Rory Sutherland: Perspective is everything

1,345,434 views ใƒป 2012-05-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Efrat Danon ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืคื”
00:16
What you have here
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00:17
is an electronic cigarette.
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ื–ื• ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช
ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื”ื•, ืฉืžืื– ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
00:22
It's something that, since it was invented a year or two ago,
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ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ
00:25
has given me untold happiness.
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00:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
00:28
A little bit of it, I think, is the nicotine,
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00:30
but there's something much bigger than that;
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:32
which is, ever since, in the UK, they banned smoking in public places,
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ืฉื”ื•ื, ืžืื– ืฉืืกืจื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
ืœื ื ื”ื ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ืžืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ
00:38
I've never enjoyed a drinks party ever again.
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00:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื
00:43
And the reason, I only worked out just the other day,
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ื•ื”ื™ื - ื›ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ
00:46
which is: when you go to a drinks party and you stand up
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ื•ืืชื” ื ืขืžื“ ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื
00:48
and hold a glass of red wine and you talk endlessly to people,
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ื•ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืœื ืกื•ืฃ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื
00:51
you don't actually want to spend all the time talking.
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ืืชื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช, ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื™ื™ืฃ
00:54
It's really, really tiring.
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00:55
Sometimes you just want to stand there silently, alone with your thoughts.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ืœื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืš
00:59
Sometimes you just want to stand in the corner and stare out of the window.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื•ืœื‘ื”ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ
01:04
Now the problem is, when you can't smoke,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉืŸ
ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ
01:08
if you stand and stare out of the window on your own,
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ืืชื” ืื“ื™ื•ื˜ ืœื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ื—ืกืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
01:11
you're an antisocial, friendless idiot.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:14
(Laughter)
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ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืขื ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื”
01:16
If you stand and stare out of the window on your own with a cigarette,
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01:19
you're a fucking philosopher.
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ืืชื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžื–ื“ื™ื™ืŸ
01:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
01:24
(Applause)
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ืื– ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืกื’ื•ืจ-ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:30
So the power of reframing things
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ื•
01:34
cannot be overstated.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื•ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
01:37
What we have is exactly the same thing, the same activity,
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01:40
but one of them makes you feel great
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื”ื“ืจ
ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืจืง ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื–ืขืจื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื”
01:43
and the other one, with just a small change of posture,
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืจื
01:46
makes you feel terrible.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช
01:49
And I think one of the problems with classical economics is,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
01:52
it's absolutely preoccupied with reality.
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01:54
And reality isn't a particularly good guide to human happiness.
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
ืœืžื”, ืœืžืฉืœ
01:59
Why, for example, are pensioners much happier
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ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืžืืฉืจ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื?
02:04
than the young unemployed?
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02:06
Both of them, after all, are in exactly the same stage of life.
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
02:09
You both have too much time on your hands and not much money.
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ืœืฉื ื™ื›ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื›ืกืฃ
ืื‘ืœ ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื, ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
02:13
But pensioners are reportedly very, very happy,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ื•ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื
02:16
whereas the unemployed are extraordinarily unhappy and depressed.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื
02:20
The reason, I think, is that the pensioners believe
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02:23
they've chosen to be pensioners,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
02:24
whereas the young unemployed feel it's been thrust upon them.
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื
02:29
In England, the upper-middle classes have actually solved this problem perfectly,
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื-ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืชืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื’ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื‘ื˜ืœื”
02:34
because they've re-branded unemployment.
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ืื ืืชื” ืื ื’ืœื™ ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™-ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
02:36
If you're an upper-middle-class English person,
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02:38
you call unemployment "a year off."
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ืืชื” ืžื›ื ื” ืื‘ื˜ืœื” - ืฉื ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ
02:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื™ืœื“ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ
02:43
And that's because having a son who's unemployed in Manchester
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02:46
is really quite embarrassing.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืš
02:48
But having a son who's unemployed in Thailand
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื™ืœื“ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืชื™ืืœื ื“
02:51
is really viewed as quite an accomplishment.
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ื–ื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื“ื™ ื ืื”
02:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืžืชื’-ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
02:56
But actually, the power to re-brand things --
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02:58
to understand that our experiences, costs, things
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
03:03
don't actually much depend on what they really are,
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช
03:06
but on how we view them --
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื• ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื
ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื”
03:08
I genuinely think can't be overstated.
