Jonathan Drori: Every pollen grain has a story

38,406 views ใƒป 2010-04-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Thank you. I have two missions here today.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช.
00:18
The first is to tell you something about pollen, I hope,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื
00:22
and to convince you that it's more than just something that gets up your nose.
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ื•ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื“ื’ื“ื’ ื‘ืืฃ.
00:25
And, secondly, to convince you
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื
00:27
that every home really ought to have a scanning electron microscope.
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ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™.
00:30
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
00:32
Pollen is a flower's way of making more flowers.
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ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื— ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
00:36
It carries male sex cells
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืืช ืชืื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื
00:38
from one flower to another.
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ืžืคืจื— ืœืคืจื—.
00:40
This gives us genetic diversity,
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™,
00:42
or at least it gives the plants genetic diversity.
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืคืจื—ื™ื ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
00:44
And it's really rather better not to mate with yourself.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
00:48
That's probably true of humans as well, mostly.
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ.
00:52
Pollen is produced by the anthers of flowers.
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ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืข"ื™ ืžืื‘ืงื™ ื”ืคืจื—.
00:54
Each anther can carry up to 100,000 grains of pollen,
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ื›ืœ ืžืื‘ืง ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืืช ืขื“ 10,000 ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ ืื‘ืงื”.
00:59
so, it's quite prolific stuff.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื”ื• ืฉืคืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:01
And it isn't just bright flowers
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื
01:03
that have pollen; it's also trees and grasses.
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ื™ืฉ ืื‘ืงืช ืคืจื—ื™ื; ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืœืขืฆื™ื ื•ืœืขืฉื‘ื™ื.
01:07
And remember that all our cereal crops are grasses as well.
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ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ื’ื ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื’ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื‘.
01:12
Here is a scanning electron micrograph of a grain of pollen.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ื™ืจ ืื‘ืงื”.
01:16
The little hole in the middle, we'll come to a bit later,
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ื ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
01:19
but that's for the pollen tube
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ืืš ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื”ืื‘ืงื”
01:21
to come out later on. A very tiny tube.
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ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช; ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืžืื“.
01:23
So, that's 20 micrometers across,
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ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื 20 ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื
01:25
that pollen grain there.
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ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื”ื–ื”.
01:27
That's about a 50th of a millimeter.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื—ืœืง ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ.
01:29
But not all pollen is quite so simple looking.
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ืืš ืœื ื›ืœ ืื‘ืงื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืžืจืื”.
01:32
This is Morina. This is a plant --
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”. ื–ื”ื• ืฆืžื—
01:35
which I've always thought to be rather tedious --
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ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืžืฉืขืžื,
01:37
named after Morin,
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื•ืจื™ืŸ,
01:39
who was an enterprising French gardener,
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื ืช ืฆืจืคืชื™ื” ืจื‘ืช ืžืขืœืœื™ื,
01:41
who issued the first seed catalog
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืคืจืกืžื” ืืช ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
01:43
in 1621.
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ื‘-1621.
01:45
But anyway, take a look at its pollen.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
01:49
This is amazing, I think.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™.
01:51
That little hole in the middle there is for the pollen tube,
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ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื”ืื‘ืงื”.
01:53
and when the pollen finds its special female spot
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ื›ืฉืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืืช ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืงื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”
01:56
in another Morina flower,
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ื‘ืคืจื— ืžื•ืจื™ื ื” ืื—ืจ,
01:58
just on the right species, what happens?
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
02:01
Like I said, pollen carries the male sex cells.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื ื•ืฉืืช ืชืื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื
02:04
If you actually didn't realize that plants have sex,
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ืื ื˜ืจื ืชืคืฉืชื ืฉืœืคืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืŸ,
02:07
they have rampant, promiscuous
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืข, ืžื•ืคืงืจ
02:09
and really quite interesting and curious sex. Really.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืกืงืจืŸ.
02:11
(Laughter) A lot.
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:15
My story is actually not about plant propagation,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื,
02:18
but about pollen itself.
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ืืœื ื‘ืื‘ืงื” ืขืฆืžื”.
02:20
"So, what are pollen's properties?" I hear you ask.
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ืื– ืžื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื‘ืงื”, ื•ื“ืื™ ืชืฉืืœื•?
02:23
First of all, pollen is tiny. Yes we know that.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื–ืขื™ืจื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช.
02:25
It's also very biologically active,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืื“ ืคืขื™ืœื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
02:27
as anyone with hay fever will understand.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืœืจื’ื™ ืœืคืจื™ื—ื”.
