Jack Horner: Shape-shifting dinosaurs

Prevoditelj: Suzana Baric Recezent: Ivona Papa

Da zatražim da dignu ruku

Shall I ask for a show of hands or a clapping

ili zaplješću

ljudi različitih generacija?

of people in different generations?

I'm interested in how many are three to 12 years old.

Zanima me koliko vas je

staro između tri i 12 godina.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Nitko, ha?

None, huh?

(Laughter)

U redu.

All right.

Govorit ću o dinosaurima.

I'm going to talk about dinosaurs.

Do you remember dinosaurs when you were that age?

Sjećate li se dinosaura kada ste bili toliko stari?

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Dinosaurs are kind of funny, you know.

Dinosauri su pomalo smiješni, znate.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

We're going to kind of go in a different direction right now.

Sada ćemo poći u malo drugačijem smjeru.

Nadam se da svi to shvaćate.

I hope you all realize that.

So I'll just give you my message up front:

Pa ću vam direktno reći svoju poruku:

Probajte ne izumrijeti.

Try not to go extinct.

(Smijeh)

(Laughter)

That's it.

To je to.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Ljudi me često pitaju -

People ask me a lot --

zapravo, jedno od najčešćih pitanja koje me pitaju

in fact, one of the most asked questions I get

is, why do children like dinosaurs so much?

jest: zašto djeca toliko vole dinosaure?

What's the fascination?

Što ih fascinira?

And I usually just say,

A ja obično samo kažem:

"Well, dinosaurs were big,

"Pa, dinosauri su bili veliki,

drugačiji i izumrli su."

different and gone."

Svi su izumrli.

They're all gone.

Well that's not true,

Ali to nije istina,

but we'll get to the goose in a minute.

ali doći ćemo do toga za čas.

To je u nekom smislu i tema:

So that's sort of the theme:

big, different and gone.

veliki, drugačiji i izumrli.

The title of my talk:

Naslov mog govora:

Shape-shifting Dinosaurs:

Dinosauri promjenjivog izgleda.

The cause of a premature extinction.

Razlozi preranog izumiranja.

Pretpostavljam da se sjećamo dinosaura.

Now I assume that we remember dinosaurs.

I postoji mnogo različitih oblika.

And there's lots of different shapes.

Mnogo različitih vrsta.

Lots of different kinds.

A long time ago,

Nekad davno,

back in the early 1900s, museums were out looking for dinosaurs.

početkom 20. stoljeća,

muzeji su bili u potrazi za dinosaurima.

Izašli su i skupljali ih.

They went out and gathered them up.

And this is an interesting story.

A to je jedna zanimljiva priča.

Svaki muzej je htio malo većeg ili boljeg

Every museum wanted a little bigger or better one than anybody else had.

nego što je itko drugi imao.

So if the museum in Toronto went out and collected a Tyrannosaur, a big one,

Dakle, ako je muzej iz Toronta otišao

i skupio kosti Tiranosaura, koji je velik,

onda je muzej iz Ottawe htio većeg

then the museum in Ottawa wanted a bigger one, and a better one.

i boljeg.

I to se događalo sa svim muzejima.

And that happened for all museums.

So everyone was out looking for all these bigger and better dinosaurs.

Tako da su svi bili u potrazi

za svim tim većim i boljim dinosaurima.

I to je bilo početkom 20. stoljeća.

And this was in the early 1900s.

By about 1970,

Do oko 1970.,

neki znanstvenici su sjeli

some scientists were sitting around and they thought, "What in the world --

i zapitali se: "Što, pobogu?

Look at these dinosaurs, they're all big.

Pogledajte ove dinosaure.

Svi su veliki.

Gdje su svi maleni?"

Where are all the little ones?"

(Laughter)

And they thought about it and they even wrote papers about it:

I razmišljali su o tome

i čak pisali radove o tome:

"Where are the little dinosaurs?"

"Gdje su maleni dinosauri?"

