Anant Agarwal: Why massively open online courses (still) matter

637,373 views ใƒป 2014-01-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Boaz Hovav ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
I'd like to reimagine education.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”.
00:15
The last year
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
00:17
has seen the invention of a new four-letter word.
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ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืžื™ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœืช 4 ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
00:20
It starts with an M.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืช M.
00:21
MOOC: massive open online courses.
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MOOC: ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื.
00:26
Many organizations
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื
00:27
are offering these online courses
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ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื
00:30
to students all over the world, in the millions, for free.
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ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื, ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
00:34
Anybody who has an Internet connection
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ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืขื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
00:36
and the will to learn can access these great courses
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ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
00:38
from excellent universities
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช
00:40
and get a credential at the end of it.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจืก.
00:44
Now, in this discussion today,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:46
I'm going to focus
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“
00:47
on a different aspect of MOOCs.
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ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจืกื™ MOOC.
00:51
We are taking what we are learning
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“
00:53
and the technologies we are developing in the large
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ื•ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:56
and applying them in the small
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ
00:58
to create a blended model of education
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘
01:01
to really reinvent and reimagine
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ืฉื™ืžืฆื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
01:03
what we do in the classroom.
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ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”.
01:05
Now, our classrooms could use change.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
01:07
So, here's a classroom
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ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืชื”
01:10
at this little three-letter institute
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ 3 ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช
01:12
in the Northeast of America, MIT.
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืืจื”"ื‘, MIT.
01:15
And this was a classroom about 50 or 60 years ago,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืชื” ืžืœืคื ื™ 50 ืื• 60 ืฉื ื”,
01:17
and this is a classroom today.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืชื” ืžื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื ื•.
01:20
What's changed?
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ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื ื”?
01:24
The seats are in color.
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ื”ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื.
01:26
Whoop-de-do.
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ื›ื™ืคืืง - ื”ื™ื™.
01:29
Education really hasn't changed
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ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
01:32
in the past 500 years.
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ื‘- 500 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:34
The last big innovation in education
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
01:36
was the printing press and the textbooks.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฆืืช ืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื•ืจืื”.
01:40
Everything else has changed around us.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื.
01:41
You know, from healthcare to transportation,
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ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”,
01:43
everything is different, but education hasn't changed.
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ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”.
01:47
It's also been a real issue in terms of access.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” .
01:50
So what you see here
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”
01:52
is not a rock concert.
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ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืจื•ืง.
01:54
And the person you see at the end of the stage
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ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื‘ืžื”
01:57
is not Madonna.
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ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื ื”.
01:59
This is a classroom
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ืชืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“
02:00
at the Obafemi Awolowo University in Nigeria.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ื‘ืคืžื™ ืื•ื•ืœื•ื• ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
02:05
Now, we've all heard of distance education,
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง,
02:09
but the students way in the back,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื”,
02:10
200 feet away from the instructor,
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60 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืจืฆื”,
02:12
I think they are undergoing long-distance education.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื“.
02:17
Now, I really believe
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช
02:19
that we can transform education,
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”,
02:21
both in quality and scale and access,
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ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื,
02:24
through technology.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:26
For example, at edX,
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ื‘ edX, ืœืžืฉืœ,
02:30
we are trying to transform education
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
02:32
through online technologies.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช.
02:35
Given education has been calcified for 500 years,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืคื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 500 ืฉื ื”,
02:38
we really cannot think about reengineering it,
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ืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
02:41
micromanaging it.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
02:42
We really have to completely reimagine it.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก.
02:44
It's like going from ox carts to the airplane.
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืขื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื.
02:48
Even the infrastructure has to change.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
02:50
Everything has to change.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
02:51
We need to go from lectures on the blackboard
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—
02:55
to online exercises, online videos.
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ืœืชืจื’ื•ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
02:57
We have to go to interactive virtual laboratories
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
03:00
and gamification.
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœืฉื ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
03:01
We have to go to completely online grading
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืชืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื
03:03
and peer interaction and discussion boards.
