These bacteria eat plastic | Morgan Vague

159,125 views ใƒป 2019-06-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Nurit Noy
00:13
Plastics: you know about them, you may not love them,
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ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง: ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื”, ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื•,
00:17
but chances are you use them every single day.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•.
00:22
By 2050, researchers estimate
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ืขื“ 2050, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื,
00:24
that there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื“ื’ื™ื.
00:29
Despite our best efforts,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื,
00:30
only nine percent of all plastic we use winds up being recycled.
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ืจืง 9% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจ.
00:37
And even worse,
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ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš,
00:38
plastic is incredibly tough and durable
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ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืขืžื™ื“
00:41
and researchers estimate
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ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื
00:43
that it can take anywhere from 500 to 5,000 years
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืœื• ืž-500 ืขื“ 5,000 ืฉื ื™ื
00:47
to fully break down.
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ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:49
It leaches harmful chemical contaminants into our oceans, our soil,
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:55
our food, our water, and into us.
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ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื•.
01:00
So how did we wind up with so much plastic waste?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง?
01:04
Well, it's simple.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜.
01:06
Plastic is cheap, durable, adaptable, and it's everywhere.
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ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืœ, ืขืžื™ื“, ื’ืžื™ืฉ, ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
01:12
But the good news is
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ
01:14
there's something else that's cheap, durable, adaptable and everywhere.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื–ื•ืœ, ื•ืขืžื™ื“, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
01:18
And my research shows it may even be able to help us
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ืžืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•
01:22
with our plastic pollution problem.
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ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉืœื ื•.
01:25
I'm talking about bacteria.
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
01:28
Bacteria are microscopic living beings invisible to the naked eye
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื ืช,
01:33
that live everywhere,
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
01:35
in all sorts of diverse and extreme environments,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
01:38
from the human gut, to soil, to skin,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ืœืื“ืžื”, ืœืขื•ืจ,
01:42
to vents in the ocean floor, reaching temperatures of 700 degrees Fahrenheit.
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ืœืคืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 371ยฐ .
01:46
Bacteria live everywhere,
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
01:49
in all sorts of diverse and extreme environments.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
01:52
And as such, they have to get pretty creative with their food sources.
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ื•ื›ื›ืืœื”, ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:58
There's also a lot of them.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื.
02:00
Researchers estimate that there are roughly five million trillion trillion --
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืขืจืš 5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ -
02:05
that's a five with 30 zeros after it -- bacteria on the planet.
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ื–ื” ื—ืžืฉ ืขื 30 ืืคืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• - ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
02:11
Now, considering that we humans produce
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื
02:15
300 million tons of new plastic each year,
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300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”,
02:19
I'd say that our plastic numbers
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉืœื ื•
02:21
are looking pretty comparable to bacteria's.
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ืžืฉืชื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืคื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
02:25
So, after noticing this
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ืื–, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš
02:28
and after learning about all of the creative ways
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช
02:30
that bacteria find food,
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
02:32
I started to think:
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘:
02:34
could bacteria in plastic-polluted environments
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ื”ืื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื™ื•ื›ืœื•
02:37
have figured out how to use plastic for food?
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ?
02:42
Well, this is the question that I decided to pursue a couple of years ago.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
02:47
Now, fortunately for me,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžื–ืœื™,
02:49
I'm from one of the most polluted cities in America,
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ืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
02:52
Houston, Texas.
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ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื˜ืงืกืก.
02:54
(Laughs)
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(ืฆื•ื—ืงืช)
02:55
In my hometown alone,
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
02:56
there are seven EPA-designated Superfund sites.
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ื™ืฉ 7 ืืชืจื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืข"ื™ ืงืจืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืœ EPA.
03:02
These are sites that are so polluted,
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ืืชืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
03:04
that the government has deemed their cleanup a national priority.
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ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืืชื” ื‘ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
03:10
So I decided to trek around to these sites
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื”ืœืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืืชืจื™ื ืืœื”
03:13
and collect soil samples teeming with bacteria.