02:29
Now, pollen from plants, which are wind-dispersed --
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ืื‘ืงืช ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืฆืช ื‘ืจื•ื—,
02:32
like trees and grasses and so on --
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ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืงืช ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”,
02:35
tend to cause the most hay fever.
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ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ืืœืจื’ื™ื•ืช.
02:37
And the reason for that is they've got to chuck out
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื–ืจ
02:39
masses and masses of pollen to have any chance
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ืžืกื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
02:41
of the pollen reaching another plant of the same species.
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ืฉื”ืื‘ืงื” ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืฆืžื— ืื—ืจ ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืŸ.
02:45
Here are some examples --
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
02:47
they're very smooth if you look at them --
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ื”ื ืžืื“ ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
02:50
of tree pollen that is meant to be carried by the wind.
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ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงืช ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืขื ื”ืจื•ื—.
02:53
Again -- this time, sycamore -- wind-dispersed.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื”ืคืขื ืฉื™ืงืžื”, ื ื™ืฉืืช ื‘ืจื•ื—.
02:55
So, trees: very boring flowers,
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ืขืฆื™ื, ืคืจื—ื™ื ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื ืžืื“,
02:58
not really trying to attract insects.
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื.
03:01
Cool pollen, though.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื”.
03:03
This one I particularly like.
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ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:05
This is the Monterey Pine, which has little air sacks
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืจืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืงื™ืงื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื
03:08
to make the pollen carry even further.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืื‘ืงื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง.
03:10
Remember, that thing is just about 30 micrometers across.
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง 30 ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
03:14
Now, it's much more efficient if you can get insects to do your bidding.
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ื•ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ืื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ืจืงื™ื ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจืš.
03:17
This is a bee's leg
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ื–ืืช ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”,
03:20
with the pollen glommed onto it from a mallow plant.
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ืฉื ืฆืžื“ื” ืืœื™ื” ืื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ื”ื—ืœืžื™ืช.
03:24
And this is the outrageous and beautiful
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ื•ื–ื”, ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืคื”ืคื”,
03:26
flower of the mangrove palm.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืจื— ื“ืงืœ ื”ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘.
03:28
Very showy, to attract lots of insects to do its bidding.
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ืžืื“ ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืจืงื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื•ื•ืงื• ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื•.
03:31
The pollen has little barbs on it,
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ื‘ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืงืจืกื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
03:33
if we look.
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ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
03:35
Now, those little barbs
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ื•ืงืจืกื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืืœื”
03:37
obviously stick to the insects well,
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ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื ืฆืžื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื,
03:40
but there is something else that we can tell from this photograph,
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืฆื™ืœื•ื ื–ื”,
03:42
and that is that you might be able to see a fracture line
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืงื• ืกื“ืง
03:44
across what would be the equator of this, if it was the Earth.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:47
That tells me that it's actually been fossilized, this pollen.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืื‘ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืื•ื‘ื ืช.
03:50
And I'm rather proud to say
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’ืื” ืœื•ืžืจ
03:52
that this was found just near London, and that 55 million years ago
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ืฉื–ื” ื ืชื’ืœื” ืœื™ื“ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืคื ื™ 55 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
03:55
London was full of mangroves.
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ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื“ืงืœื™ ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘.
03:58
Isn't that cool?
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ืœื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘?
04:00
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:03
Okay, so this is another species evolved to be dispersed by insects.
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ื–ื” ื–ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื”ืคืฆื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืจืงื™ื.
04:06
You can tell that from the little barbs on there.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื–ืืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืงืจืกื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:09
All these pictures were taken with a scanning electron microscope,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™
04:12
actually in the lab at Kew Laboratories.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื’ื ื™ "ืงื™ื•".
04:14
No coincidence that these were taken
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ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืœืžื•
04:16
by Rob Kesseler, who is an artist,
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ืข"ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืงืกืœืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืŸ.
04:18
and I think it's someone with a design and artistic eye
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืขื™ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช
04:21
like him that has managed to bring out the best in pollen.
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ื›ืžื•ื”ื•, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื‘ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื.
04:25
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:27
Now, all this diversity
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
04:29
means that you can look at a pollen grain
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจื’ื™ืจ ืื‘ืงืช ืคืจื—ื™ื
04:31
and tell what species it came from,
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ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื” ื”ื–ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
04:34
and that's actually quite handy if you
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืื, ืœืžืฉืœ,
04:36
maybe have a sample and you want to see where it came from.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื”.