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ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:06
Everything really has to change.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
03:08
So at edX and a number of other organizations,
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ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ edX ื•ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
03:11
we are applying these technologies to education
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
03:13
through MOOCs to really increase access to education.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ MOOC ืฉืžื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื›ื•ืœื.
03:16
And you heard of this example,
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ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
03:18
where, when we launched our very first course --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
03:20
and this was an MIT-hard
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ื•ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ MIT
03:22
circuits and electronics course --
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ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” --
03:24
about a year and a half ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”, ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™,
03:27
155,000 students from 162 countries
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155 ืืœืฃ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืž- 162 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
03:32
enrolled in this course.
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ื ืจืฉืžื• ืœืงื•ืจืก.
03:34
And we had no marketing budget.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง.
03:36
Now, 155,000 is a big number.
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155,000 ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:40
This number is bigger
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:41
than the total number of alumni of MIT
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืž- MIT
03:44
in its 150-year history.
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ื‘- 150 ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
03:48
7,200 students passed the course,
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7,200 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
03:50
and this was a hard course.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฉื” ืžืื“.
03:53
7,200 is also a big number.
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ื’ื 7,200 ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:56
If I were to teach at MIT two semesters every year,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืœืžื“ ื‘- MIT ืฉื ื™ ืกืžืกื˜ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
04:00
I would have to teach for 40 years
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ืฉื ื”
04:02
before I could teach this many students.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.
04:05
Now these large numbers
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
04:07
are just one part of the story.
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ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
04:09
So today, I want to discuss a different aspect,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ,
04:11
the other side of MOOCs,
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ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจืกื™ MOOC,
04:13
take a different perspective.
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ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:15
We are taking what we develop and learn in the large
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ
04:18
and applying it in the small
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ
04:19
to the classroom, to create a blended model of learning.
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ื‘ื›ืชืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘.
04:23
But before I go into that, let me tell you a story.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืคืจื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
04:28
When my daughter turned 13, became a teenager,
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ื›ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 13, ื ืขืจื”,
04:32
she stopped speaking English,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
04:35
and she began speaking this new language.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
04:38
I call it teen-lish.
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื” ืฉืคืช-ืขืฉืจื”.
04:41
It's a digital language.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืคื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช.
04:43
It's got two sounds: a grunt and a silence.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช: ื’ื ื™ื—ื” ื•ืฉืชื™ืงื”.
04:50
"Honey, come over for dinner."
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"ื—ืžื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื•ืื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ".
04:53
"Hmm."
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"ื”ืžื."
04:55
"Did you hear me?"
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"ืฉืžืขืช ืื•ืชื™?"
04:57
Silence. (Laughter)
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ืฉืชื™ืงื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:59
"Can you listen to me?"
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"ืืช ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื™?"
05:01
"Hmm."
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"ื”ืžื."
05:02
So we had a real issue with communicating,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
05:04
and we were just not communicating,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืชืงืฉืจื ื•,
05:06
until one day I had this epiphany.
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช.
05:09
I texted her. (Laughter)
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ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืœื” ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื˜ืงืกื˜.(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:12
I got an instant response.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ืช.
05:14
I said, no, that must have been by accident.
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, ืœื, ื–ื• ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช.
05:16
She must have thought, you know,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื”,
05:17
some friend of hers was calling her.
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ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื”.
05:19
So I texted her again. Boom, another response.
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ืื– ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื“ืขื”. ื‘ื•ื, ื”ื™ื ืขื ืชื” ืœื™.
05:22
I said, this is great.
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ืืžืจืชื™, ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
05:24
And so since then, our life has changed.
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ื•ืžืื–, ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
05:26
I text her, she responds.
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ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื”.
05:28
It's just been absolutely great.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืคืœื.
05:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:36
So our millennial generation
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ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื
05:38
is built differently.
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ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืื—ืจืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
05:40
Now, I'm older, and my youthful looks might belie that,
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ืื ื™ ื–ืงืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช,
05:42
but I'm not in the millennial generation.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื.
05:46
But our kids are really different.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื“.
05:48
The millennial generation is completely comfortable
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ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืœืื”
05:50
with online technology.
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ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช.