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03:10
There's an experiment I think Daniel Pink refers to,
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ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ื ื™ืืœ ืคื™ื ืง ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื•
ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื
03:13
where you put two dogs in a box
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03:15
and the box has an electric floor.
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ื•ืœืงื•ืคืกื ื™ืฉ ืจืฆืคื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช
ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืคืขื ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืจืฆืคื”
03:20
Every now and then, an electric shock is applied to the floor,
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ืฉืžื›ืื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื
03:25
which pains the dogs.
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03:27
The only difference is one of the dogs has a small button in its half of the box.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื›ืœื‘ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื
03:31
And when it nuzzles the button, the electric shock stops.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื• ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืคื•ืกืง
ืœื›ืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”
03:36
The other dog doesn't have the button.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื›ืื‘ ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
03:39
It's exposed to exactly the same level of pain as the dog in the first box,
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03:43
but it has no control over the circumstances.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™
03:47
Generally, the first dog can be relatively content.
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ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
03:50
The second dog lapses into complete depression.
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ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•
03:54
The circumstances of our lives may actually matter less to our happiness
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03:58
than the sense of control we feel over our lives.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
04:03
It's an interesting question.
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” - ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™
04:06
We ask the question -- the whole debate in the Western world
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04:09
is about the level of taxation.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืœ
04:11
But I think there's another debate to be asked,
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04:13
which is the level of control we have over our tax money,
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืจืžืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
ืฉืžื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื• ืขืฉืจื” ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœืœื”
04:17
that what costs us 10 pounds in one context can be a curse;
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื• ืขืฉืจื” ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืจืš
04:21
what costs us 10 pounds in a different context, we may actually welcome.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉืœืžื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืœืฃ ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
04:27
You know, pay 20,000 pounds in tax toward health,
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ื•ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืชืื™ื
04:31
and you're merely feeling a mug.
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04:33
Pay 20,000 pounds to endow a hospital ward,
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ืฉืœืžื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืœืฃ ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜ ื›ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืื’ืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื
04:37
and you're called a philanthropist.
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ื•ืืชื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆื“ืงื”
ืื ื™ ื›ื ืจืื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ืžื™ืกื™ื
04:40
I'm probably in the wrong country to talk about willingness to pay tax.
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04:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:45
So I'll give you one in return: how you frame things really matters.
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ืื– ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ืžืžืกื’ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
04:50
Do you call it "The bailout of Greece"?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช - ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
04:52
Or "The bailout of a load of stupid banks which lent to Greece"?
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ืื• - ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืœื•ื•ืชื” ืœื™ื•ื•ืŸ
04:56
(Laughter)
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
04:57
Because they are actually the same thing.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”
04:59
What you call them actually affects how you react to them,
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื, ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช
05:03
viscerally and morally.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืจืš ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืŸ
05:05
I think psychological value is great, to be absolutely honest.
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05:08
One of my great friends, a professor called Nick Chater,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื ื™ืง ืฆ'ื™ื™ื˜ืจ
05:11
who's the Professor of Decision Sciences in London,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžื“ืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ
05:14
believes we should spend far less time looking into humanity's hidden depths,
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
05:18
and spend much more time exploring the hidden shallows.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ
05:22
I think that's true, actually.
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05:23
I think impressions have an insane effect on what we think and what we do.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืจืฉืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช
ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
05:29
But what we don't have is a really good model of human psychology --
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05:32
at least pre-Kahneman, perhaps,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื›ื”ื ืžืŸ ืื•ืœื™
05:34
we didn't have a really good model of human psychology
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
05:37
to put alongside models of engineering, of neoclassical economics.
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ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืœืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื ื™ืื•-ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช
05:42
So people who believed in psychological solutions didn't have a model.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ
05:46
We didn't have a framework.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžืกื’ืจืช
05:48
This is what Warren Buffett's business partner Charlie Munger calls
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืืคื˜, ืฆ'ืจืœื™ ืžืื ื’ืจ ืžื›ื ื”
ืกื‘ื›ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš
05:51
"a latticework on which to hang your ideas."