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Pa, otiđite u muzej, vidjet ćete,

Well, go to a museum, you'll see,

see how many baby dinosaurs there are.

pogledajte koliko je beba dinosaura ondje.

People assumed -- and this was actually a problem --

Ljudi su pretpostavljali - i to je zapravo bio problem -

people assumed that if they had little dinosaurs,

ljudi su pretpostavljali

da kad bi imali male dinosaure,

kad bi imali mlade dinosaure,

if they had juvenile dinosaurs, they'd be easy to identify.

bilo bi ih lako identificirati.

You'd have a big dinosaur and a littler dinosaur.

Imali biste velikog dinosaura

i manjeg dinosaura.

(Laughter)

Ali imali su samo velike dinosaure.

But all they had were big dinosaurs.

I to se svodi na nekoliko stvari.

And it comes down to a couple of things.

First off, scientists have egos,

Kao prvo, znanstvenici imaju ego,

i znanstvenici vole davati imena dinosaurima.

and scientists like to name dinosaurs.

They like to name anything.

Vole davati imena bilo čemu.

Everybody likes to have their own animal that they named.

Svatko bi volio imati životinju kojoj je sam dao ime.

(Smijeh)

(Laughter)

Pa su svaki put kada bi našli nešto što je izgledalo malo drugačije,

And so every time they found something that looked a little different,

dali i neko drugo ime.

they named it something different.

And what happened, of course,

Ono što se dogodilo, naravno, jest,

is we ended up with a whole bunch of different dinosaurs.

da smo završili s hrpetinom različitih dinosaura.

In 1975,

1975.,

nekome se upalila lampica.

a light went on in somebody's head.

Dr. Peter Dodson

Dr. Peter Dodson at the University of Pennsylvania

sa Sveučilišta u Pennsylvaniji

je zapravo shvatio

actually realized that dinosaurs grew kind of like birds do,

da su dinosauri rasli

na neki način kao što ptice rastu,

which is different than the way reptiles grow.

što je drugačije

od načina na koji gmazovi rastu.

And in fact,

I zapravo,

he used the cassowary as an example.

uzeo je kazuara kao primjer.

And it's kind of cool -- if you look at the cassowary,

I pomalo je cool - ako pogledate kazuara,

or any of the birds that have crests on their heads,

ili bilo koju pticu koja ima krijestu na glavi,

they grow to about 80 percent adult size before the crest starts to grow.

one zapravo rastu

do oko 80% veličine odrasle jedinke

prije nego krijesta počne rasti.

Sada razmislite o tome.

Now think about that.

They're basically retaining their juvenile characteristics

One praktički zadržavaju mladolike karakteristike

very late in what we call ontogeny.

dosta kasno u onome što zovemo ontogenezom.

So allometric cranial ontogeny is relative skull growth.

Dakle, alometrijska lubanjska ontogeneza

je značajan rast lubanje.

So you can see that if you actually found one that was 80 percent grown

Pa možete vidjeti,

ako ste stvarno našli jednog

koji je narastao 80 posto

and you didn't know that it was going to grow up to a cassowary,

a ne znate da će odrasti u kazuara,

da ćete misliti da su to dvije različite životinje.

you would think they were two different animals.

So this was a problem,

I to je bio problem,

and Peter Dodson pointed this out using some duck-billed dinosaurs

a Peter Dodson je to istaknuo

koristeći neke dinosaure sa pačjim kljunom

tada poznate kao Hypacrosaurus.

then called Hypacrosaurus.

And he showed that if you were to take a baby and an adult

I pokazao je

da kada biste uzeli bebu i odraslu jedinku

and make an average of what it should look like,

i napravili prosjek onoga kako bi trebao izgledati,

ako je rastao na donekle linearan način,

if it grew in sort of a linear fashion,

imao bi krijestu

it would have a crest about half the size of the adult.

upola manju od krijeste odraslog.

But the actual subadult at 65 percent had no crest at all.

