Rory Sutherland: Perspective is everything

1,284,053 views ใƒป 2012-05-04

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: YeJe Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yunjee Ye
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
00:16
What you have here
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00:17
is an electronic cigarette.
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์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•œ๋‘ ํ•ด ์ „์— ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ
00:22
It's something that, since it was invented a year or two ago,
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ƒ๋„ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ธฐ์จ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
00:25
has given me untold happiness.
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00:26
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ๋•๋ถ„์ด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
00:28
A little bit of it, I think, is the nicotine,
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00:30
but there's something much bigger than that;
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์ข€ ๋” ํฐ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
which is, ever since, in the UK, they banned smoking in public places,
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์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ณต ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ํก์—ฐ์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋œ ์ดํ›„
์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ์ˆ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
I've never enjoyed a drinks party ever again.
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00:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๋ž˜์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์•ผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
And the reason, I only worked out just the other day,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๋ฉด
00:46
which is: when you go to a drinks party and you stand up
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์™€์ธ ํ•œ ์ž”์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์„œ์„œ
00:48
and hold a glass of red wine and you talk endlessly to people,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
you don't actually want to spend all the time talking.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ข…์ผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
00:54
It's really, really tiring.
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00:55
Sometimes you just want to stand there silently, alone with your thoughts.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ข…์ข… ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ํ˜ผ์ž ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„œ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
Sometimes you just want to stand in the corner and stare out of the window.
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๊ฐ€๋”์€, ๊ตฌ์„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์„œ, ์ฐฝ๋ฐ–์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:04
Now the problem is, when you can't smoke,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ”ผ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ์ € ํ™€๋กœ ์„œ์„œ ์ฐฝ ๋ฐ–์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉด,
01:08
if you stand and stare out of the window on your own,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์นœ๊ตฌ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ์–ผ๊ฐ„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
you're an antisocial, friendless idiot.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:14
(Laughter)
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์„œ์„œ ์ฐฝ ๋ฐ–์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉด,
01:16
If you stand and stare out of the window on your own with a cigarette,
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01:19
you're a fucking philosopher.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํผ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ .
01:21
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
01:24
(Applause)
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์ด ์˜ˆ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด
01:30
So the power of reframing things
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์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํž˜์€ ๊ณผ์žฅํ•ด ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
cannot be overstated.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด, ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
01:37
What we have is exactly the same thing, the same activity,
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01:40
but one of them makes you feel great
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ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
01:43
and the other one, with just a small change of posture,
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ๋‚˜๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:46
makes you feel terrible.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€
01:49
And I think one of the problems with classical economics is,
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ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
it's absolutely preoccupied with reality.
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01:54
And reality isn't a particularly good guide to human happiness.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ๋”ฑํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ์ข‹์€ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€์š”.
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
01:59
Why, for example, are pensioners much happier
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์™œ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž๋“ค์ด
์ Š์€ ์‹ค์—…์ž๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:04
than the young unemployed?
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02:06
Both of them, after all, are in exactly the same stage of life.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฒ˜์ง€์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
You both have too much time on your hands and not much money.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด
02:13
But pensioners are reportedly very, very happy,
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์‹ค์—…์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ์šธํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
whereas the unemployed are extraordinarily unhappy and depressed.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ ,
02:20
The reason, I think, is that the pensioners believe
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02:23
they've chosen to be pensioners,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ Š์€ ์‹ค์—…์ž๋“ค์€
02:24
whereas the young unemployed feel it's been thrust upon them.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์—…์ด ๊ฐ•์š”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
In England, the upper-middle classes have actually solved this problem perfectly,
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์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต์€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์—…์„ ๊ฐœ์นญ(re-brand)ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:34
because they've re-branded unemployment.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ค‘์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต ์˜๊ตญ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
02:36
If you're an upper-middle-class English person,
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02:38
you call unemployment "a year off."
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์‹ค์—…์„ '์ž๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฐœ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ .
02:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ์— ์‹ค์—…์ž์ธ ์•„๋“ค์„ ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:43
And that's because having a son who's unemployed in Manchester
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02:46
is really quite embarrassing.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ˆ˜์น˜์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€๋งŒ
02:48
But having a son who's unemployed in Thailand
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ํƒœ๊ตญ์— ์‹ค์—…์ž์ธ ์•„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:51
is really viewed as quite an accomplishment.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์นญ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ํž˜์€
02:56
But actually, the power to re-brand things --
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02:58
to understand that our experiences, costs, things
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ๋น„์šฉ, ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€
03:03
don't actually much depend on what they really are,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
03:06
but on how we view them --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์ ์„ ๋”์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
I genuinely think can't be overstated.
