Jack Horner: Shape-shifting dinosaurs

1,673,565 views ใƒป 2012-02-09

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jireh Kang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Poram Lee
๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์€
00:16
Shall I ask for a show of hands or a clapping
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์†์„ ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ณ์ฃผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:21
of people in different generations?
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00:23
I'm interested in how many are three to 12 years old.
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๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ์„ธ ์‚ด์—์„œ ์—ด๋‘ ์‚ด ์‚ฌ์ด์ด์‹  ๋ถ„์ด
๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ„์‹ ์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜๊ตฐ์š”.
00:27
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
์•ˆ ๊ณ„์‹  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ตฐ์š”.
00:32
None, huh?
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00:33
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”.
00:35
All right.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
I'm going to talk about dinosaurs.
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00:38
Do you remember dinosaurs when you were that age?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ๋‚˜์ด์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:41
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
00:48
Dinosaurs are kind of funny, you know.
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๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
00:51
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:53
We're going to kind of go in a different direction right now.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
I hope you all realize that.
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00:58
So I'll just give you my message up front:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์ „ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด:
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ '๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜์ง€ ๋ง๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ž'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
Try not to go extinct.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:03
(Laughter)
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01:04
That's it.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด๋“ค ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
People ask me a lot --
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
01:13
in fact, one of the most asked questions I get
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01:15
is, why do children like dinosaurs so much?
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์™œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
What's the fascination?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:21
And I usually just say,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
"Well, dinosaurs were big,
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"๊ธ€์Ž„์š”. ๊ณต๋ฃก์€ ํฌ๊ณ ,
๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
different and gone."
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๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
They're all gone.
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01:31
Well that's not true,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
but we'll get to the goose in a minute.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์ด ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
So that's sort of the theme:
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01:38
big, different and gone.
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ํฌ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
01:42
The title of my talk:
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์ œ ๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š”
01:44
Shape-shifting Dinosaurs:
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'๋ณ€์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
The cause of a premature extinction.
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์ฆ‰ '์กฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฉธ์ข…์˜ ์›์ธ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ž, ์ „ '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•œ๋‹ค.' ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ „์ œํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
Now I assume that we remember dinosaurs.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
And there's lots of different shapes.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
01:55
Lots of different kinds.
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01:57
A long time ago,
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์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์—,
01:59
back in the early 1900s, museums were out looking for dinosaurs.
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1900๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์—,
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋‚˜์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„๋“ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
They went out and gathered them up.
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02:07
And this is an interesting story.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
02:10
Every museum wanted a little bigger or better one than anybody else had.
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์ข€ ๋” ํฌ๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
So if the museum in Toronto went out and collected a Tyrannosaur, a big one,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์ผ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ
ํฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ธ ํ‹ฐ๋ผ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์˜ค๋ฉด
์˜คํƒ€์™€์˜ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์€ ๋” ํฌ๊ณ ,
02:21
then the museum in Ottawa wanted a bigger one, and a better one.
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
And that happened for all museums.
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02:27
So everyone was out looking for all these bigger and better dinosaurs.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋” ํฌ๊ณ , ๋” ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„
์ฐพ์•„ ๋‚˜์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
1900๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
And this was in the early 1900s.
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02:36
By about 1970,
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์•ฝ 1970๋…„์ด ๋˜์ž,
๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์•‰์•„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
some scientists were sitting around and they thought, "What in the world --
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"์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:44
Look at these dinosaurs, they're all big.
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์ด ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ž‘์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์–ด๋”” ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?"
02:49
Where are all the little ones?"
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02:51
(Laughter)
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02:53
And they thought about it and they even wrote papers about it:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
"Where are the little dinosaurs?"
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"์ž‘์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?"
02:59
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ๊ฐ€๋ณด๋ฉด,
03:08
Well, go to a museum, you'll see,
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03:11
see how many baby dinosaurs there are.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:14
People assumed -- and this was actually a problem --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
03:17
people assumed that if they had little dinosaurs,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธธ
๋งŒ์ผ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
๋งŒ์ผ ์ Š์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:22
if they had juvenile dinosaurs, they'd be easy to identify.
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๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฌ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
You'd have a big dinosaur and a littler dinosaur.
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ํฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„
๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด์š”.
03:29
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
But all they had were big dinosaurs.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
And it comes down to a couple of things.