Ali jedinka na prijelazu u odraslu

kod 65 posto

nije uopće imala krijestu.

So this was interesting.

Tako da je to bilo zanimljivo.

So this is where people went astray again.

To je gdje

su ljudi opet otišli u krivom smjeru.

I mean, if they'd have just taken that,

Mislim, kada bi samo to sagledali,

uzimajući u obzir rad Petera Dodsona, i krenuli od toga,

taken Peter Dodson's work, and gone on with that,

tada bismo imali mnogo manje dinosaura

then we would have a lot less dinosaurs than we have.

nego što ih imamo.

But scientists have egos; they like to name things.

Ali znanstvenici imaju ego,

vole imenovati stvari.

And so they went on naming dinosaurs because they were different.

I tako su nastavili imenovati dinosaure

zato što su bili drugačiji.

Now we have a way of actually testing

Sada postoji način kojim zapravo možemo ispitati

i provjeriti je li dinosaur, ili bilo koja životinja,

to see whether a dinosaur, or any animal, is a young one or an older one.

mlađa ili starija.

And that's by actually cutting into their bones.

I to tako da režemo njihove kosti.

Ali rezanje dinosaurovih kosti

But cutting into the bones of a dinosaur is hard to do, as you can imagine,

je teško napraviti, kao što možete zamisliti,

because in museums, bones are precious.

zato što su u muzejima

kosti dragocjene.

Otiđete u muzej i oni se stvarno dobro brinu o njima.

You go into a museum, and they take really good care of them.

They put them in foam, little containers.

Stave ih u pjenu, male spremnike.

Zbilja su dobro zbrinute.

They're very well taken care of.

Ne sviđa im se ako dođete

They don't like it if you come in and want to saw them open and look inside.

i želite ih prerezati pilom i pogledati u njih.

(Smijeh)

(Laughter)

So they don't normally let you do that.

Pa vam obično to ni ne dopuste.

(Laughter)

Ali ja imam muzej

But I have a museum and I collect dinosaurs

i skupljam dinosaure

i svoje mogu prepiliti.

and I can saw mine open.

Pa to i radim.

So that's what I do.

(Pljesak)

(Applause)

Ako razrežete malog dinosaura,

So if you cut open a little dinosaur,

it's very spongy inside, like A.

iznutra je jako spužvasto kao A.

A ako razrežete velikog dinosaura,

And if you cut into an older dinosaur, it's very massive.

jako je masivan.

You can tell it's mature bone.

Možete vidjeti da je to zrela kost.

Tako da ih je jako lako razlikovati.

So it's real easy to tell them apart.

So what I want to do is show you these.

Pa ono što ja želim napraviti

jest pokazati vam ovo.

In North America in the northern plains of the United States

U Sjevernoj Americi u području Northern Plains u SAD-u

and the southern plains of Alberta and Saskatchewan,

i u području Southern Plains Alberte i Saskatchewana,

there's this unit of rock called the Hell Creek Formation

ondje se nalazi ova stijena koja se zove Hell Creek Formation

koja daje posljednje dinosaure koji su živjeli na Zemlji.

that produces the last dinosaurs that lived on Earth.

Dvanaest je onih

And there are 12 of them that everyone recognizes --

koje svi prepoznaju -

I mean the 12 primary dinosaurs that went extinct.

mislim, dvanaest je primarnih dinosaura

koji su izumrli.

And so we will evaluate them.

Pa ćemo ih mi procijeniti.

I to je manje-više ono što sam ja radio.

And that's sort of what I've been doing.

Pa smo moji studenti, moje osoblje

So my students, my staff, we've been cutting them open.

i ja rezali i otvarali kosti.

Kao što možete zamisliti,

Now as you can imagine, cutting open a leg bone is one thing,

rezanje kosti noge je jedna stvar,

but when you go to a museum

ali kada odete u muzej

i kažete: "Neće vam smetati ako razrežem

and say, "You don't mind if I cut open your dinosaur's skull, do you?"

lubanju vašeg dinosaura, zar ne?",

they say, "Go away."

oni kažu: "Gubi se."

