƒœκ³„λ₯Ό 망쳐놓지 μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜μ£ .
08:35
And while, today,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λ„
08:37
we can practically guarantee that yesterday's packaging
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μ–΄μ œ 받은 μ†Œν¬μ˜ 포μž₯물이 만 λ…„ λ„˜κ²Œ λΆ„ν•΄λ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
08:39
is going to be here in 10,000 years,
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μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ²Œ 되리라 단언할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:41
what I want to guarantee
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μ œκ°€ λ³΄μ¦ν•˜κ³  싢은 것은
08:43
is that in 10,000 years,
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κ·Έ 만 λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
08:45
our descendants, our children's children,
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우리의 후손듀, 우리 μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ 아이듀이
08:47
will be living happily and in harmony
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ν–‰λ³΅ν•˜κ³  μ‘°ν™”λ‘œμš΄ 삢을 μ‚΄κ²Œ λ˜λ¦¬λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:50
with a healthy Earth.
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κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 지ꡬ와 ν•¨κ»˜ 말이죠.
08:52
And I think that can be some really good news.
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그리고 그것이 정말 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μΌκ±°λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:54
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:56
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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