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譯者: Marie Wu
審譯者: Terry Lin
00:15
Thank you. I have two missions here today.
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謝謝,我今天有二個任務,
00:18
The first is to tell you something about pollen, I hope,
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第一是要告訴各位有關花粉的一切,
00:22
and to convince you that it's more than just something that gets up your nose.
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我希望我的演說能讓你不再認為花粉只是引起鼻子過敏的東西。
00:25
And, secondly, to convince you
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第二,我希望能說服你們
00:27
that every home really ought to have a scanning electron microscope.
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在家裡都放一台電子顯微鏡。
00:30
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:32
Pollen is a flower's way of making more flowers.
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花粉是植物傳遞下一代的媒介,
00:36
It carries male sex cells
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它能把雄性生殖細胞
00:38
from one flower to another.
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從一株植物帶到另一株植物上。
00:40
This gives us genetic diversity,
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這會讓我們看到多樣化的物種,
00:42
or at least it gives the plants genetic diversity.
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至少會讓植物產生多元的下一代。
00:44
And it's really rather better not to mate with yourself.
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而且植物知道最好不要和自己交配,
00:48
That's probably true of humans as well, mostly.
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我想這也適用於人類。
00:52
Pollen is produced by the anthers of flowers.
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花粉是由花粉囊所產生的,
00:54
Each anther can carry up to 100,000 grains of pollen,
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每一個花粉囊裡最多可以儲存十萬個花粉,
00:59
so, it's quite prolific stuff.
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所以還算是滿多產的。
01:01
And it isn't just bright flowers
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而且不是只有看得見的花朵才會產生花粉,
01:03
that have pollen; it's also trees and grasses.
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樹和禾本植物也會產生花粉。
01:07
And remember that all our cereal crops are grasses as well.
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別忘了,所有的穀類農作物都是禾本植物。
01:12
Here is a scanning electron micrograph of a grain of pollen.
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這是花粉在電子顯微鏡下的樣子,
01:16
The little hole in the middle, we'll come to a bit later,
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我們待會兒會談到花粉中間的小洞,
01:19
but that's for the pollen tube
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那是讓花粉管冒出來的地方,
01:21
to come out later on. A very tiny tube.
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一條非常細的管子。
01:23
So, that's 20 micrometers across,
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這個花粉的直徑
01:25
that pollen grain there.
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大約只有20微米而已,
01:27
That's about a 50th of a millimeter.
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也就是50分之一公釐那麼大。
01:29
But not all pollen is quite so simple looking.
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每一種花粉的形狀都不一樣。
01:32
This is Morina. This is a plant --
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這是莫琳娜,
01:35
which I've always thought to be rather tedious --
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我一直覺得這種植物很乏味,
01:37
named after Morin,
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它是以法國園藝企業家
01:39
who was an enterprising French gardener,
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莫林之名來命名,
01:41
who issued the first seed catalog
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他在1621年發行了
01:43
in 1621.
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第一本種子目錄。
01:45
But anyway, take a look at its pollen.
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不管怎樣,我們來看看它的花粉。
01:49
This is amazing, I think.
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很驚人吧!
01:51
That little hole in the middle there is for the pollen tube,
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中間的洞是讓花粉管冒出來的地方,
01:53
and when the pollen finds its special female spot
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當花粉在另一株同樣品種的
01:56
in another Morina flower,
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莫琳娜花上發現它的
01:58
just on the right species, what happens?
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真命天女時,你猜會怎樣?
02:01
Like I said, pollen carries the male sex cells.
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就像我說的,花粉會帶著自己的雄性生殖細胞,
02:04
If you actually didn't realize that plants have sex,
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如果你以為植物沒有性交,那就錯了!
02:07
they have rampant, promiscuous
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他們有雜交、亂交
02:09
and really quite interesting and curious sex. Really.
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和其他各種稀奇古怪的性交方式。
02:11
(Laughter) A lot.
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(笑聲)
02:15
My story is actually not about plant propagation,
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今天的主題其實不是在談植物的繁殖,
02:18
but about pollen itself.
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而是要談花粉。
02:20
"So, what are pollen's properties?" I hear you ask.
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那麼花粉的功能是什麼?你一定想問吧?
02:23
First of all, pollen is tiny. Yes we know that.
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首先,花粉很微小,大家都知道。
02:25
It's also very biologically active,
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花粉同時也很活躍,
02:27
as anyone with hay fever will understand.
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有花粉症的人就能瞭解。
02:29
Now, pollen from plants, which are wind-dispersed --
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只要是藉由風力傳播花粉的植物,
02:32
like trees and grasses and so on --
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像是樹木或是禾本植物,
02:35
tend to cause the most hay fever.