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Dakle, evo dvanaest dinosaura.

So here are 12 dinosaurs.

And we want to look at these three first.

Najprije želimo pogledati ova tri.

Ovo su dinosari koji se zovu Pachycephalosauri.

So these are dinosaurs that are called Pachycephalosaurus.

I svatko zna

And everybody knows that these three animals are related.

da su ove tri životinje u srodstvu.

A pretpostavka je

And the assumption is that they're related like cousins or whatever.

da su u srodstvu

kao bratići ili slično.

But no one ever considered that they might be more closely related.

Ali nitko nikad nije uzeo u obzir

da bi mogli biti u bližem srodstvu.

Drugim riječima,

In other words,

people looked at them and they saw the differences.

ljudi su ih gledali i vidjeli razliku.

And you all know that if you are going to determine

A svi vi znate

ako želite odrediti

whether you're related to your brother or your sister,

jeste li u srodstvu sa svojim bratom ili sestrom,

ne možete to učiniti promatrajući razlike.

you can't do it by looking at differences.

You can only determine relatedness by looking for similarities.

Možete utvrditi srodstvo samo

promatranjem sličnosti.

So people were looking at these

Dakle, ljudi su gledali ove dinosaure

and they were talking about how different they are.

i govorili o tome koliko su različiti.

Pachycephalosaurus has a big, thick dome on its head,

Pachycephalosaur ima veliku, debelu kupolu na svojoj glavi,

a ima i nekoliko malih kvržica na zatiljku,

and it's got some little bumps on the back of its head,

i ima hrpu čvorića na kraju njuške.

and it's got a bunch of gnarly things on the end of its nose.

Zatim Stygimoloch, još jedan dinosaur

And then Stygimoloch, another dinosaur from the same age, lived at the same time,

iz istog razdoblja, živio je u isto vrijeme,

has spikes sticking out the back of its head.

ima šiljke koji strše iz njegovog zatiljka.

Ima malu, sićušnu kupolu,

It's got a little, tiny dome,

i hrpu čvorića na svojoj njušci.

and it's got a bunch of gnarly stuff on its nose.

And then there's this thing called Dracorex hogwartsia.

A onda je tu i ova stvar koja se zove Dracore,

hogwartsia.

Pogodite otkuda je naziv došao? Zmaj.

Guess where that came from?

Dragon.

Tako imamo dinosaura

So here's a dinosaur that has spikes sticking out of its head,

koji ima šiljke koji strše iz njegove glave, bez kupole,

no dome and gnarly stuff on its nose.

s čvorićima na nosu.

Nobody noticed the gnarly stuff sort of looked alike.

Nitko nije primijetio da ti čvorići pomalo sliče.

Ali pogledali su ova tri dinosaura

But they did look at these three

and they said, "These are three different dinosaurs,

i rekli: "To su tri različita dinosaura,

a Dracorex je vjerojatno najprimitivniji od njih.

and Dracorex is probably the most primitive of them.

A jedan je primitivniji od drugog."

And the other one is more primitive than the other."

Meni nije jasno

It's unclear to me how they actually sorted these three of them out.

kako su oni zapravo njih troje razvrstali.

But if you line them up,

Ali ako ih poredate,

if you just take those three skulls and just line them up,

ako samo uzmete one tri lubanje i poredate ih,

they line up like this.

oni se ovako poredaju.

Dracorex is the littlest one,

Dracorex je najmanji,

Stygimoloch is the middle-size one,

Stygimoloch je srednje veličine,

Pachycephalosaurus je najveći.

Pachycephalosaurus is the largest one.

And one would think, that should give me a clue.

I čovjek bi pomislio

da bi ga to trebalo dovesti do nekog zaključka.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But it didn't give them a clue.

Ali nije ih dovelo do nikakvog zaključka.

(Laughter)

Because, well we know why.

