Jack Horner: Shape-shifting dinosaurs

1,670,459 views ใƒป 2012-02-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: eviatar edlerman ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
00:16
Shall I ask for a show of hands or a clapping
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ืื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:21
of people in different generations?
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00:23
I'm interested in how many are three to 12 years old.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื”
ืžื›ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื 3 - 12
00:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ?
00:32
None, huh?
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00:33
(Laughter)
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
00:35
All right.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
00:37
I'm going to talk about dinosaurs.
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00:38
Do you remember dinosaurs when you were that age?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”?
00:41
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:48
Dinosaurs are kind of funny, you know.
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ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
00:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:53
We're going to kind of go in a different direction right now.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
00:56
I hope you all realize that.
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00:58
So I'll just give you my message up front:
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืืžืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืงืฆืจื”:
ืชื ืกื• ืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื—ื“.
01:01
Try not to go extinct.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:03
(Laughter)
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01:04
That's it.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ.
01:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”---
01:11
People ask me a lot --
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื ืฉืืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
01:13
in fact, one of the most asked questions I get
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01:15
is, why do children like dinosaurs so much?
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ื”ื™ื, ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš?
01:19
What's the fascination?
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ืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจืชืง ื‘ื”ื?
01:21
And I usually just say,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ื ื”,
01:24
"Well, dinosaurs were big,
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"ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื•."
01:27
different and gone."
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื ื›ื—ื“ื•.
01:30
They're all gone.
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01:31
Well that's not true,
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
01:33
but we'll get to the goose in a minute.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข.
ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ืฉื:
01:36
So that's sort of the theme:
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01:38
big, different and gone.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื.
01:42
The title of my talk:
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ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•:
01:44
Shape-shifting Dinosaurs:
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ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื•ืจื”:
01:46
The cause of a premature extinction.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.
ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
01:49
Now I assume that we remember dinosaurs.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:52
And there's lots of different shapes.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:55
Lots of different kinds.
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01:57
A long time ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
01:59
back in the early 1900s, museums were out looking for dinosaurs.
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช
ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืืกืคื• ืื•ืชื.
02:05
They went out and gathered them up.
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02:07
And this is an interesting story.
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ื•ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
ื›ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืจืฆื” ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:10
Every museum wanted a little bigger or better one than anybody else had.
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ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:14
So if the museum in Toronto went out and collected a Tyrannosaur, a big one,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื• ื™ืฆื
ื•ืžืฆื ื˜ื™ืจืื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
ืื– ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื•ื” ืจืฆื” ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:21
then the museum in Ottawa wanted a bigger one, and a better one.
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ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื•ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื.
02:26
And that happened for all museums.
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02:27
So everyone was out looking for all these bigger and better dinosaurs.
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื—ื™ืคืฉื•
ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
02:33
And this was in the early 1900s.
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02:36
By about 1970,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ 1970
ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื•
02:40
some scientists were sitting around and they thought, "What in the world --
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• "ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?
02:44
Look at these dinosaurs, they're all big.
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
ืื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื?"
02:49
Where are all the little ones?"
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02:51
(Laughter)
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02:53
And they thought about it and they even wrote papers about it:
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”
ื•ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืจืกืžื• ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”:
02:57
"Where are the little dinosaurs?"
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"ืื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื?"
02:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืชืœื›ื• ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืชื ืชืจืื•.
03:08
Well, go to a museum, you'll see,
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03:11
see how many baby dinosaurs there are.
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ืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ.
03:14
People assumed -- and this was actually a problem --
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• -- ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื” --
03:17
people assumed that if they had little dinosaurs,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื•
ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
03:22
if they had juvenile dinosaurs, they'd be easy to identify.
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ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
03:25
You'd have a big dinosaur and a littler dinosaur.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ
03:29
(Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื–ื” ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
03:31
But all they had were big dinosaurs.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกืชื›ื ืœื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:34
And it comes down to a couple of things.
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03:36
First off, scientists have egos,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื’ื•,
ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
03:41
and scientists like to name dinosaurs.
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03:44
They like to name anything.
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ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืœ.
03:46
Everybody likes to have their own animal that they named.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉืžื— ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:50
(Laughter)
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”
03:53
And so every time they found something that looked a little different,
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ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื• ืฉื ืฉื•ื ื”.
03:56
they named it something different.