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ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื
05:54
Engineers, economists, classical economists
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื›ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื™ืชื ื” ืžืื•ื“
05:57
all had a very, very robust existing latticework
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06:00
on which practically every idea could be hung.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืชืœื•ืช
06:03
We merely have a collection of random individual insights
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ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช
06:06
without an overall model.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™
06:08
And what that means is that, in looking at solutions,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื ืชื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช
06:13
we've probably given too much priority
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ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื, ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช-ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
06:16
to what I call technical engineering solutions, Newtonian solutions,
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ื•ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
06:20
and not nearly enough to the psychological ones.
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06:22
You know my example of the Eurostar:
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ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื•ืจื•-ืกื˜ืืจ
06:24
six million pounds spent
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ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜ ื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”
06:26
to reduce the journey time between Paris and London
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื– ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขืจืš ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื“ืงื•ืช
06:29
by about 40 minutes.
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06:31
For 0.01 percent of this money, you could have put wi-fi on the trains,
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ื‘0.01 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
06:35
which wouldn't have reduced the duration of the journey,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”
06:38
but would have improved its enjoyment and its usefulness far more.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื ืื” ืžืžื ื• ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžื”ืกื›ื•ื
06:43
For maybe 10 percent of the money,
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06:44
you could have paid all of the world's top male and female supermodels
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืœื ืœื›ืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืฉืื˜ื• ืคื˜ืจื•ืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื
06:48
to walk up and down the train handing out free Chรขteau Pรฉtrus
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06:51
to all the passengers.
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06:52
(Laughter)
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืช ื ืฉืืจ ืขื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜ ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื
06:53
You'd still have five million pounds in change,
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06:56
and people would ask for the trains to be slowed down.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืื˜ื•
06:58
(Laughter)
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ืœืžื” ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
07:02
Why were we not given the chance to solve that problem psychologically?
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ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช?
07:06
I think it's because there's an imbalance,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
07:08
an asymmetry in the way we treat creative, emotionally driven psychological ideas
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื, ื ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
07:15
versus the way we treat rational, numerical, spreadsheet-driven ideas.
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ืื ืืชื” ืื“ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ
07:20
If you're a creative person, I think, quite rightly,
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ืฉืชืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ
07:22
you have to share all your ideas for approval
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07:24
with people much more rational than you.
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืžืžืš
07:26
You have to go in and have a cost-benefit analysis,
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืจื•ื•ื—
ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืื” ื•ื›ื“
07:30
a feasibility study, an ROI study and so forth.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ
07:33
And I think that's probably right.
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07:35
But this does not apply the other way around.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื”
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช
07:38
People who have an existing framework --
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07:40
an economic framework, an engineering framework --
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ืžืกื’ืจืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื• ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช
ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื”
07:43
feel that, actually, logic is its own answer.
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07:46
What they don't say is, "Well, the numbers all seem to add up,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ื” - ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ
07:49
but before I present this idea, I'll show it to some really crazy people
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื
ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื ื™ืฆื™ืขื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:53
to see if they can come up with something better."
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07:55
And so we -- artificially, I think -- prioritize
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื•, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
07:58
what I'd call mechanistic ideas over psychological ideas.
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08:02
An example of a great psychological idea:
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ
08:04
the single best improvement in passenger satisfaction
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ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฉืœ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืœื™ืจืช ืฉื˜ืจืœื™ื ื’ ืฉื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–ื”
08:07
on the London Underground,
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08:08
per pound spent,
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืขื•ื“ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
08:10
came when they didn't add any extra trains,
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08:12
nor change the frequency of the trains;
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08:14
they put dot matrix display boards on the platforms --
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ืืœื ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืฉืžื• ืžืกื›ื™ ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ืคื™ื
08:18
because the nature of a wait is not just dependent on its numerical quality,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื ื”
ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ืžืจื™ ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื”
08:22
its duration,
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื
08:24
but on the level of uncertainty you experience during that wait.
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ื”ืžืชื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ืช ืขื ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ
08:27
Waiting seven minutes for a train with a countdown clock
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ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชืกื›ืœืช ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื ืช
08:30
is less frustrating and irritating
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08:32
than waiting four minutes, knuckle biting, going,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžืชื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช, ืขื ื›ืกื™ืกืช ืฆืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื
ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื - ืžืชื™ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืชื’ื™ืข?