Zato što... ma znamo zašto.

Scientists like to name things.

Znanstvenici vole imenovati stvari.

Ako razrežemo

So if we cut open Dracorex --

Dracorexa -

I cut open our Dracorex --

ja sam razrezao našeg Dracorexa -

and look, it was spongy inside, really spongy inside.

i gle, bio je spužvast iznutra,

stvarno spužvast iznutra.

I mean, it is a juvenile and it's growing really fast.

Mislim, to je mladi dinosaur

i raste stvarno brzo.

Pa će postati veći.

So it is going to get bigger.

Ako otvorite Stygimolocha,

If you cut open Stygimoloch, it is doing the same thing.

događa se ista stvar.

The dome, that little dome, is growing really fast.

Kupola, ta mala kupola

raste zaista brzo.

It's inflating very fast.

Veoma brzo se napuhuje.

What's interesting is the spike on the back of the Dracorex

Ono što je zanimljivo su šiljci na zatiljku Dracorexa

koji su isto tako brzo rasli.

was growing very fast as well.

Šiljci na zatiljku Stygimolocha

The spikes on the back of the Stygimoloch are actually resorbing,

se zapravo povlače,

which means they're getting smaller as that dome is getting bigger.

što znači da se smanjuju

i da kupola postaje veća.

And if we look at Pachycephalosaurus,

A ako pogledamo Pachycephalosaura,

Pachycephalosaurus has a solid dome

Pachycephalosaur ima tvrdu kupolu

and its little bumps on the back of its head were also resorbing.

i njegove male kvržice na zatiljku

su se također povlačile.

So just with these three dinosaurs,

Dakle, samo s ta tri dinosaura,

lako možete - kao znanstvenik -

as a scientist, we can easily hypothesize

možemo lako pretpostaviti

that it is just a growth series of the same animal.

da je to samo razvojni niz

iste životinje.

Što naravmo znači

Which of course means

da su Stygimoloch i Dracorex

that Stygimoloch and Dracorex are extinct.

izumrli.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

OK.

Dobro.

(Laughter)

Što naravno znači

Which of course means we have 10 primary dinosaurs to deal with.

da imamo 10 primarnih dinosaura s kojima se možemo baviti.

So a colleague of mine at Berkeley -- he and I were looking at Triceratops.

Jedan moj kolega s Berkleya,

on i ja smo proučavali Triceratopsa.

And before the year 2000 --

I prije 2000. godine -

now remember, Triceratops was first found in the 1800s --

sjetite se,

Triceratops je prvi put pronađen u 19. stoljeću -

before 2000, no one had ever seen a juvenile Triceratops.

prije 2000., nitko nikad nije vidio

mladog Triceratopsa.

There's a Triceratops in every museum in the world,

Triceratops se nalazi u svakom muzeju u svijetu,

ali nitko nikad nije pronašao mladog.

but no one had ever collected a juvenile.

A mi znamo zašto, zar ne?

And we know why, right?

Zato što svi žele imati velikog.

Because everybody wants to have a big one.

Pa su svi imali velikog.

So everyone had a big one.

Tako smo mi izašli i skupili cijelu hrpu stvari

So we went out and collected a whole bunch of stuff

i pronašli hrpu malih.

and we found a whole bunch of little ones.

Svugdje su. Ima ih posvuda.

They're everywhere, they're all over the place.

So we have a whole bunch of them at our museum.

Ima ih hrpetina u našem muzeju.

(Smijeh)

(Laughter)

And everybody says it's because I have a little museum.

I svi kažu da je to zato što imam malen muzej.

Kada imate mali muzej, imate male dinosaure.

When you have a little museum, you have little dinosaurs.

(Smijeh)

(Laughter)

Ako pogledate Triceratopsa,

If you look at the Triceratops,

you can see it's changing, it's shape-shifting.

možete vidjeti da se mijenja, mijenja svoj izgled.