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03:58
And what happened, of course,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
04:00
is we ended up with a whole bunch of different dinosaurs.
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:05
In 1975,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1975
ืื•ืจ ื ื“ืœืง ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
04:09
a light went on in somebody's head.
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ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื“ื•ื“ืกื•ืŸ
04:12
Dr. Peter Dodson at the University of Pennsylvania
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ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคืœืกื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”.
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:16
actually realized that dinosaurs grew kind of like birds do,
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ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื•
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
04:23
which is different than the way reptiles grow.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”
ืžื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
04:27
And in fact,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”
04:29
he used the cassowary as an example.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืกื•ื•ื•ืืจื™ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
04:32
And it's kind of cool -- if you look at the cassowary,
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘--- ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืงืกื•ื•ื•ืืจื™,
04:35
or any of the birds that have crests on their heads,
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ืื• ื›ืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›ืจื‘ื•ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ
04:38
they grow to about 80 percent adult size before the crest starts to grow.
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ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื“ืœื•ืช
ืขื“ ืœื› 80% ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ืจื‘ื•ืœืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฆืžื•ื—.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:46
Now think about that.
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04:48
They're basically retaining their juvenile characteristics
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
04:51
very late in what we call ontogeny.
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื•ึนื ึฐื˜ื•ึนื’ึถื ึถื–ึธื”
04:54
So allometric cranial ontogeny is relative skull growth.
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ืื•ึนื ึฐื˜ื•ึนื’ึถื ึถื–ึธื” ื’ื•ืœื’ืœืชื™ืช ืืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช
ื–ืืช ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช.
05:01
So you can see that if you actually found one that was 80 percent grown
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
ืฉืื ืžืฆืืช ืื—ื“
ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ 80% ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื™ืœื”
05:08
and you didn't know that it was going to grow up to a cassowary,
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ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงื•ื•ืกืืจื™
ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืœื• ืฉืชื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
05:12
you would think they were two different animals.
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05:15
So this was a problem,
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
05:18
and Peter Dodson pointed this out using some duck-billed dinosaurs
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ื•ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื“ื•ื“ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–
ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื”ื™ืคืงืจื•ื–ื•ืจื•ืก.
05:24
then called Hypacrosaurus.
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05:25
And he showed that if you were to take a baby and an adult
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื”
ืฉืื ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ
05:30
and make an average of what it should look like,
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืื– ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
ืื ื–ื” ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ืช
05:34
if it grew in sort of a linear fashion,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ืจื‘ื•ืœืช
05:37
it would have a crest about half the size of the adult.
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ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
05:41
But the actual subadult at 65 percent had no crest at all.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืชืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™
ื‘ 65%
ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
05:47
So this was interesting.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
05:49
So this is where people went astray again.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื•
ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘.
05:55
I mean, if they'd have just taken that,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื“ื•ื“ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื–ื”
05:58
taken Peter Dodson's work, and gone on with that,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
06:01
then we would have a lot less dinosaurs than we have.
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ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
06:04
But scientists have egos; they like to name things.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื’ื•,
ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:09
And so they went on naming dinosaurs because they were different.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืชืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
06:15
Now we have a way of actually testing
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ื‘ืืžืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืื ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ, ืื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื”,
06:18
to see whether a dinosaur, or any animal, is a young one or an older one.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื• ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:23
And that's by actually cutting into their bones.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืข"ื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
06:27
But cutting into the bones of a dinosaur is hard to do, as you can imagine,
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
06:33
because in museums, bones are precious.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื
ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš
ืืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
06:41
You go into a museum, and they take really good care of them.
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06:43
They put them in foam, little containers.
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ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ืงืฆืฃ.
ื”ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืคื”.
06:47
They're very well taken care of.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ืฉืžื—ื• ืื ืชื›ื ืก
06:51
They don't like it if you come in and want to saw them open and look inside.
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ื•ืชื—ืชื•ืš ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ืชืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:55
(Laughter)
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06:56
So they don't normally let you do that.
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ืื– ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
06:59
(Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ
07:00
But I have a museum and I collect dinosaurs
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกืจ ืืช ืฉืœื™
07:05
and I can saw mine open.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™.
07:07
So that's what I do.