08:35
"When's this train going to damn well arrive?"
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืื•ืžืฅ ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”
08:38
Here's a beautiful example of a psychological solution
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08:40
deployed in Korea.
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08:41
Red traffic lights have a countdown delay.
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ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืžื–ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ืขื ืกืคื™ืจื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ
ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื— ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืื•ื ื•ืช
08:44
It's proven to reduce the accident rate in experiments.
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08:47
Why?
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ืœืžื”? ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื–ืขื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืขืฆื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช
08:48
Because road rage, impatience and general irritation are massively reduced
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ืžื•ืคื—ืชื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช
08:52
when you can actually see the time you have to wait.
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08:55
In China, not really understanding the principle behind this,
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ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื–ื”
08:58
they applied the same principle to green traffic lights --
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ื”ื ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื‘ืจืžื–ื•ืจ
09:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื–ื”ื• ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื›ืœ ื›ืš
09:05
which isn't a great idea.
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ืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 180 ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืืชื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื–
09:07
You're 200 yards away, you realize you've got five seconds to go,
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09:10
you floor it.
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09:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื, ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
09:14
The Koreans, very assiduously, did test both.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืจืžื–ื•ืจ
09:17
The accident rate goes down when you apply this to red traffic lights;
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง
09:20
it goes up when you apply it to green traffic lights.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื
09:23
This is all I'm asking for, really, in human decision making,
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ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื - ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”
09:26
is the consideration of these three things.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืื™ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ
09:28
I'm not asking for the complete primacy of one over the other.
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
09:31
I'm merely saying that when you solve problems,
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”
09:33
you should look at all three of these equally,
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ื•ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ
09:36
and you should seek as far as possible
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืงื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข
09:38
to find solutions which sit in the sweet spot in the middle.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช
09:41
If you actually look at a great business,
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื—ื“
09:43
you'll nearly always see all of these three things coming into play.
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09:46
Really successful businesses --
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ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื
09:48
Google is a great, great technological success,
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ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื ื”ื“ืจืช
09:51
but it's also based on a very good psychological insight:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื•ืฉืชืชืช ืขืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“
09:55
people believe something that only does one thing
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09:57
is better at that thing than something that does that thing and something else.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
10:02
It's an innate thing called "goal dilution."
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื ืงืจื ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ืžื˜ืจื”
10:04
Ayelet Fishbach has written a paper about this.
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ืื™ื™ืœืช ืคื™ืฉื‘ืืš ื›ืชื‘ื” ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš
10:07
Everybody else at the time of Google, more or less,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ
10:10
was trying to be a portal.
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
10:11
Yes, there's a search function, but you also have weather,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื’ื ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืžืขื˜ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
10:14
sports scores, bits of news.
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ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ืืชื” ืจืง ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
10:17
Google understood that if you're just a search engine,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉืืชื” ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืœื—
10:19
people assume you're a very, very good search engine.
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10:22
All of you know this, actually, from when you go in to buy a television,
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ื”ื“ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืกืš
10:26
and in the shabbier end of the row of flat-screen TVs,
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื•ืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื ื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื“ื™.ื•ื™.ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื
10:29
you can see, are these rather despised things
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10:31
called "combined TV and DVD players."
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•
10:35
And we have no knowledge whatsoever of the quality of those things,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื - ืื™ื›ืก
10:38
but we look at a combined TV and DVD player and we go, "Uck.
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10:41
It's probably a bit of a crap telly and a bit rubbish as a DVD player."
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ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืงืฆืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ื ืช ื•ืงืฆืช ื“ื™.ื•ื™.ื“ื™ ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ
10:45
So we walk out of the shops with one of each.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืขื ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ื•ื“ื™.ื•ื™.ื“ื™ ื ืคืจื“
ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
10:48
Google is as much a psychological success as it is a technological one.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
10:54
I propose that we can use psychology to solve problems
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10:56
that we didn't even realize were problems at all.
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ืืช ืžื ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื
10:59
This is my suggestion for getting people to finish their course of antibiotics.