05:51
So why are we fighting it in the classroom?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“?
05:53
Let's not fight it. Let's embrace it.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื ืจื™ื‘. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช.
05:55
In fact, I believe -- and I have two fat thumbs,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ -- ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ื,
05:56
I can't text very well --
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ --
05:58
but I'm willing to bet that with evolution,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืžืจ ืฉืขื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
06:00
our kids and their grandchildren
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
06:02
will develop really, really little, itty-bitty thumbs
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ื™ืคืชื—ื• ืื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื
06:04
to text much better,
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:06
that evolution will fix all of that stuff.
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืชืชืงืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:08
But what if we embraced technology,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ื ืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
06:10
embraced the millennial generation's
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ื ืืžืฅ ืืช ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื
06:13
natural predilections,
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ื•ืืช ื ื˜ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
06:14
and really think about creating these online technologies,
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช,
06:17
blend them into their lives.
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ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
06:19
So here's what we can do.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
06:20
So rather than driving our kids into a classroom,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกื™ืข ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื›ืชืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“,
06:23
herding them out there at 8 o'clock in the morning --
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืขื” 8 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ --
06:25
I hated going to class at 8 o'clock in the morning,
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ืฉื ืืชื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘- 8 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
06:28
so why are we forcing our kids to do that?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?
06:30
So instead what you do
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ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช
06:31
is you have them watch videos
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ื”ื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•
06:33
and do interactive exercises
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ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชืจื’ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
06:35
in the comfort of their dorm rooms, in their bedroom,
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
06:38
in the dining room, in the bathroom,
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”,
06:40
wherever they're most creative.
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื.
06:42
Then they come into the classroom
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ืชืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“
06:44
for some in-person interaction.
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ืœืฉื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื.
06:48
They can have discussions amongst themselves.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื.
06:50
They can solve problems together.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“.
06:51
They can work with the professor
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืจืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื
06:52
and have the professor answer their questions.
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ืฉื™ืขื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
06:55
In fact, with edX, when we were teaching our first course
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘- edX, ื›ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
06:59
on circuits and electronics around the world,
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ืขืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”,
07:02
this was happening unbeknownst to us.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•.
07:04
Two high school teachers
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ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
07:06
at the Sant High School in Mongolia
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืกืื ื˜ ื‘ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื”
07:09
had flipped their classroom,
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
07:11
and they were using our video lectures
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืœื ื•
07:14
and interactive exercises,
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ื•ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
07:16
where the learners in the high school,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
07:17
15-year-olds, mind you,
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ื ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 15,
07:19
would go and do these things in their own homes
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ืœื’ืฉืช ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
07:21
and they would come into class,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ื›ืชื”,
07:22
and as you see from this image here,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ืืŸ,
07:24
they would interact with each other
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ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”,
07:25
and do some physical laboratory work.
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ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
07:27
And the only way we discovered this
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืจืง
07:29
was they wrote a blog
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืœื•ื’
07:30
and we happened to stumble upon that blog.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
07:34
We were also doing other pilots.
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ืขืจื›ื ื• ื’ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:36
So we did a pilot experimental blended courses,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืง ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช,
07:39
working with San Jose State University in California,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกืืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
07:42
again, with the circuits and electronics course.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื ื•ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”.
07:44
You'll hear that a lot. That course has become
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื”ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”. ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
07:46
sort of like our petri dish of learning.
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ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
07:49
So there, the students would, again,
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ื”ืคื•ืš,
07:52
the instructors flipped the classroom,
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ื”ืžืจืฆื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”,
07:54
blended online and in person,
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ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื,
07:56
and the results were staggering.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
07:58
Now don't take these results to the bank just yet.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
08:01
Just wait a little bit longer as we experiment with this some more,
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ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜,
08:04
but the early results are incredible.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
08:06
So traditionally, semester upon semester,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืกืžืกื˜ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืกืžืกื˜ืจ,
08:08
for the past several years, this course,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื”ื–ื”,
08:11
again, a hard course,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฉื”,
08:12
had a failure rate of about 40 to 41 percent
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ืขืžื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ 40 ืื• 41 ืื—ื•ื–
08:15
every semester.