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:09
(Applause)
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ืื– ืื ืชื—ืชื•ืš ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
07:15
So if you cut open a little dinosaur,
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07:18
it's very spongy inside, like A.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืกืคื•ื’ื™ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื›ืžื• A
ื•ืื ืชื—ืชื•ืš ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:21
And if you cut into an older dinosaur, it's very massive.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™
07:24
You can tell it's mature bone.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืขืฆื ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื›ื›ื” ืฉืงืœ ืžืื“ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื”ื.
07:27
So it's real easy to tell them apart.
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07:29
So what I want to do is show you these.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ื–ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ืืœื”.
07:33
In North America in the northern plains of the United States
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
07:37
and the southern plains of Alberta and Saskatchewan,
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื” ื•ืกืกืงืฆื•ืŸ
07:41
there's this unit of rock called the Hell Creek Formation
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืชืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืœ ืงืจื™ืง
ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื”"ื
07:45
that produces the last dinosaurs that lived on Earth.
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ื•ื™ืฉ 12 ืžื”ื.
07:48
And there are 12 of them that everyone recognizes --
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ื --
07:51
I mean the 12 primary dinosaurs that went extinct.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ 12 ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื•.
07:55
And so we will evaluate them.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื.
ื•ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™.
07:59
And that's sort of what I've been doing.
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ืื– ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
08:01
So my students, my staff, we've been cutting them open.
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ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื.
ื•ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ,
08:07
Now as you can imagine, cutting open a leg bone is one thing,
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ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืขืฆื ืฉืœ ืจื’ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“,
08:10
but when you go to a museum
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ
ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื›ื ืื ืื ื™ ืื—ืชื•ืš
08:14
and say, "You don't mind if I cut open your dinosaur's skull, do you?"
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ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ?"
08:18
they say, "Go away."
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื " ืœืš ืžืคื”."
08:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื– ื™ืฉื ื 12 ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
08:28
So here are 12 dinosaurs.
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08:30
And we want to look at these three first.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœื” ืงื•ื“ื.
ืื– ืืœื• ื”ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืคืืงื™ืฆืืคืœื•ื–ืืจืก
08:34
So these are dinosaurs that are called Pachycephalosaurus.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
08:37
And everybody knows that these three animals are related.
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ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
ื•ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื
08:41
And the assumption is that they're related like cousins or whatever.
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ืฉื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”
ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
08:47
But no one ever considered that they might be more closely related.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื—ืฉื‘
ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช
08:53
In other words,
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08:54
people looked at them and they saw the differences.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
08:57
And you all know that if you are going to determine
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
ืฉืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข
09:01
whether you're related to your brother or your sister,
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื— ืื• ืื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืš
ืืชื” ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
09:04
you can't do it by looking at differences.
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09:07
You can only determine relatedness by looking for similarities.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ
ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
09:11
So people were looking at these
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื”
09:13
and they were talking about how different they are.
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ื•ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™
09:15
Pachycephalosaurus has a big, thick dome on its head,
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ืœืคื›ื™ืฆืคืœื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืคื” ืขื‘ื” ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื•.
ื•ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืžื” ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ.
09:19
and it's got some little bumps on the back of its head,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ืžื•ื™ ื™ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืืฃ
09:22
and it's got a bunch of gnarly things on the end of its nose.
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ืœืกื™ื˜ื™ื’ื™ืžื•ืœื•ืš ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ
09:26
And then Stygimoloch, another dinosaur from the same age, lived at the same time,
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ืžืื•ืชื• ืขื™ื“ืŸ, ื—ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”,
09:31
has spikes sticking out the back of its head.
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ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื˜ื• ืžื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ.
ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื›ื™ืคื” ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื”,
09:34
It's got a little, tiny dome,
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ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืืฃ.
09:36
and it's got a bunch of gnarly stuff on its nose.
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09:39
And then there's this thing called Dracorex hogwartsia.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืงืจื
ื“ืจืงื•ืจืงืก ื”ื•ื’ืกื•ื•ืจื˜ืฆื™ื”.
ืžื ื—ืฉื™ื ืžืื™ืคื” ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข? ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ.
09:44
Guess where that came from?
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09:45
Dragon.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ
09:47
So here's a dinosaur that has spikes sticking out of its head,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ื™ืคื”
09:50
no dome and gnarly stuff on its nose.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื™ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืืฃ.
09:54
Nobody noticed the gnarly stuff sort of looked alike.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืฃ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื
09:58
But they did look at these three
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09:59
and they said, "These are three different dinosaurs,
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ื•ืืžืจื•, "ืืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
ื•ื“ืจืื’ื•ืจืงืก ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื›ื•ืœื.