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ืืœ ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื
11:03
Don't give them 24 white pills;
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11:04
give them 18 white pills and six blue ones
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ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืฉืžื•ื ื”-ืขืฉืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื
11:07
and tell them to take the white pills first,
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ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ื•ืื– ืืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื
11:09
and then take the blue ones.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืœื ืชื—ื™ื
11:12
It's called "chunking."
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11:13
The likelihood that people will get to the end is much greater
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
11:16
when there is a milestone somewhere in the middle.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื• ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ืืžืฆืข
ืื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช
11:20
One of the great mistakes, I think, of economics
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื”ื•
11:22
is it fails to understand that what something is --
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11:24
whether it's retirement, unemployment, cost --
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืคื ืกื™ื”, ืื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืขืœื•ืช
11:28
is a function, not only of its amount, but also its meaning.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืืœื ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•
ื–ื”ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืื’ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
11:33
This is a toll crossing in Britain.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืชื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
11:36
Quite often queues happen at the tolls.
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11:39
Sometimes you get very, very severe queues.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
11:41
You could apply the same principle, actually,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ืชืจืฆื•
11:43
to the security lanes in airports.
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ืœืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื”
ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื›ืคื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ
11:45
What would happen if you could actually pay twice as much money
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11:48
to cross the bridge,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืงืกืคืจืก?
11:49
but go through a lane that's an express lane?
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11:51
It's not an unreasonable thing to do;
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ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
11:53
it's an economically efficient thing to do.
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ืœื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื
11:55
Time means more to some people than others.
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11:57
If you're waiting trying to get to a job interview,
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ืื ืืชื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
11:59
you'd patently pay a couple of pounds more to go through the fast lane.
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ืืชื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืชืฉืœืžื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ืจืœื™ื ื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ
ืื ืืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืชื ืช ืฉืœื›ื
12:04
If you're on the way to visit your mother-in-law,
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12:06
you'd probably prefer --
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืชืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™
12:07
(Laughter)
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12:08
you'd probably prefer to stay on the left.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื›ืฉืืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื”
12:11
The only problem is if you introduce this economically efficient solution,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืชื•
12:15
people hate it ...
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12:16
because they think you're deliberately creating delays at the bridge
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื
12:20
in order to maximize your revenue,
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12:21
and, "Why on earth should I pay to subsidize your incompetence?"
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื - ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื‘ืกื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืš
12:25
On the other hand, change the frame slightly
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืฉื ื• ืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช
12:27
and create charitable yield management,
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ื•ืฆืจื• ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื ื™ื‘ ืฆื“ืงื”
ื›ืš ืฉืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืืœื ืœืฆื“ืงื”
12:30
so the extra money you get goes not to the bridge company,
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12:33
it goes to charity ...
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืœืฉืœื ืžืฉืชื ื”
12:35
and the mental willingness to pay completely changes.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
12:39
You have a relatively economically efficient solution,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
12:42
but one that actually meets with public approval
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12:44
and even a small degree of affection,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื”
12:46
rather than being seen as bastardy.
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืœื”ื™ืชืคืฉ ื›ืจืžืื™ื
12:49
So where economists make the fundamental mistake
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ืื– ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:52
is they think that money is money.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืœืฉืœื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜
12:55
Actually, my pain experienced in paying five pounds
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12:59
is not just proportionate to the amount,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœื ืจืง ืœืกื›ื•ื ืขืฆืžื•
13:01
but where I think that money is going.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืœืš
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื™
13:04
And I think understanding that could revolutionize tax policy.
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13:07
It could revolutionize the public services.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
13:09
It could actually change things quite significantly.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
13:12
[Ludwig Von Mises is my hero.]
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ื”ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
13:13
Here's a guy you all need to study.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืžื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืช
13:15
He's an Austrian School economist
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ืฉืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”
13:17
who was first active in the first half of the 20th century in Vienna.
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13:21
What was interesting about the Austrian School
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืช
13:23
is they actually grew up alongside Freud.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืžื—ื• ืœืฆื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“
13:26
And so they're predominantly interested in psychology.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ
13:29
They believed that there was a discipline called praxeology,
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ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืคืจืงืกืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
13:34
which is a prior discipline to the study of economics.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื”
13:36
Praxeology is the study of human choice, action and decision-making.