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ื›ืœ ืกืžืกื˜ืจ.
08:17
With this blended class late last year,
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ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
08:20
the failure rate fell to nine percent.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง 9 ืื—ื•ื–.
08:23
So the results can be extremely, extremely good.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
08:27
Now before we go too far into this,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื,
08:30
I'd like to spend some time discussing
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
08:33
some key ideas.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
08:34
What are some key ideas
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ืžื”ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื
08:35
that makes all of this work?
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“?
08:38
One idea is active learning.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืคืขื™ืœื”.
08:41
The idea here is, rather than have students
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื
08:43
walk into class and watch lectures,
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ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื›ืชื” ื•ื™ืฆืคื• ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื”,
08:45
we replace this with what we call lessons.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื.
08:48
Lessons are interleaved sequences
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืจืฆืคื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื
08:50
of videos and interactive exercises.
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ืฉืœื™ ืงื˜ืขื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
08:53
So a student might watch a five-, seven-minute video
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ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืื•ืจืš 5 ืื• 7 ื“ืงื•ืช,
08:56
and follow that with an interactive exercise.
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ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
08:59
Think of this as the ultimate Socratization of education.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืกื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”.
09:03
You teach by asking questions.
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ืืชื” ืžืœืžื“ ื“ืจืš ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืืœื•ืช.
09:05
And this is a form of learning
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืœืžื™ื“ื”
09:06
called active learning,
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ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืคืขื™ืœื”,
09:07
and really promoted by a very early paper, in 1972,
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ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972,
09:11
by Craik and Lockhart,
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ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืง ื•ืœื•ืงื”ืืจื˜,
09:12
where they said and discovered
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ื‘ื• ื”ื ื˜ืขื ื• ื•ื’ื™ืœื•
09:14
that learning and retention really relates strongly
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ืฉืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืง
09:16
to the depth of mental processing.
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ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.
09:18
Students learn much better
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:19
when they are interacting with the material.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืœืžื“.
09:22
The second idea is self-pacing.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ืฉื™.
09:25
Now, when I went to a lecture hall,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
09:27
and if you were like me,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
09:28
by the fifth minute I would lose the professor.
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ืื—ืจื™ 5 ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืจืฆื”.
09:30
I wasn't all that smart, and I would be scrambling, taking notes,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ื–ื” ื—ื›ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืงืฉืงืฉ, ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืขืจื•ืช,
09:34
and then I would lose the lecture for the rest of the hour.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื•ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”.
09:37
Instead, wouldn't it be nice with online technologies,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช,
09:39
we offer videos and interactive engagements to students?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœื”ื.
09:43
They can hit the pause button.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆืช ื›ืคืชื•ืจ.
09:45
They can rewind the professor.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืจืฆื” ืื—ื•ืจื”.
09:47
Heck, they can even mute the professor.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืจืฆื”.
09:51
So this form of self-pacing
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ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืขืฆืžื™
09:53
can be very helpful to learning.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืžืื“ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“.
09:55
The third idea that we have is instant feedback.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
09:59
With instant feedback,
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ื‘ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™,
10:00
the computer grades exercises.
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
10:02
I mean, how else do you teach 150,000 students?
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœืœืžื“ 150 ืืœืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื?
10:04
Your computer is grading all the exercises.
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
10:06
And we've all submitted homeworks,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื’ืฉื ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
10:08
and your grades come back two weeks later,
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื,
10:10
you've forgotten all about it.
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ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
10:12
I don't think I've still received some of my homeworks
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช
10:14
from my undergraduate days.
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ืฉื”ื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
10:15
Some are never graded.
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ื—ืœืง ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื.
10:17
So with instant feedback,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™,
10:18
students can try to apply answers.
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ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
10:20
If they get it wrong, they can get instant feedback.
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ืื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื, ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
10:22
They can try it again and try it again,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
10:24
and this really becomes much more engaging.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
10:26
They get the instant feedback,
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™,
10:27
and this little green check mark that you see here
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ื•ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”-V ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
10:30
is becoming somewhat of a cult symbol at edX.