10:02
and Dracorex is probably the most primitive of them.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
10:05
And the other one is more primitive than the other."
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™
10:09
It's unclear to me how they actually sorted these three of them out.
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ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืกื™ื“ืจื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื.
10:13
But if you line them up,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืžื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”
10:15
if you just take those three skulls and just line them up,
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ืื ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”,
10:18
they line up like this.
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ื”ื ืžืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื›ื›ื”.
10:20
Dracorex is the littlest one,
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ื“ืจืื’ื•ืจืงืก ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื,
10:22
Stygimoloch is the middle-size one,
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ืกื˜ื™ื’ื™ืžื•ืœื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™
ืคื›ื™ืฆืคืœื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
10:25
Pachycephalosaurus is the largest one.
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10:27
And one would think, that should give me a clue.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืจืžื–
10:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:33
But it didn't give them a clue.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืขื–ืจ ืœื”ื.
10:35
(Laughter)
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10:36
Because, well we know why.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื”.
10:39
Scientists like to name things.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
ืื– ืื ื ื—ืชื•ืš ืืช
10:43
So if we cut open Dracorex --
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ื“ืจืื’ื•ืจืงืก--
10:46
I cut open our Dracorex --
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ืื ื ื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื“ืจืื’ื•ืจืงืก--
10:48
and look, it was spongy inside, really spongy inside.
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ื•ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืคื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื
ืžืžืฉ ืกืคื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
10:52
I mean, it is a juvenile and it's growing really fast.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆืขื™ืจ
ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ.
ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
10:57
So it is going to get bigger.
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ืื ื ื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ื™ืžื•ืœื•ืš
10:59
If you cut open Stygimoloch, it is doing the same thing.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื”
11:02
The dome, that little dome, is growing really fast.
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ื”ื›ื™ืคื”, ื–ืืช ื›ื™ืคื” ืงื˜ื ื”,
ื’ื“ืœื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“.
11:06
It's inflating very fast.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ืคื—ืช ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“.
11:08
What's interesting is the spike on the back of the Dracorex
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืจืื’ื•ืจืงืก
ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
11:12
was growing very fast as well.
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ื”ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ื™ืžื•ืœื•ืš
11:14
The spikes on the back of the Stygimoloch are actually resorbing,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืกืคื’ื™ื
11:17
which means they're getting smaller as that dome is getting bigger.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ื™ืคื” ืฉื’ื“ืœื”.
11:21
And if we look at Pachycephalosaurus,
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ื•ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคื›ื™ืฆืคืœื•ื–ืื•ืจ
11:24
Pachycephalosaurus has a solid dome
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ืœืคื›ื™ืฆืคืœื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืคื” ืžื•ืฆืงื”
11:27
and its little bumps on the back of its head were also resorbing.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ
ืฉื’ื ื›ืŸ ื ืกืคื’ื•ืช
11:32
So just with these three dinosaurs,
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ืื– ืจืง ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช -- ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ --
11:36
as a scientist, we can easily hypothesize
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ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืฉืขืจ
11:38
that it is just a growth series of the same animal.
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื“ื™ืœื”
ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืžื” ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ
11:44
Which of course means
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ืฉืกื˜ื™ื’ื™ืžื•ืœื•ืš ื•ื“ืจืื’ื•ืจืงืก
11:48
that Stygimoloch and Dracorex are extinct.
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ื ื›ื—ื“ื•.
11:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:57
OK.
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ืื•ืงื™.
11:59
(Laughter)
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
12:02
Which of course means we have 10 primary dinosaurs to deal with.
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ืฉื ืฉืืจื ื• ืขื 10 ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื.
12:08
So a colleague of mine at Berkeley -- he and I were looking at Triceratops.
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ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืงืœื™
ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก
12:13
And before the year 2000 --
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืช 2000 --
12:15
now remember, Triceratops was first found in the 1800s --
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ืชื–ื›ืจื•
ื”ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก ื ืžืฆื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1800
12:19
before 2000, no one had ever seen a juvenile Triceratops.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืช 2000 ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจืื”
ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก ืฆืขื™ืจ.
12:25
There's a Triceratops in every museum in the world,
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ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืืกืฃ ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก ืฆืขื™ืจ.