Kako mladi odrastaju,

As the juveniles are growing up, their horns actually curve backwards.

njihovi rogovi se zapravo svijaju unatrag.

A onda, kako postaju stariji,

And then as they get older, the horns grow forward.

rogovi rastu prema naprijed.

I to je stvarno cool.

And that's pretty cool.

If you look along the edge of the frill,

Ako pogledate uz rubove nabora,

they have these little triangular bones that actually grow big as triangles

oni imaju te male trokutne kosti

koje zapravo rastu kao trokuti

a onda se spljošte uz nabor

and then they flatten against the frill

pretty much like the spikes do on the Pachycephalosaurs.

što je dosta slično onome što se događa sa šiljcima

kod Pachycephalosaura.

And then, because the juveniles are in my collection,

I onda, zato što su mladi u mojoj zbirci,

I cut them open ...

razrežem ih

(Laughter)

i pogledam unutra.

and look inside.

And the little one is really spongy.

I maleni je stvarno spužvast.

And the middle-size one is really spongy.

I srednji je stvarno spužvast.

But what was interesting was the adult Triceratops was also spongy.

Ali zanimljivo je

da je i odrasli Triceratops bio spužvast.

And this is a skull that is two meters long.

A to je lubanja koja je duga dva metra.

To je velika lubanja.

It's a big skull.

Ali postoji još jedan dinosaur

But there's another dinosaur that is found in this formation

pronađen u ovoj formaciji

that looks like a Triceratops, except it's bigger,

koji izgleda kao Triceratops, ali je veći

i zove se Torosaur.

and it's called Torosaurus.

A Torosaur, kada ga razrežemo,

And Torosaurus, when we cut into it, has mature bone.

ima odrasle kosti.

But it's got these big holes in its shield.

Ali ima ove velike rupe u svom štitu.

And everybody says,

I svi kažu: "Triceratops i Torosaur

"A Triceratops and a Torosaurus can't possibly be the same animal

nikako ne mogu biti ista životinja

because one of them's bigger than the other one."

zato što je jedan veći od drugoga."

(Smijeh)

(Laughter)

"And it has holes in its frill."

"I ima rupe svom naboru."

I, ja sam rekao: "Pa imamo li kojeg mladog Torosaura?"

And I said, "Well do we have any juvenile Torosauruses?"

A oni su rekli: "Pa ne,

And they said, "Well, no, but it has holes in its frill."

ali ima rupe u svom naboru."

So one of my graduate students, John Scannella,

Jedan od mojih apsolvenata, John Scannella,

pregledao je našu cijelu zbirku

looked through our whole collection

and he actually discovered that the hole starting to form in Triceratops

i zapravo je otkrio

da se rupa počela stvarati

kod Triceratopsa

i, naravno, otvorena je kod Torosaura -

and, of course it's open, in Torosaurus --

pa je pronašao prijelazne oblike

so he found the transitional ones between Triceratops and Torosaurus,

između Triceratopsa i Torosaura,

što je stvarno cool.

which was pretty cool.

So now we know that Torosaurus is actually a grown-up Triceratops.

Pa sada znamo

da je Torosaur

zapravo odrasli Triceratops.

Kada imenujemo dinosaure,

Now when we name dinosaurs,

kada imenujemo bilo što,

when we name anything, the original name gets to stick

izvorno ime će ostati,

and the second name is thrown out.

a drugo ime će se izbaciti.

Pa je Torosaur izumro.

So Torosaurus is extinct.

Triceratops, ako ste čuli na vijestima,

Triceratops, if you've heard the news, a lot of the newscasters got it all wrong.

mnogo novinara je sve krivo shvatilo.

They thought Torosaurus should be kept and Triceratops thrown out,

Mislili su da bi trebalo zadržati Torosaura, a Triceratopsa izbaciti,

ali to se neće dogoditi.

but that's not going to happen.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

All right, so we can do this with a bunch of dinosaurs.

U redu, to možemo napraviti s hrpom dinosaura.