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘- edX.
10:34
Learners are telling us that they go to bed at night
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
10:37
dreaming of the green check mark.
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ื•ื—ืœืžื• ืขืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”-V ื”ื™ืจื•ืง.
10:40
In fact, one of our learners
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื
10:42
who took the circuits course early last year,
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ืฉืœืžื“ ืืช ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
10:45
he then went on to take a software course
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืชื•ื›ื ื”
10:47
from Berkeley at the end of the year,
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ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืงืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”,
10:49
and this is what the learner had to say
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื›ืชื‘
10:51
on our discussion board
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ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
10:52
when he just started that course
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืฉื ื™
10:54
about the green check mark:
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ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”- V ื”ื™ืจื•ืง:
10:56
"Oh god; have I missed you."
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"ืื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ืชื’ืขื’ืขืชื™ ืืœื™ืš."
10:58
When's the last time you've seen students
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ืžืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืจืื™ืชื ืชืœืžื™ื“
11:01
posting comments like this about homework?
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ืฉืžืคืจืกื ื”ืขืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช?
11:05
My colleague Ed Bertschinger,
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืื“ ื‘ืจื˜ืฉื™ื ื’ืจ,
11:08
who heads up the physics department at MIT,
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘- MIT,
11:10
has this to say about instant feedback:
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ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”:
11:13
He indicated that instant feedback
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™
11:16
turns teaching moments into learning outcomes.
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
11:22
The next big idea is gamification.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
11:24
You know, all learners engage really well
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:26
with interactive videos and so on.
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ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ืขื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
11:27
You know, they would sit down and shoot
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื™ืจื•ืช
11:29
alien spaceships all day long until they get it.
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ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง.
11:31
So we applied these gamification techniques to learning,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“,
11:34
and we can build these online laboratories.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช.
11:36
How do you teach creativity? How do you teach design?
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ืื™ืš ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช? ืื™ืš ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘?
11:38
We can do this through online labs
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช
11:40
and use computing power
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘
11:41
to build these online labs.
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ืขืœ ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช.
11:43
So as this little video shows here,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื,
11:45
you can engage students
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ
11:47
much like they design with Legos.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื’ื•.
11:48
So here, the learners are building a circuit
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ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื
11:50
with Lego-like ease.
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ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืœื’ื•.
11:52
And this can also be graded by the computer.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื.
11:56
Fifth is peer learning.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื.
11:59
So here, we use discussion forums and discussions
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ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื”
12:02
and Facebook-like interaction
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ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื“ืžื•ื™ืช ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง
12:04
not as a distraction,
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ืœื ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืจืขื”,
12:06
but to really help students learn.
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ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
12:09
Let me tell you a story.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
12:10
When we did our circuits course
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ื›ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื
12:14
for the 155,000 students,
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ืœ- 155 ืืœืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื,
12:16
I didn't sleep for three nights
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš 3 ืœื™ืœื•ืช
12:17
leading up to the launch of the course.
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ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื”ืฉืงืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก.
12:19
I told my TAs, okay, 24/7,
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืขื•ื–ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœื™, 7 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื,
12:22
we're going to be up
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื ื™ื™ื
12:23
monitoring the forum, answering questions.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช.
12:25
They had answered questions for 100 students.
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ืขื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 100 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
12:27
How do you do that for 150,000?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœ- 155,000?
12:30
So one night I'm sitting up there, at 2 a.m. at night,
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ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉืขื” 2 ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
12:32
and I think there's this question
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ื•ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืฉืืœื”
12:33
from a student from Pakistan,
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ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
12:35
and he asked a question, and I said,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ,
12:36
okay, let me go and type up an answer,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ืื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
12:38
I don't type all that fast,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ืคื™ืก ืžื”ืจ,
12:40
and I begin typing up the answer,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
12:41
and before I can finish,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืกื™ื™ื,
12:43
another student from Egypt popped in with an answer,
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ื ื” ืœื•,
12:45
not quite right, so I'm fixing the answer,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื™ื™ืง, ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•,
12:47
and before I can finish, a student from the U.S.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกื™ื™ื, ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžืืจื”"ื‘
12:49
had popped in with a different answer.