12:29
but no one had ever collected a juvenile.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืœื?
12:33
And we know why, right?
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
12:35
Because everybody wants to have a big one.
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ืื– ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
12:38
So everyone had a big one.
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ืื– ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœืฉื˜ื— ื•ืืกืคื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”
12:40
So we went out and collected a whole bunch of stuff
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
12:42
and we found a whole bunch of little ones.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
12:44
They're everywhere, they're all over the place.
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12:47
So we have a whole bunch of them at our museum.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืืฆืœื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:50
(Laughter)
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12:54
And everybody says it's because I have a little museum.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ.
ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
12:57
When you have a little museum, you have little dinosaurs.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:00
(Laughter)
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก
13:03
If you look at the Triceratops,
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13:04
you can see it's changing, it's shape-shifting.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืชื ื”, ืžืฉื ื” ืฆื•ืจื”.
ื›ืฉื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
13:07
As the juveniles are growing up, their horns actually curve backwards.
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ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชืงืคืœื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื”
ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื
13:11
And then as they get older, the horns grow forward.
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ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
13:15
And that's pretty cool.
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13:16
If you look along the edge of the frill,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
13:18
they have these little triangular bones that actually grow big as triangles
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื•ืช
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื
ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชื˜ื—ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช
13:24
and then they flatten against the frill
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13:26
pretty much like the spikes do on the Pachycephalosaurs.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื•ืฆื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
ืืฆืœ ื”ืคืืงื™ืฆืืคืœื•ื–ืืจืก
13:31
And then, because the juveniles are in my collection,
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ืื– ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื™
13:35
I cut them open ...
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ื—ืชื›ืชื™ ืื•ืชื
13:37
(Laughter)
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื
13:38
and look inside.
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13:39
And the little one is really spongy.
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ื•ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืกืคื•ื’ื™.
13:42
And the middle-size one is really spongy.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืกืคื•ื’ื™ ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
13:45
But what was interesting was the adult Triceratops was also spongy.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืค ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืกืคื•ื’ื™ ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
13:49
And this is a skull that is two meters long.
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื
ื–ืืช ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
13:53
It's a big skull.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ
13:56
But there's another dinosaur that is found in this formation
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื
14:00
that looks like a Triceratops, except it's bigger,
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื˜ื•ืจื•ื–ืื•ืจ.
14:04
and it's called Torosaurus.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืชื›ื ื• ืื•ืชื•,
14:07
And Torosaurus, when we cut into it, has mature bone.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช.
14:11
But it's got these big holes in its shield.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื• ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช.
14:13
And everybody says,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• "ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก ื•ื˜ื•ืจื•ื–ืื•ืจ
14:14
"A Triceratops and a Torosaurus can't possibly be the same animal
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
14:18
because one of them's bigger than the other one."
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฉื ื™."
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:21
(Laughter)
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14:25
"And it has holes in its frill."
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"ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช."
ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ "ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ื•ืจื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื?"
14:28
And I said, "Well do we have any juvenile Torosauruses?"
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื• " ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœื,
14:31
And they said, "Well, no, but it has holes in its frill."
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช."
14:36
So one of my graduate students, John Scannella,
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ืื– ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกืงื ืืœื”,
ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
14:40
looked through our whole collection
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14:41
and he actually discovered that the hole starting to form in Triceratops
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื”
ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ
ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก
ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืคืชื— ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื•ื–ืื•ืจ--
14:48
and, of course it's open, in Torosaurus --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ
14:51
so he found the transitional ones between Triceratops and Torosaurus,
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ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก ื•ื˜ื•ืจื•ื–ืื•ืจ
ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
14:56
which was pretty cool.
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14:57
So now we know that Torosaurus is actually a grown-up Triceratops.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
ืฉื˜ื•ืจื•ื–ืื•ืจ
ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก ื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช,
15:05
Now when we name dinosaurs,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
15:07
when we name anything, the original name gets to stick
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ื”ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื ืฉืืจ
15:10
and the second name is thrown out.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื–ืจืง.
ืื– ื˜ื•ืจื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื ื›ื—ื“.
15:15
So Torosaurus is extinct.
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ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก ืื ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
15:18
Triceratops, if you've heard the news, a lot of the newscasters got it all wrong.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื’ื• ื‘ื–ื”.