I mean, here's Edmontosaurus

Mislim, tu je Edmontosaur

and Anatotitan.

i Anatotitan.

Anatotitan: giant duck.

Anatotitan, golema patka.

It's a giant duck-bill dinosaur.

To je golemi dinosaur pačjeg kljuna.

Evo još jednog.

Here's another one.

So we look at the bone histology.

Dakle, gledamo histologiju kosti.

Histologija kosti nam govori

The bone histology tells us that Edmontosaurus is a juvenile,

da je Edmontosaur mlad,

ili barem na prijelazu u odraslu jedinku,

or at least a subadult,

and the other one is an adult, and we have an ontogeny.

a drugi je odrastao

i imamo ontogenezu.

I rješili smo se Anatotitana.

And we get rid of Anatotitan.

Dakle, možemo samo nastaviti raditi ovo.

So we can just keep doing this.

And the last one is T. Rex.

Zadnji je

Tiranosaur.

So there's these two dinosaurs, T. Rex and Nanotyrannus.

Postoje ta dva dinosaura,

Tiranosaur i Nanotyrannus.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Opet, zapitate se.

Again, it makes you wonder.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Ali imali su dobro pitanje.

But they had a good question.

Gledali su ih

They were looking at them and they said, "One's got 17 teeth,

i rekli:"Jedan ima 17 zuba, a veći ima 12 zuba.

and the biggest one's got 12 teeth.

I to uopće nema smisla,

And that doesn't make any sense at all,

zato što ne znamo ni za jednog dinosaura

because we don't know of any dinosaurs that gain teeth as they get older.

koji dobiva zube kako stari.

So it must be true --

Pa mora biti istina -

moraju biti različiti."

they must be different."

So we cut into them.

Pa smo ih razrezali.

I stvarno,

And sure enough, Nanotyrannus has juvenile bone

Nanotyrannus ima mlade kosti,

and the bigger one has more mature bone.

a veći ima zrelije kosti.

Čini se da bi još mogao rasti.

It looks like it could still get bigger.

U muzeju gdje radimo, Museum of the Rockies,

And at the Museum of the Rockies where we work,

imam četiri Tiranosaura

I have four T. rexes, so I can cut a whole bunch of them.

pa ih hrpetinu mogu i rezati.

Ali zapravo nisam morao niti jednog rezati,

But I didn't have to cut any of them really,

because I just lined up their jaws

zato što sam samo poredao njihove čeljusti

and it turned out the biggest one had 12 teeth

i ispalo je da je najveći imao 12 zuba,

and the next smallest one had 13

sljedeći najmanji ih je imao 13

and the next smallest had 14.

i sljedeći najmanji 14.

A Nano, naravno, ima 17 zuba.

And of course, Nano has 17.

Izašli smo i pogledali zbirke drugih ljudi

And we just went out and looked at other people's collections

i našli jednog koji ima 15 zuba.

and we found one that has sort of 15 teeth.

So again, real easy to say

I opet, lako je ustvrditi

that Tyrannosaurus ontogeny included Nanotyrannus,

da je Tiranosaurova ontogeneza

uključivala Nanotyrannusa

and therefore we can take out another dinosaur.

i zato možemo isključiti još jednog dinosaura.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Pa kada se dođe

So when it comes down to our end Cretaceous,

na naš kraj krede,

we have seven left.

preostalo ih je sedam.

I to je dobar broj.

And that's a good number.

That's a good number to go extinct, I think.

To je dobar broj za izumiranje, mislim.

Now as you can imagine,

Kao što možete zamisliti,

this is not very popular with fourth-graders.

ovo nije baš omiljeno kod četvrtaša.

(Laughter)

10-ogodišnjaci vole svoje dinosaure,

Fourth-graders love their dinosaurs, they memorize them.

uče njihova imena.

I nisu zadovoljni ovime.

And they're not happy with this.

(Smijeh)

(Laughter)

Puno vam hvala!

Thank you very much.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)