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ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
03:16
I started toying with a protocol,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ,
03:19
which is fancy science talk for a recipe.
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ.
03:22
And what I was trying to cook up was a carbon-free media,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ืคื—ืžืŸ,
03:26
or a food-free environment.
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ืื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœืœื ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
03:29
An environment without the usual carbons, or food,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœืœื ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
03:31
that bacteria, like us humans, need to live.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
03:36
Now, in this environment,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•,
03:37
I would provide my bacteria with a sole carbon, or food, source.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืคื—ืžืŸ ืื• ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ,
03:42
I would feed my bacteria polyethylene terephthalate,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื˜ืจืคืชืืœื˜,
03:46
or PET plastic.
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ืื• PET ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
03:49
PET plastic is the most widely produced plastic in the world.
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PET ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:54
It's used in all sorts of food and drink containers,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืงืื•ืช,
03:58
with the most notorious example being plastic water bottles,
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ืขื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœืฉืžืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืžื™ื ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
04:02
of which we humans currently go through at a rate of one million per minute.
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ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื“ืงื”.
04:10
So, what I would be doing,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื”
04:12
is essentially putting my bacteria on a forced diet of PET plastic
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื, ืžืืจื’ื ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืžืื•ืœืฆืช ืฉืœ PET ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
04:17
and seeing which, if any, might survive or, hopefully, thrive.
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ื•ืจื•ืื” ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื™ืฉืจื“ื•, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉื’ืฉื’ื•.
04:23
See, this type of experiment would act as a screen
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ืคืขืœ ื›ืžืกื ืŸ
04:25
for bacteria that had adapted to their plastic-polluted environment
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื”ืกืชื’ืœื• ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
04:29
and evolved the incredibly cool ability to eat PET plastic.
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ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ PET ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง .
04:35
And using this screen,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื ืŸ ื–ื”
04:36
I was able to find some bacteria that had done just that.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
04:41
These bacteria had figured out how to eat PET plastic.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžื“ื• ืื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ PET ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
04:48
So how do these bacteria do this?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
04:51
Well, it's actually pretty simple.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
04:54
Just as we humans digest carbon or food into chunks of sugar
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืขื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื
04:58
that we then use for energy,
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ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:00
so too do my bacteria.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื™.
05:03
My bacteria, however, have figured out how to do this digestion process
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
05:07
to big, tough, durable PET plastic.
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ืขื PET ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืงืฉื”, ื•ืขืžื™ื“ .
05:12
Now, to do this, my bacteria use a special version
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
05:15
of what's called an enzyme.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืื ื–ื™ื.
05:17
Now, enzymes are simply compounds that exist in all living things.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:21
There are many different types of enzymes,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื,
05:23
but basically, they make processes go forward,
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ืืš ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
05:26
such as the digestion of food into energy.
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ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
05:30
For instance, we humans have an enzyme called an amylase
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจื ืขืžื™ืœืื–
05:33
that helps us digest complex starches, such as bread,
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขื›ืœ ืขืžื™ืœื ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœื—ื,
05:37
into small chunks of sugar that we can then use for energy.
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ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
05:42
Now, my bacteria have a special enzyme called a lipase
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืื ื–ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ืงืจื ืœื™ืคืื–
05:45
that binds to big, tough, durable PET plastic
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ืฉื ืงืฉืจ ืœPET ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืขืžื™ื“, ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืงืฉื”,
05:49
and helps break it into small chunks of sugar
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืจืกืง ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
05:52
that my bacteria can then use for energy.
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
05:56
So basically,
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ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื,
05:57
PET plastic goes from being a big, tough, long-lasting pollutant
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PET ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื•ืคืš ืžืžื–ื”ื ืงืฉื” ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—,
06:02
to a tasty meal for my bacteria.
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ืœืืจื•ื—ื” ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื™.