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03:36
First off, scientists have egos,
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž์กด์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
and scientists like to name dinosaurs.
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03:44
They like to name anything.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ์—๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
03:46
Everybody likes to have their own animal that they named.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์ธ ์ž๊ธฐ๋งŒ์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:50
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
03:53
And so every time they found something that looked a little different,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
they named it something different.
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03:58
And what happened, of course,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:00
is we ended up with a whole bunch of different dinosaurs.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
In 1975,
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1975๋…„์—
์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
a light went on in somebody's head.
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ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜
04:12
Dr. Peter Dodson at the University of Pennsylvania
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ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋•์Šจ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”
๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ƒˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
04:16
actually realized that dinosaurs grew kind of like birds do,
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์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
which is different than the way reptiles grow.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š”
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
And in fact,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ,
04:29
he used the cassowary as an example.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํ™”์‹์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
And it's kind of cool -- if you look at the cassowary,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑธ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
or any of the birds that have crests on their heads,
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ํ™”์‹์กฐ๋‚˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
04:38
they grow to about 80 percent adult size before the crest starts to grow.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒผ์Šฌ์ด ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
์ด๋ฏธ ์–ด๋ฅธ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ 80%๊นŒ์ง€
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ž, ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
04:46
Now think about that.
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04:48
They're basically retaining their juvenile characteristics
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์œ„ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
04:51
very late in what we call ontogeny.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
So allometric cranial ontogeny is relative skull growth.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์€
๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
So you can see that if you actually found one that was 80 percent grown
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
์–ด๋ฅธ ๋ชธ์˜ 80%๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
05:08
and you didn't know that it was going to grow up to a cassowary,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž๋ผ์„œ ํ™”์‹์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
you would think they were two different animals.
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05:15
So this was a problem,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
and Peter Dodson pointed this out using some duck-billed dinosaurs
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋•์Šจ์€ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ํžˆํŒŒํฌ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
then called Hypacrosaurus.
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05:25
And he showed that if you were to take a baby and an adult
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š”
๋งŒ์ผ ์•„๊ธฐ์™€ ์–ด๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
05:30
and make an average of what it should look like,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๊ณ 
๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง์„ ์ƒ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:34
if it grew in sort of a linear fashion,
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๊ณต๋ฃก์€ ์–ด๋ฅธ ๋ชธ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
05:37
it would have a crest about half the size of the adult.
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๋ณ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
But the actual subadult at 65 percent had no crest at all.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ฅธ ๋ชธ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ 65%์˜
์•„์„ฑ์ฒด[*ไบžๆˆ้ซ”]์˜ ๊ณต๋ฃก์€
๋ณ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
So this was interesting.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
So this is where people went astray again.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
๋‹ค์‹œ ํ—ท๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
I mean, if they'd have just taken that,
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์ œ ๋ง์€ ๋งŒ์ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด,
ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋•์Šจ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๋ง๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ”์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
05:58
taken Peter Dodson's work, and gone on with that,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
06:01
then we would have a lot less dinosaurs than we have.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
But scientists have egos; they like to name things.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž์กด์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
And so they went on naming dinosaurs because they were different.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์† ๊ณต๋ฃก์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค ๋‹ฌ๋ž๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:15
Now we have a way of actually testing
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก, ํ˜น์€ ์–ด๋А ๋™๋ฌผ์ด
์–ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์–ด๋ฅธ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
06:18
to see whether a dinosaur, or any animal, is a young one or an older one.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
And that's by actually cutting into their bones.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
06:27
But cutting into the bones of a dinosaur is hard to do, as you can imagine,
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๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
because in museums, bones are precious.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š”
๋ผˆ๋“ค์€ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ง์›๋“ค์ด ๋ผˆ๋“ค์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:41
You go into a museum, and they take really good care of them.
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06:43
They put them in foam, little containers.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ผˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœํฌ ๊ณ ๋ฌด๋กœ ๋œ ์ž‘์€ ์šฉ๊ธฐ์— ๋„ฃ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ๋ณด๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
They're very well taken care of.
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
06:51
They don't like it if you come in and want to saw them open and look inside.
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๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ฑ์งˆํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์„ ๋ณด์ž๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹ซ์–ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:55
(Laughter)
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06:56
So they don't normally let you do that.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
But I have a museum and I collect dinosaurs
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ €์˜ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ฑ์งˆํ•ด์„œ ์—ด์–ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
and I can saw mine open.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
So that's what I do.