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就很容易引起花粉症。
02:37
And the reason for that is they've got to chuck out
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原因在於,這些植物會產生大量、
02:39
masses and masses of pollen to have any chance
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無以計數的花粉,藉以提升花粉
02:41
of the pollen reaching another plant of the same species.
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到達其他相同植物的機率。
02:45
Here are some examples --
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讓我舉幾個例子。
02:47
they're very smooth if you look at them --
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如果你觀察樹木的花粉,你會發現
02:50
of tree pollen that is meant to be carried by the wind.
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他們的表面很光滑,因為這樣較容易被風吹送出去。
02:53
Again -- this time, sycamore -- wind-dispersed.
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再來,西克莫無花果,也是靠風吹送花粉,
02:55
So, trees: very boring flowers,
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這些樹木,沒有漂亮的花朵,
02:58
not really trying to attract insects.
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吸引不到昆蟲,
03:01
Cool pollen, though.
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但是他們有很酷的花粉。
03:03
This one I particularly like.
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這個是我最喜歡的,
03:05
This is the Monterey Pine, which has little air sacks
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這是蒙特利松,他的花粉上還有小小的風囊,
03:08
to make the pollen carry even further.
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可以讓花粉被吹送得更遠。
03:10
Remember, that thing is just about 30 micrometers across.
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要注意,這些花粉的直徑大約只有30微米而已。
03:14
Now, it's much more efficient if you can get insects to do your bidding.
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如果可以讓昆蟲幫忙授粉就會更有效率多了。
03:17
This is a bee's leg
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這是蜜蜂的腳,
03:20
with the pollen glommed onto it from a mallow plant.
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在它飛進某株錦葵科植物時,花粉就附著在它身上。
03:24
And this is the outrageous and beautiful
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這是紅樹林棕櫚
03:26
flower of the mangrove palm.
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最光彩奪目的花朵,
03:28
Very showy, to attract lots of insects to do its bidding.
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很顯眼,就為了吸引昆蟲來幫它授粉。
03:31
The pollen has little barbs on it,
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如果我們細看這些花粉,
03:33
if we look.
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會發現有些細小的芒刺在上面,
03:35
Now, those little barbs
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這些芒刺很明顯是要
03:37
obviously stick to the insects well,
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黏附在昆蟲身上。
03:40
but there is something else that we can tell from this photograph,
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但這張照片還有其他值得細究的地方,
03:42
and that is that you might be able to see a fracture line
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你會看到中間好像有一條裂痕,
03:44
across what would be the equator of this, if it was the Earth.
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就像地球上的赤道一樣,
03:47
That tells me that it's actually been fossilized, this pollen.
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這表示這個花粉其實是個化石。
03:50
And I'm rather proud to say
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我可以很驕傲地說,
03:52
that this was found just near London, and that 55 million years ago
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這個化石是在倫敦附近發現的,也就是在五千五百萬年前,
03:55
London was full of mangroves.
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倫敦其實長滿了紅樹林棕櫚,
03:58
Isn't that cool?
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很酷吧?
04:00
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:03
Okay, so this is another species evolved to be dispersed by insects.
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好,這是另一種利用昆蟲散佈花粉的植物,
04:06
You can tell that from the little barbs on there.
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你可以從上面的芒刺分辨出來。
04:09
All these pictures were taken with a scanning electron microscope,
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這些照片都是利用電子顯微鏡拍出來的,
04:12
actually in the lab at Kew Laboratories.
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就在Kew實驗中心的實驗室裡拍攝。
04:14
No coincidence that these were taken
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攝影師是
04:16
by Rob Kesseler, who is an artist,
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Rob Kessler,他是個藝術家,
04:18
and I think it's someone with a design and artistic eye
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我想像他這樣一位具有設計及藝術眼光的人,
04:21
like him that has managed to bring out the best in pollen.
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一定會把花粉的最好一面挖掘出來。
04:25
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:27
Now, all this diversity
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花粉有各種不同的形狀,
04:29
means that you can look at a pollen grain
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也就是說,你可以從花粉的形狀
04:31
and tell what species it came from,
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判斷出產生這種花粉的植物。
04:34
and that's actually quite handy if you
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如果你恰好拿到一個花粉樣本,
04:36
maybe have a sample and you want to see where it came from.
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你就可以很容易地知道它的來源地在哪裡,
04:39
So, different species of plants
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因為不同的植物
04:41
grow in different places,
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生長在不同的地方。
04:43
and some pollen carries further than others.