06:06
Sounds pretty cool, right?
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ื ืฉืžืข ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:10
And I think, given the current scope of our plastic pollution problem,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉืœื ื•,
06:15
I think it sounds pretty useful.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœืžื“ื™.
06:18
The statistics I shared with you
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ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืชืคืชื™ ืื™ืชื›ื
06:20
on just how much plastic waste has accumulated on our planet
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ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื”
06:24
are daunting.
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื™ื.
06:25
They're scary.
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ื”ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
06:27
And I think they highlight
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื
06:29
that while reducing, reusing and recycling are important,
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื”ืคื—ืชื”, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ื”ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
06:33
they alone are not going to be enough to solve this problem.
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ื”ื ืœื‘ื“ื ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
06:38
And this is where I think bacteria might be able to help us out.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•.
06:43
But I do understand why the concept of bacterial help
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืœืžื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช
06:47
might make some people a little nervous.
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ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืฆืช ืขืฆื‘ื ื•ืช.
06:50
After all, if plastic is everywhere and these bacteria eat plastic,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
06:56
isn't there a risk of these bacteria getting out in the environment
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ืœื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
06:59
and wreaking havoc?
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ื•ื™ื–ืจืขื• ื”ืจืก?
07:02
Well, the short answer is no, and I'll tell you why.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื, ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืœืžื”.
07:06
These bacteria are already in the environment.
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
07:10
The bacteria in my research are not genetically modified frankenbugs.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ืื™ื ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
07:16
These are naturally occurring bacteria
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื
07:18
that have simply adapted to their plastic-polluted environment
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื• ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
07:22
and evolved the incredibly gnarly ability to eat PET plastic.
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ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ PET ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
07:28
So the process of bacteria eating plastic is actually a natural one.
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ืื– ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
07:33
But it's an incredibly slow process.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื”ื•.
07:36
And there remains a lot of work to be done
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
07:38
to figure out how to speed up this process to a useful pace.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืœืงืฆื‘ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
07:44
My research is currently looking at ways of doing this
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ื›ืจื’ืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
07:46
through a series of UV, or ultraviolet, pretreatments,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจื•ืช UV, ืื• ืื•ืœื˜ืจื ืกื’ื•ืœ,
07:50
which basically means we blast PET plastic with sunlight.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉืื ื• ืžืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืืช ื”PET ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
07:56
We do this because sunlight acts a bit like tenderizer on a steak,
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืคื•ืขืœ ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืจื™ื›ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืื•ืžืฆื”,
08:00
turning the big, tough, durable bonds in PET plastic
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื” - PET ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
08:04
a bit softer and a bit easier for my bacteria to chew on.
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ืœืžืขื˜ ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืœืขื•ืก.
08:10
Ultimately, what my research hopes to do
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื”
08:12
is create an industrial-scale contained carbon-free system,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ืคื—ืžืŸ.
08:17
similar to a compost heap,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขืจื™ืžืช ืงื•ืžืคื•ืกื˜,
08:19
where these bacteria can thrive in a contained system,
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื”,
08:23
where their sole food source is PET plastic waste.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœ PET ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
08:28
Imagine one day being able to dispose of all of your plastic waste
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•, ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืคืกื•ืœืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
08:33
in a bin at the curb
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ืœืคื— ืืฉืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื”
08:34
that you knew was bound for a dedicated bacteria-powered plastic waste facility.
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืคืกื•ืœืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
08:41
I think with some hard work this is an achievable reality.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขื˜ ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
08:47
Plastic-eating bacteria is not a cure-all.
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื›ืœ.
08:50
But given the current statistics, it's clear that we humans,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
08:54
we could use a little help with this problem.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืขื–ืจื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
08:58
Because people,
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ื›ื™, ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื•:
08:59
we possess a pressing problem of plastic pollution.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
09:03
And bacteria might be a really important part of the solution.
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
09:07
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
09:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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