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
07:09
(Applause)
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์ผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์ชผ๊ฐœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:15
So if you cut open a little dinosaur,
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07:18
it's very spongy inside, like A.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ A์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์ด ํ•ด๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ผ ์–ด๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
07:21
And if you cut into an older dinosaur, it's very massive.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฝ‰ ์ฐจ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
You can tell it's mature bone.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ผˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
So it's real easy to tell them apart.
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07:29
So what I want to do is show you these.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„
๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
In North America in the northern plains of the United States
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๋ถ๋ฏธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ ํ‰์›๊ณผ
07:37
and the southern plains of Alberta and Saskatchewan,
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์•จ๋ฒ„ํƒ€์™€ ์„œ์Šค์บ์ฒ˜์›์˜ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ํ‰์›์—๋Š”
07:41
there's this unit of rock called the Hell Creek Formation
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ํ—ฌํฌ๋ฆญ ์ง€์ธต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•”์„์ธต์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
that produces the last dinosaurs that lived on Earth.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
07:48
And there are 12 of them that everyone recognizes --
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์—ด๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
I mean the 12 primary dinosaurs that went extinct.
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๋ฉธ์ข…๋œ 12๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค
๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
And so we will evaluate them.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์™”๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
And that's sort of what I've been doing.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์Šคํƒœํ”„
08:01
So my students, my staff, we've been cutting them open.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ผˆ๋“ค์„ ์ž˜๋ผ ์—ด์–ด ๋ณด์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:07
Now as you can imagine, cutting open a leg bone is one thing,
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
08:10
but when you go to a museum
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
"๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์„ ์ž˜๋ผ ๋ณด์•„๋„ ๋˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๊ณ 
08:14
and say, "You don't mind if I cut open your dinosaur's skull, do you?"
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๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:18
they say, "Go away."
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"์ €๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
์—ฌ๊ธฐ 12์ข…์˜ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
So here are 12 dinosaurs.
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08:30
And we want to look at these three first.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํŒŒํ‚ค์„ธํŒ”๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
So these are dinosaurs that are called Pachycephalosaurus.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
08:37
And everybody knows that these three animals are related.
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์ด ์„ธ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
08:41
And the assumption is that they're related like cousins or whatever.
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์‚ฌ์ดŒ ๊ฐ„์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์นœ์ฒ™ ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
But no one ever considered that they might be more closely related.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ด ๋”์šฑ๋” ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
08:53
In other words,
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08:54
people looked at them and they saw the differences.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
And you all know that if you are going to determine
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ˜•์ œ๋‚˜ ์ž๋งค์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด
์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—†๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค๋ฉด
09:01
whether you're related to your brother or your sister,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
you can't do it by looking at differences.
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09:07
You can only determine relatedness by looking for similarities.
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์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ ๋“ค์„ ๋ด์•ผ์ง€๋งŒ
ํ˜ˆ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
So people were looking at these
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ณ 
09:13
and they were talking about how different they are.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
Pachycephalosaurus has a big, thick dome on its head,
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ํŒŒํ‚ค์„ธํŒ”๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์œ„์— ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‘๊บผ์šด ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
๋จธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋’ค์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ํ˜น๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
and it's got some little bumps on the back of its head,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฝ”๋์—๋Š” ๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž”๋œฉ ๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
and it's got a bunch of gnarly things on the end of its nose.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋ฃก์œผ๋กœ
09:26
And then Stygimoloch, another dinosaur from the same age, lived at the same time,
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋•Œ์— ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์Šคํ‹ฐํ‚ค๋ชฐ๋กœํฌ๋Š”
09:31
has spikes sticking out the back of its head.
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๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋ฟ”์ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:34
It's got a little, tiny dome,
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์ฝ”๋์— ๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž”๋œฉ ๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
and it's got a bunch of gnarly stuff on its nose.
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09:39
And then there's this thing called Dracorex hogwartsia.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋“œ๋ผ์ฝ”๋ ‰์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ˜ธ๊ทธ์™€์‹œ์•„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
Guess where that came from?
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09:45
Dragon.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋ฟ”์ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋’ค์ชฝ์—์„œ ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ ,
09:47
So here's a dinosaur that has spikes sticking out of its head,
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๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฝ” ์œ„์— ๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:50
no dome and gnarly stuff on its nose.