04:39
So, different species of plants
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ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงื•ืช
04:41
grow in different places,
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ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:43
and some pollen carries further than others.
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ื•ืื‘ืงื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื ื™ืฉืื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื•ืช.
04:47
So, if you have a pollen sample,
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ืื– ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงืช ืคืจื—ื™ื,
04:50
then in principle, you should be able to tell
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ืืคืฉืจ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข
04:52
where that sample came from.
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ืžืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื”.
04:54
And this is where it gets interesting for forensics.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื–"ืค.
04:59
Pollen is tiny. It gets on to things, and it sticks to them.
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ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืฆืžื“ืช ื•ื ื“ื‘ืงืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:03
So, not only does each type of pollen look different,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื›ืœ ืื‘ืงื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”,
05:05
but each habitat has a different combination of plants.
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ืืœื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”,
05:09
A different pollen signature, if you like,
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ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืื‘ืงื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ืื ืชืจืฆื•,
05:11
or a different pollen fingerprint.
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ืื• ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช-ืืฆื‘ืข ืื‘ืงืชื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
05:16
By looking at the proportions and combinations
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ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื
05:18
of different kinds of pollen in a sample,
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ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
05:21
you can tell very precisely where it came from.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื”.
05:24
This is some pollen embedded in a cotton shirt,
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ื–ื• ืžืขื˜ ืื‘ืงื” ืฉื ื ืขืฆื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ื›ื•ืชื ื”,
05:27
similar to the one that I'm wearing now.
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ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:30
Now, much of the pollen will still be there
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืื‘ืงื” ืขื•ื“ื ื” ืฉื,
05:32
after repeated washings.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืกื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
05:34
Where has it been?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื”?
05:37
Four very different habitats might look similar,
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ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื
05:39
but they've got very different pollen signatures.
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ืื‘ืงื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื“.
05:42
Actually this one is particularly easy, these pictures were all taken
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ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืžืื“. ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
05:44
in different countries.
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ืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
05:46
But pollen forensics can be very subtle.
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ืืš ืžื–"ืค ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ ืžืื“.
05:48
It's being used now to track
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช
05:50
where counterfeit drugs have been made,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช,
05:52
where banknotes have come from,
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ืžืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ื™ื,
05:55
to look at the provenance of antiques
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช
05:57
and see that they really did come from the place
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ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืืžื ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืžืงื•ื
05:59
the seller said they did.
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ืฉืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ.
06:02
And murder suspects have been tracked
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ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื— ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžืขืงื‘
06:04
using their clothing,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื,
06:06
certainly in the U.K., to within an area
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ
06:09
that's small enough that you can send in tracker dogs
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ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืฉ
06:11
to find the murder victim.
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ืฉื™ืืชืจื• ืืช ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื—.
06:13
So, you can tell from a piece of clothing
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืคื™ ืคืจื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ
06:15
to within about a kilometer or so,
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ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš,
06:19
where that piece of clothing has been recently
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืคืจื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ,
06:21
and then send in dogs.
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ื•ืื– ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื.
06:24
And finally, in a rather grizzly way,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ื“ ืœืžื“ื™,
06:27
the Bosnia war crimes;
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ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื”.
06:29
some of the people brought to trial were brought to trial
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ื—ืœืง ืžืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืขืžื“ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืขืžื“ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ
06:32
because of the evidence from pollen,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงืช ืคืจื—ื™ื,
06:34
which showed that bodies had been buried,
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ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืจื•,
06:36
exhumed and then reburied somewhere else.
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ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžืงื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจ ื ืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
06:41
I hope I've opened your eyes,
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืคืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื,
06:43
if you'll excuse the visual pun, (Laughter)
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ืื ืชืกืœื—ื• ืœื™ ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™,
06:45
to some of pollen's secrets.
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ืœืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื.
06:47
This is a horse chestnut.
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ื–ื”ื• ืขืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื, ืื’ื‘.
06:49
There is an invisible beauty all around us,
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™ ืกืžื•ื™,
06:51
each grain with a story to tell ...
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ืœื›ืœ ื’ืจื’ื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
06:53
each of us, in fact, with a story to tell
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
06:55
from the pollen fingerprint that's upon us.
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ืฉื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื•.
06:58
Thank you to the colleagues at Kew,
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘"ืงื™ื•".
07:00
and thank you to palynologists everywhere.
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ื•ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื.
07:02
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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