15:22
They thought Torosaurus should be kept and Triceratops thrown out,
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื˜ื•ืจื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืžืจ ื•ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขืœื
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ืช.
15:26
but that's not going to happen.
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15:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:33
All right, so we can do this with a bunch of dinosaurs.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
15:36
I mean, here's Edmontosaurus
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ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื ื” ืื“ืžื•ื ื˜ื•ืกืจื•ืก
15:38
and Anatotitan.
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ื•ืื ืื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ
15:40
Anatotitan: giant duck.
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ืื ืื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ: ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ืขื ืง.
15:43
It's a giant duck-bill dinosaur.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง.
ื•ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ
15:46
Here's another one.
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15:47
So we look at the bone histology.
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช.
ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื• ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื•
15:50
The bone histology tells us that Edmontosaurus is a juvenile,
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ืฉืื“ืžื•ื ื˜ื•ืกืจื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืฆืขื™ืจ,
ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืชืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจ
15:55
or at least a subadult,
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15:56
and the other one is an adult, and we have an ontogeny.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ึนื ึฐื˜ื•ึนื’ึถื ึถื–ึธื”
ื•ื›ืš ื ืคื˜ืจื ื• ืžื”ืื ืื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ
16:03
And we get rid of Anatotitan.
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
16:06
So we can just keep doing this.
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16:08
And the last one is T. Rex.
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื
ื˜ื™ ืจืงืก
16:12
So there's these two dinosaurs, T. Rex and Nanotyrannus.
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ืื– ืฉื ื™ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
ื˜ื™ ืจืงืก ื•ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ืจืื ื•ืก
16:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืฉื•ื‘, ื’ื•ืจื ืœืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
16:20
Again, it makes you wonder.
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16:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืฉืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
16:26
But they had a good question.
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ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื
16:28
They were looking at them and they said, "One's got 17 teeth,
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื " ืœืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ 17 ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืจืง 12.
16:31
and the biggest one's got 12 teeth.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
16:33
And that doesn't make any sense at all,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืื—ืจ
16:35
because we don't know of any dinosaurs that gain teeth as they get older.
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ืฉืžื’ื“ืœ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ.
16:38
So it must be true --
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ืื– ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ---
ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื."
16:41
they must be different."
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16:43
So we cut into them.
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ืื– ื—ืชื›ื ื• ืื•ืชื
ื•ื›ืฆืคื•ื™,
16:46
And sure enough, Nanotyrannus has juvenile bone
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ืœื ื ื•ื˜ื™ืจืื ื•ืก ื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช
16:50
and the bigger one has more mature bone.
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ื•ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:54
It looks like it could still get bigger.
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
16:57
And at the Museum of the Rockies where we work,
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ื™ืฉ 4 ื˜ื™ ืจืงืกื™ื
16:59
I have four T. rexes, so I can cut a whole bunch of them.
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื›ืืœื”.
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
17:03
But I didn't have to cut any of them really,
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17:05
because I just lined up their jaws
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกื™ื“ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
17:08
and it turned out the biggest one had 12 teeth
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ 12 ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื
17:11
and the next smallest one had 13
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ื•ืœื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื™ืฉ 13
17:13
and the next smallest had 14.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• 14
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื• ื™ืฉ 17
17:16
And of course, Nano has 17.
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ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
17:18
And we just went out and looked at other people's collections
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• 15 ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
17:21
and we found one that has sort of 15 teeth.
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17:24
So again, real easy to say
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ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ืงืœ ืžืื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
17:27
that Tyrannosaurus ontogeny included Nanotyrannus,
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ื˜ื™ืจืื ื•ื–ืื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ
ืฉืœ ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ืจืื ื•ืก
17:32
and therefore we can take out another dinosaur.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
17:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื– ื–ื” ืžืกืชื›ื ืœื›ืš
17:42
So when it comes down to our end Cretaceous,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืŸ
17:45
we have seven left.
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ื ืฉืืจื• 7 ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
ื•ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
17:49
And that's a good number.
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17:51
That's a good number to go extinct, I think.
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื—ื“ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
17:54
Now as you can imagine,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ,
17:56
this is not very popular with fourth-graders.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื“'.
17:59
(Laughter)
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื“' ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
18:00
Fourth-graders love their dinosaurs, they memorize them.
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ื”ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื–ื”
18:08
And they're not happy with this.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:10
(Laughter)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
18:12
Thank you very much.
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18:13
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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