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๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
Nobody noticed the gnarly stuff sort of looked alike.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ฎ์•„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์„ธ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
But they did look at these three
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09:59
and they said, "These are three different dinosaurs,
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"์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋“œ๋ผ์ฝ”๋ ‰์Šค๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์›์‹œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
and Dracorex is probably the most primitive of them.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ณต๋ฃก์€ ์ € ๊ณต๋ฃก๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์›์‹œ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
10:05
And the other one is more primitive than the other."
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ์„ธ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ€
10:09
It's unclear to me how they actually sorted these three of them out.
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
But if you line them up,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์ผ ์ด ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ์ผ๋ ฌ๋กœ ์„ธ์›Œ๋ณด๋ฉด,
10:15
if you just take those three skulls and just line them up,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ๋“ค์„ ์ผ๋ ฌ๋กœ ๋†“์•„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด.
10:18
they line up like this.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋†“์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
Dracorex is the littlest one,
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๋“œ๋ผ์ฝ”๋ ‰์Šค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด๊ณ ,
10:22
Stygimoloch is the middle-size one,
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์Šคํ‹ฐํ‚ค๋ชฐ๋กœํฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด๊ณ 
ํŒŒํ‚ค์„ธํŒ”๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
Pachycephalosaurus is the largest one.
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10:27
And one would think, that should give me a clue.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ 
์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:33
But it didn't give them a clue.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
(Laughter)
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10:36
Because, well we know why.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
10:39
Scientists like to name things.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์ผ ์ž˜๋ผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
10:43
So if we cut open Dracorex --
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๋“œ๋ผ์ฝ”๋ ‰์Šค
10:46
I cut open our Dracorex --
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋“œ๋ผ์ฝ”๋ ‰์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
and look, it was spongy inside, really spongy inside.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด์„ธ์š”, ์ด ์•ˆ์€ ํ•ด๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ •๋ง ์•ˆ์€ ์ŠคํŽ€์ง€ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
10:52
I mean, it is a juvenile and it's growing really fast.
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์ฆ‰ ์Šจ, ์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
์ •๋ง ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ปค์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
So it is going to get bigger.
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๋งŒ์ผ ์Šคํ‹ฐํ‚ค๋ชฐ๋กœํฌ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
10:59
If you cut open Stygimoloch, it is doing the same thing.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
The dome, that little dome, is growing really fast.
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๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ, ๊ทธ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ๋Š”
์ •๋ง ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
It's inflating very fast.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
What's interesting is the spike on the back of the Dracorex
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋“œ๋ผ์ฝ”๋ ‰์Šค์˜ ๋“ฑ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋ฟ”๋„
๋˜ํ•œ ์ •๋ง ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
was growing very fast as well.
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์Šคํ‹ฐํ‚ค๋ชฐ๋กœํฌ์˜ ๋“ฑ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋ฟ”์€
11:14
The spikes on the back of the Stygimoloch are actually resorbing,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
which means they're getting smaller as that dome is getting bigger.
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๋ฟ”๋“ค์€ ์ ์  ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด
๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ ์  ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
And if we look at Pachycephalosaurus,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒํ‚ค์„ธํŒ”๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
11:24
Pachycephalosaurus has a solid dome
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ํŒŒํ‚ค์„ธํŒ”๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
11:27
and its little bumps on the back of its head were also resorbing.
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํ˜น๋“ค๋„
๋˜ํ•œ ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
So just with these three dinosaurs,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๋กœ์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ,
11:36
as a scientist, we can easily hypothesize
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜
11:38
that it is just a growth series of the same animal.
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์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ผ๊ณ 
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก 
11:44
Which of course means
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์Šคํ‹ฐํ‚ค๋ชฐ๋กœํฌ์™€ ๋“œ๋ผ์ฝ”๋ ‰์Šค๋Š”
11:48
that Stygimoloch and Dracorex are extinct.
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๋ฉธ์ข…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:57
OK.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”.
11:59
(Laughter)
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก 
12:02
Which of course means we have 10 primary dinosaurs to deal with.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  10๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
So a colleague of mine at Berkeley -- he and I were looking at Triceratops.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ €์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š”,
์ €์™€ ๊ทธ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ
12:13
And before the year 2000 --
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2000๋…„์ด
12:15
now remember, Triceratops was first found in the 1800s --
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๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „, ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค๋Š”
1800๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
before 2000, no one had ever seen a juvenile Triceratops.