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ืคืจืงืกืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
13:41
I think they're right.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื
13:43
I think the danger we have in today's world
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื—ืงืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”
13:45
is we have the study of economics
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ืฉืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
13:47
considers itself to be a prior discipline to the study of human psychology.
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13:51
But as Charlie Munger says, "If economics isn't behavioral,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆ'ืจืœื™ ืžืื ื’ืจ ืื•ืžืจ - ืื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื›ืŸ
13:54
I don't know what the hell is."
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ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืก, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืชืช-ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
13:57
Von Mises, interestingly, believes economics is just a subset of psychology.
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14:02
I think he just refers to economics
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืจืง
14:04
as "the study of human praxeology under conditions of scarcity."
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ื›ื—ืงืจ ื”ืคืจืงืกืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ
ืื‘ืœ ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืก, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
14:09
But Von Mises, among many other things,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ื•ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:12
I think uses an analogy which is probably the best justification and explanation
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14:16
for the value of marketing, the value of perceived value
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ืœืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง, ืœืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ื ืชืคืฉ
ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื›ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
14:21
and the fact that we should treat it as being absolutely equivalent
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14:24
to any other kind of value.
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ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื
ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง
14:26
We tend to, all of us, even those of us who work in marketing,
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื
14:29
think of value in two ways:
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™
14:30
the real value, which is when you make something in a factory
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ืžืคื•ืงืคืง
14:33
or provide a service,
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14:34
and then there's a dubious value,
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
14:36
which you create by changing the way people look at things.
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ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืก ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
14:39
Von Mises completely rejected this distinction.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื”
14:41
And he used this following analogy:
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืงืจืื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื
14:43
he referred to strange economists called the French physiocrats,
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ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืขืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืื“ืžื”
14:48
who believed that the only true value was what you extracted from the land.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืขื” ืฆืืŸ ืื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื—ืฆื‘ื” ืื• ื—ื•ื•ืื™
14:52
So if you're a shepherd or a quarryman or a farmer,
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14:54
you created true value.
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ืืชื” ื™ืฆืจืช ืขืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™
14:56
If however, you bought some wool from the shepherd
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ืื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืงื ื™ืช ืงืฆืช ืฆืžืจ ืžืจื•ืขื” ื”ืฆืืŸ
ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉืช ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ื•ื‘ืข
14:59
and charged a premium for converting it into a hat,
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ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฆืจืช ืขืจืš
15:02
you weren't actually creating value,
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15:04
you were exploiting the shepherd.
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ืืœื ื ื™ืฆืœืช ืืช ืจื•ืขื” ื”ืฆืืŸ
15:06
Now, Von Mises said that modern economists make exactly the same mistake
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืก ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง
15:10
with regard to advertising and marketing.
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15:12
He says if you run a restaurant,
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ - ืื ืืชื” ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืกืขื“ื”
15:14
there is no healthy distinction to be made
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืš ืฉื™ืฆืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ
15:17
between the value you create by cooking the food
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15:19
and the value you create by sweeping the floor.
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ื•ื”ืขืจืš ืฉื™ืฆืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืื˜ื•ื ื”ืจืฆืคื”
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ, ืื•ืœื™, ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
15:22
One of them creates, perhaps, the primary product --
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15:24
the thing we think we're paying for --
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื•
ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ
15:26
the other one creates a context within which we can enjoy
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ
15:29
and appreciate that product.
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจ
15:31
And the idea that one of them should have priority over the other
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•
15:34
is fundamentally wrong.
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15:36
Try this quick thought experiment:
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ื ืกื• ืืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ืจื™ื– ื”ื–ื”
15:37
imagine a restaurant that serves Michelin-starred food,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกืขื“ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืฉืœืŸ
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืกืขื“ื” ืžืกืจื™ื—ื” ืžื‘ื™ื•ื‘
15:40
but where the restaurant smells of sewage
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ืฆื•ืืช ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”
15:43
and there's human feces on the floor.