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雖然有些花粉會被傳送到較遠處,
04:47
So, if you have a pollen sample,
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但只要你有花粉的樣本,
04:50
then in principle, you should be able to tell
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理論上來說,就應該可以推論出
04:52
where that sample came from.
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花粉的來源,
04:54
And this is where it gets interesting for forensics.
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這讓科學鑑識變得有趣起來。
04:59
Pollen is tiny. It gets on to things, and it sticks to them.
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花粉很小,它會附著在物品上,也會牢牢地吸附住。
05:03
So, not only does each type of pollen look different,
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不只花粉有不同的形狀,
05:05
but each habitat has a different combination of plants.
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每一個地方的植物組成也不同,
05:09
A different pollen signature, if you like,
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這就形成了獨一無二的花粉印鑑,
05:11
or a different pollen fingerprint.
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你也可以稱之為花粉指紋。
05:16
By looking at the proportions and combinations
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你只要看一看某件物品上的花粉種類
05:18
of different kinds of pollen in a sample,
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及各種花粉的數量,
05:21
you can tell very precisely where it came from.
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你就可以精確地判斷出它的來源地。
05:24
This is some pollen embedded in a cotton shirt,
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這是一些花粉附著在一件棉質襯衫上的照片,
05:27
similar to the one that I'm wearing now.
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很像我現在穿在身上的這一件,
05:30
Now, much of the pollen will still be there
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就算重複洗過幾次,
05:32
after repeated washings.
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大部分的花粉還是會繼續附著在上面。
05:34
Where has it been?
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這件襯衫的主人到過哪裡?
05:37
Four very different habitats might look similar,
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這四個地方看起來都很像,
05:39
but they've got very different pollen signatures.
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但是他們各自的花粉指紋都不同,
05:42
Actually this one is particularly easy, these pictures were all taken
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要判斷出來源地還滿容易的,因為這四個地方
05:44
in different countries.
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分處於不同的國家。
05:46
But pollen forensics can be very subtle.
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利用花粉指紋來進行鑑識是非常精確的,
05:48
It's being used now to track
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現在被用來追踨
05:50
where counterfeit drugs have been made,
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偽藥的來源、
05:52
where banknotes have come from,
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鈔票的來源、
05:55
to look at the provenance of antiques
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古董的來源,
05:57
and see that they really did come from the place
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以及古董是否真如賣家所宣稱
05:59
the seller said they did.
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來自某地。
06:02
And murder suspects have been tracked
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在英國,則利用謀殺案嫌犯
06:04
using their clothing,
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的衣物進行追蹤,
06:06
certainly in the U.K., to within an area
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就可將區域縮小到一定範圍,
06:09
that's small enough that you can send in tracker dogs
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然後讓偵察犬去
06:11
to find the murder victim.
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尋找受害者。
06:13
So, you can tell from a piece of clothing
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所以,你可以利用一小片衣物,
06:15
to within about a kilometer or so,
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鎖定某個一公里左右的範圍,
06:19
where that piece of clothing has been recently
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確定那片衣物最近曾出現在那兒,
06:21
and then send in dogs.
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然後再派出偵察犬。
06:24
And finally, in a rather grizzly way,
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最後,花粉還被用在一種令人不甚愉快的鑑識上 --
06:27
the Bosnia war crimes;
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波士尼亞戰爭。
06:29
some of the people brought to trial were brought to trial
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有些人被起訴,
06:32
because of the evidence from pollen,
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起訴的證據是花粉,
06:34
which showed that bodies had been buried,
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因為花粉顯示出某些屍體曾被埋葬、
06:36
exhumed and then reburied somewhere else.
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而後又被挖掘出來,然後又被埋到另一個地點。
06:41
I hope I've opened your eyes,
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我希望今天能讓你們大眼界,
06:43
if you'll excuse the visual pun, (Laughter)
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請原諒我開了一些玩笑,
06:45
to some of pollen's secrets.
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希望你們都瞭解花粉的奧祕。
06:47
This is a horse chestnut.
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順便提一下,這是七葉樹。
06:49
There is an invisible beauty all around us,
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在我們週遭存在著許多我們看不見的美麗事物,
06:51
each grain with a story to tell ...
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每一個花粉背後都有一個故事,
06:53
each of us, in fact, with a story to tell
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事實上,我們身上所存在的花粉指紋
06:55
from the pollen fingerprint that's upon us.
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也能告訴我們一些故事。
06:58
Thank you to the colleagues at Kew,
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謝謝Kew實驗中心的同仁,
07:00
and thank you to palynologists everywhere.
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也謝謝世界各地的花粉研究專家。
07:02
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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