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ืขื•ื ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช.
12:51
And then I sat back, fascinated.
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ื•ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฉืขื ืชื™ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ืฉืœื™, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ืžืจื•ืชืง ื‘ืžืกืš.
12:54
Boom, boom, boom, boom, the students were
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ื‘ื•ื, ื‘ื•ื, ื‘ื•ื, ื‘ื•ื, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•
12:56
discussing and interacting with each other,
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ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”,
12:58
and by 4 a.m. that night, I'm totally fascinated,
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ืขื“ 4 ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื”, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืฆื•ืคื” ืžืจื•ืชืง,
13:00
having this epiphany,
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช,
13:02
and by 4 a.m. in the morning,
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ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 4 ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
13:03
they had discovered the right answer.
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
13:05
And all I had to do was go and bless it,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื”ื
13:06
"Good answer."
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"ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”".
13:08
So this is absolutely amazing,
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
13:11
where students are learning from each other,
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ื‘ื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”,
13:13
and they're telling us that they are learning
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื
13:15
by teaching.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื.
13:18
Now this is all not just in the future.
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
13:20
This is happening today.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
13:21
So we are applying these blended learning pilots
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช
13:24
in a number of universities and high schools around the world,
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:26
from Tsinghua in China
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ืžืฆ'ื™ื ื’ื•ืื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
13:28
to the National University of Mongolia in Mongolia
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ืขื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื”
13:31
to Berkeley in California --
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ืขื“ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืงืœื™ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” --
13:32
all over the world.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
13:34
And these kinds of technologies really help,
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื–ืจ,
13:36
the blended model can really help
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช
13:37
revolutionize education.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
13:39
It can also solve a practical problem of MOOCs,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงื•ืจืกื™ MOOC,
13:43
the business aspect.
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ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืขืกืงื™.
13:44
We can also license these MOOC courses
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื•ืจืกื™ ื”- MOOC
13:47
to other universities,
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ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
13:48
and therein lies a revenue model for MOOCs,
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจืกื™ MOOC,
13:51
where the university that licenses it with the professor
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืจื•ื›ืฉืช ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจืฆื”
13:53
can use these online courses
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ
13:55
like the next-generation textbook.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
13:57
They can use as much or as little as they like,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืื• ืจื‘ื”,
14:00
and it becomes a tool in the teacher's arsenal.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื– ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื”.
14:05
Finally, I would like to have you
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ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื”
14:07
dream with me for a little bit.
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ืฉืชื—ืœืžื• ืื™ืชื™ ืœืจื’ืข.
14:10
I would like us to really reimagine education.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”.
14:14
We will have to move from lecture halls to e-spaces.
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ืœืฆืืช ืžืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืืœ ื—ืœืœื™ื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื.
14:19
We have to move from books to tablets
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื˜ืื‘ืœื˜ื™ื
14:21
like the Aakash in India
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ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืืงืืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
14:23
or the Raspberry Pi, 20 dollars.
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ืื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืกื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ื™, ืฉืขื•ืœื” 20 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
14:25
The Aakash is 40 dollars.
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ื”ืืงืืฉ ืขื•ืœื” 40 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
14:27
We have to move from bricks-and-mortar school buildings
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืžื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืœื˜ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื
14:30
to digital dormitories.
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ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื.
14:33
But I think at the end of the day,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
14:34
I think we will still need one lecture hall
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืื•ืœื ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืื—ื“
14:37
in our universities.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
14:39
Otherwise, how else do we tell our grandchildren
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ืื—ืจืช, ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื›ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
14:42
that your grandparents sat in that room
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ืื™ืš ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ
14:45
in neat little rows like cornstalks
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ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ืชื™ืจืก
14:49
and watched this professor at the end
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ื•ืฆืคื• ื‘ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื›ืชื”
14:51
talk about content and, you know,
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ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื,
14:54
you didn't even have a rewind button?
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
14:56
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:59
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:01
Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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