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2000๋…„์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„
์–ด๋ฆฐ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
There's a Triceratops in every museum in the world,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
but no one had ever collected a juvenile.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ์ธ์ง€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
12:33
And we know why, right?
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
Because everybody wants to have a big one.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
So everyone had a big one.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ์ž”๋œฉ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
So we went out and collected a whole bunch of stuff
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
and we found a whole bunch of little ones.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
They're everywhere, they're all over the place.
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12:47
So we have a whole bunch of them at our museum.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ž”๋œฉ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:50
(Laughter)
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12:54
And everybody says it's because I have a little museum.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด, ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
When you have a little museum, you have little dinosaurs.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:00
(Laughter)
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ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
13:03
If you look at the Triceratops,
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13:04
you can see it's changing, it's shape-shifting.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์–ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
13:07
As the juveniles are growing up, their horns actually curve backwards.
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๋ฟ”๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋’ค๋กœ ํœ˜์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๋” ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
13:11
And then as they get older, the horns grow forward.
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๋ฟ”๋“ค์€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
And that's pretty cool.
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13:16
If you look along the edge of the frill,
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๋ชฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆด์˜ ๋์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
13:18
they have these little triangular bones that actually grow big as triangles
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ๋ผˆ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ 
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ๋Š” ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•๋“ค์€ ํ”„๋ฆด์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฉ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
and then they flatten against the frill
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13:26
pretty much like the spikes do on the Pachycephalosaurs.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŒŒํ‚ค์„ธํŒ”๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š”
๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋ฟ”์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
And then, because the juveniles are in my collection,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ์†Œ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
13:35
I cut them open ...
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๊ทธ ๋ผˆ๋“ค์„ ์ž˜๋ผ์„œ ์—ด์–ด
13:37
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
and look inside.
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13:39
And the little one is really spongy.
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์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ํ•ด๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
And the middle-size one is really spongy.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ํ•ด๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
But what was interesting was the adult Triceratops was also spongy.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
์–ด๋ฅธ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค์˜ ๋ผˆ๋„ ์ŠคํŽ€์ง€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
And this is a skull that is two meters long.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 2๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํฐ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์ด์ง€์š”.
13:53
It's a big skull.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:56
But there's another dinosaur that is found in this formation
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์ง€์ธต[*ๅœฐๅฑค]์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
14:00
that looks like a Triceratops, except it's bigger,
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ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋” ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ† ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
and it's called Torosaurus.
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๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ์„œ ๋ณด์•˜๋”๋‹ˆ
14:07
And Torosaurus, when we cut into it, has mature bone.
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ํ† ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋Š” ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
But it's got these big holes in its shield.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ† ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฐฉํŒจ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋ผˆ์— ํฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
And everybody says,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
14:14
"A Triceratops and a Torosaurus can't possibly be the same animal
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"ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค์™€ ํ† ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
because one of them's bigger than the other one."
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๋‘˜ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:21
(Laughter)
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14:25
"And it has holes in its frill."
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"๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”„๋ฆด์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, "๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ํ† ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
14:28
And I said, "Well do we have any juvenile Torosauruses?"
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
And they said, "Well, no, but it has holes in its frill."
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"์•„๋‹ˆ์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ”„๋ฆด์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
14:36
So one of my graduate students, John Scannella,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งก์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ธ, ์กด ์Šคํ‚ค๋„ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
looked through our whole collection
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14:41
and he actually discovered that the hole starting to form in Triceratops
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค์—์„œ
๊ทธ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ† ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋•Œ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
and, of course it's open, in Torosaurus --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค์™€ ํ† ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
14:51
so he found the transitional ones between Triceratops and Torosaurus,
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๊ณผ๋„๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
which was pretty cool.
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14:57
So now we know that Torosaurus is actually a grown-up Triceratops.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ† ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋Š”
์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด์ œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ผ ๋•Œ,
15:05
Now when we name dinosaurs,
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์•„๋ฌด ๋™๋ฌผ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ผ ๋•Œ,
15:07
when we name anything, the original name gets to stick
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์›๋ž˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ง€์ผœ์ง€๊ณ 
15:10
and the second name is thrown out.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ† ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:15
So Torosaurus is extinct.
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ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
15:18
Triceratops, if you've heard the news, a lot of the newscasters got it all wrong.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋‰ด์Šค ์•ต์ปค๋“ค์€ ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
They thought Torosaurus should be kept and Triceratops thrown out,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ† ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
but that's not going to happen.