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15:45
(Laughter)
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15:46
The best thing you can do there to create value
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืจืš
ื”ื•ื ืœื ืœืฉืคืจ ืขื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ
15:49
is not actually to improve the food still further,
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15:52
it's to get rid of the smell and clean up the floor.
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ืืœื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืจื™ื— ื•ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืฆืคื”
ื•ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช
15:57
And it's vital we understand this.
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ืื ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ืกืชื•ื
16:00
If that seems like a sort of strange, abstruse thing --
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืœื“ื•ืืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ 98 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
16:02
in the UK, the post office had a 98 percent success rate
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16:06
at delivering first-class mail the next day.
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ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ื•ืืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจืช
ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘
16:09
They decided this wasn't good enough,
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ื•ืจืฆื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœ-99 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
16:11
and they wanted to get it up to 99.
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ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ
16:14
The effort to do that almost broke the organization.
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ืื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœื›ืชื ื•ืฉืืœืชื ืื ืฉื™ื
16:18
If, at the same time, you'd gone and asked people,
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ื›ืžื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจืช
16:21
"What percentage of first-class mail arrives the next day?"
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช, ืื• ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื”, ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 50 ืœ-60 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
16:24
the average answer, or the modal answer, would have been "50 to 60 percent."
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœืš
16:28
Now, if your perception is much worse than your reality,
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ืœืžื” ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
16:31
what on earth are you doing trying to change the reality?
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ืžืกืจื™ื—ื”
16:34
That's like trying to improve the food in a restaurant that stinks.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช
16:39
What you need to do is, first of all, tell people
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ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
ืฉ-98 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจืช
16:42
that 98 percent of first-class mail gets there the next day.
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16:46
That's pretty good.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
ืื ื™ ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:48
I would argue, in Britain, there's a much better frame of reference,
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ืฉื”ื™ื - ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
16:51
which is to tell people that more first-class mail arrives the next day
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ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจืช
ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
16:55
in the UK than in Germany, because generally, in Britain,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื— ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื”ื•
16:57
if you want to make us happy about something,
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ืจืง ืชืืžืจื• ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื
17:00
just tell us we do it better than the Germans.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:02
(Laughter)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:04
(Applause)
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ื‘ื—ืจื• ืืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ืชืคืฉ
17:06
Choose your frame of reference and the perceived value,
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17:09
and therefore, the actual value is completely transformed.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื
17:13
It has to be said of the Germans
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17:14
that the Germans and the French are doing a brilliant job
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ืฉื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช
17:17
of creating a united Europe.
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17:18
The only thing they didn't expect is they're uniting Europe
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
17:21
through a shared mild hatred of the French and Germans.
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืื” ืงืœื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื•ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ื
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื›ืš ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช
17:24
But I'm British; that's the way we like it.
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17:26
(Laughter)
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื”ื™ืžื ื”
17:29
What you'll also notice is that, in any case,
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17:31
our perception is leaky.
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17:32
We can't tell the difference between the quality of the food
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ
ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื•
17:35
and the environment in which we consume it.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”
17:37
All of you will have seen this phenomenon
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ืื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื ืฉื˜ืคื” ืื• ื ืœืงื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื”
17:39
if you have your car washed or valeted.
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17:41
When you drive away, your car feels as if it drives better.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžืฉื ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืขืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:44
(Laughter)
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื
17:46
And the reason for this --
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ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืฉื ื” ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ
17:47
unless my car valet mysteriously is changing the oil
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ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ืžืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืŸ
17:50
and performing work which I'm not paying him for and I'm unaware of --
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื”ื™ืžื ื”
17:53
is because perception is, in any case, leaky.
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17:55
Analgesics that are branded are more effective at reducing pain
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ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืžืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื›ื•ืš ื›ืื‘
17:59
than analgesics that are not branded.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืžื•ืชื’ื™ื
18:01
I don't just mean through reported pain reduction --
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืจืง ื“ืจืš ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื›ืื‘
ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื›ืื‘
18:04
actual measured pain reduction.
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18:05
And so perception actually is leaky in any case.
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”
ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืข ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ืช
18:11
So if you do something that's perceptually bad in one respect,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ืœืื—ืจืช
18:14
you can damage the other.
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18:15
Thank you very much.
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1151
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื
18:16
(Applause)
378
1096745
2388
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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