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15:27
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:33
All right, so we can do this with a bunch of dinosaurs.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:36
I mean, here's Edmontosaurus
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๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—
15:38
and Anatotitan.
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์—๋“œ๋ชฌํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค์™€ ์•„๋‚˜ํ† ํ‹ฐํƒ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
Anatotitan: giant duck.
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์•„๋‚˜ํ† ํ‹ฐํƒ„์€ '๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ'๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
It's a giant duck-bill dinosaur.
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๊ทธ ๊ณต๋ฃก์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
Here's another one.
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15:47
So we look at the bone histology.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ผˆ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ผˆ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
15:50
The bone histology tells us that Edmontosaurus is a juvenile,
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์—๋“œ๋ชฌํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ,
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ ์–ด๋„ ์•„์„ฑ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:55
or at least a subadult,
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15:56
and the other one is an adult, and we have an ontogeny.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฐœ์ƒํ•™์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‚˜ํ† ํ‹ฐํƒ„์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
And we get rid of Anatotitan.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ด ์ผ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:06
So we can just keep doing this.
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16:08
And the last one is T. Rex.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ
ํ‹ฐ๋ ‰์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:12
So there's these two dinosaurs, T. Rex and Nanotyrannus.
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๋‘ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ‹ฐ๋ ‰์Šค์™€ ๋‚˜๋…ธํ‹ฐ๋ผ๋ˆ„์Šค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:17
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
16:20
Again, it makes you wonder.
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16:22
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:26
But they had a good question.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
16:28
They were looking at them and they said, "One's got 17 teeth,
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"์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์€ 17๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋นจ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ 12๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋นจ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
and the biggest one's got 12 teeth.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์ด์น˜์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:33
And that doesn't make any sense at all,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด๋นจ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๋Š”
16:35
because we don't know of any dinosaurs that gain teeth as they get older.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ณต๋ฃก๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:38
So it must be true --
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ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:41
they must be different."
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16:43
So we cut into them.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„,
16:46
And sure enough, Nanotyrannus has juvenile bone
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๋‚˜๋…ธํ‹ฐ๋ผ๋ˆ„์Šค๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
16:50
and the bigger one has more mature bone.
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๋” ํฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก์€ ๋” ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋” ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
It looks like it could still get bigger.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋กํ‚ค์Šค ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—๋Š”
16:57
And at the Museum of the Rockies where we work,
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ํ‹ฐ๋ ‰์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋„ค ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
I have four T. rexes, so I can cut a whole bunch of them.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ํ‹ฐ๋ ‰์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ž˜๋ผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ž˜๋ผ ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:03
But I didn't have to cut any of them really,
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17:05
because I just lined up their jaws
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ„ฑ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ ฌ๋กœ ์„ธ์›Œ ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
17:08
and it turned out the biggest one had 12 teeth
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ 12๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋นจ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
17:11
and the next smallest one had 13
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ 13๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
17:13
and the next smallest had 14.
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ 14๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋นจ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŒ๋ช…์ด ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฌผ๋ก  Nano๋Š” 17๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋นจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:16
And of course, Nano has 17.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:18
And we just went out and looked at other people's collections
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๋Œ€๋žต 15๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋นจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
and we found one that has sort of 15 teeth.
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17:24
So again, real easy to say
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๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ, ํ‹ฐ๋ผ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฐœ์ƒ์ƒ
17:27
that Tyrannosaurus ontogeny included Nanotyrannus,
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๋‚˜๋…ธํ‹ฐ๋ผ๋ˆ„์Šค๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:32
and therefore we can take out another dinosaur.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:37
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ธฐ ๋ง๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
17:42
So when it comes down to our end Cretaceous,
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์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋ฉด
17:45
we have seven left.
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7๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์ˆซ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:49
And that's a good number.
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17:51
That's a good number to go extinct, I think.
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์ƒ๊ฐ๊ฑด๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ˆซ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:54
Now as you can imagine,
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์ด์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
17:56
this is not very popular with fourth-graders.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 4ํ•™๋…„ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ€์šด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:59
(Laughter)
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4ํ•™๋…„ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:00
Fourth-graders love their dinosaurs, they memorize them.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ์™ธ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:08
And they're not happy with this.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
18:10
(Laughter)
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:12
Thank you very much.
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18:13
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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