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03:10
There's an experiment I think Daniel Pink refers to,
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๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ํ•‘ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ž์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
03:13
where you put two dogs in a box
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03:15
and the box has an electric floor.
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์ƒ์ž ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ์ข…์ข… ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜๋ ค ๋ณด๋‚ด์–ด
03:20
Every now and then, an electric shock is applied to the floor,
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๊ฐœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
which pains the dogs.
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03:27
The only difference is one of the dogs has a small button in its half of the box.
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๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง„ ์ƒ์ž ํ•œ ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
03:31
And when it nuzzles the button, the electric shock stops.
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๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ „๊ธฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋‹จ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๊ณ 
๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
The other dog doesn't have the button.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์œ„์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
It's exposed to exactly the same level of pain as the dog in the first box,
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03:43
but it has no control over the circumstances.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๋ ฅ์€ ์—†์ง€์š”.
๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ 
03:47
Generally, the first dog can be relatively content.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
03:50
The second dog lapses into complete depression.
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ํ–‰๋ณต์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ฒ˜์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค
03:54
The circumstances of our lives may actually matter less to our happiness
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03:58
than the sense of control we feel over our lives.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์— ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์„ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
It's an interesting question.
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
๋งŽ์€ ์„œ์–‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
04:06
We ask the question -- the whole debate in the Western world
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04:09
is about the level of taxation.
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์–ด๋Š ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ์ง€ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”
04:11
But I think there's another debate to be asked,
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04:13
which is the level of control we have over our tax money,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10 ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ €์ฃผ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:17
that what costs us 10 pounds in one context can be a curse;
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10 ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ํ™˜์˜๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
what costs us 10 pounds in a different context, we may actually welcome.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 20,000 ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ฉด
04:27
You know, pay 20,000 pounds in tax toward health,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚Œ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
and you're merely feeling a mug.
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04:33
Pay 20,000 pounds to endow a hospital ward,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 20,000 ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:37
and you're called a philanthropist.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ž์„ ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜๊ธด ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ถ€์งˆ์—†๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
04:40
I'm probably in the wrong country to talk about willingness to pay tax.
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04:43
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:45
So I'll give you one in return: how you frame things really matters.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ง€์š”.
04:50
Do you call it "The bailout of Greece"?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
04:52
Or "The bailout of a load of stupid banks which lent to Greece"?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์— ๋ˆ์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค์ค€ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:56
(Laughter)
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
Because they are actually the same thing.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ€
04:59
What you call them actually affects how you react to them,
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๋ณธ๋Šฅ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€์š”.
05:03
viscerally and morally.
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์†”์งํžˆ ์ €๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
I think psychological value is great, to be absolutely honest.
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05:08
One of my great friends, a professor called Nick Chater,
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
05:11
who's the Professor of Decision Sciences in London,
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์ œ ์ ˆ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋‹‰ ์ฐจํ„ฐ๋Š”
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ ์† ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
05:14
believes we should spend far less time looking into humanity's hidden depths,
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์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–•์€ ๊ณณ์„ ์•Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ
05:18
and spend much more time exploring the hidden shallows.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์จ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
I think that's true, actually.
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05:23
I think impressions have an insane effect on what we think and what we do.
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์ธ์ƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์—
ํฌ๋‚˜ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์—๋Š” ์—†์ง€์š”.
05:29
But what we don't have is a really good model of human psychology --
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05:32
at least pre-Kahneman, perhaps,
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์ ์–ด๋„, ์นด๋„ค๋งŒ (Daniel Kahneman) ์ด์ „์—
05:34
we didn't have a really good model of human psychology
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณตํ•™, ์‹ ๊ณ ์ „ํ•™ํŒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋น„ํ• 
05:37
to put alongside models of engineering, of neoclassical economics.
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์ •๋ง ์ข‹์€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
So people who believed in psychological solutions didn't have a model.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
We didn't have a framework.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
This is what Warren Buffett's business partner Charlie Munger calls
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์›Œ๋ Œ ๋ฒ„ํŽซ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…๋™๋ฃŒ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ
"์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฉ์ž"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
"a latticework on which to hang your ideas."
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์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž, ๊ณ ์ „ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž ๋ชจ๋‘
05:54
Engineers, economists, classical economists
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
05:57
all had a very, very robust existing latticework
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06:00
on which practically every idea could be hung.
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์•„์ฃผ, ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
We merely have a collection of random individual insights
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์—†์ด
06:06
without an overall model.
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์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—†์–ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
And what that means is that, in looking at solutions,
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์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค ํ•  ๋•Œ
๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋‰ดํ„ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์—๋งŒ
06:13
we've probably given too much priority
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์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
06:16
to what I call technical engineering solutions, Newtonian solutions,
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ฐพ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
and not nearly enough to the psychological ones.
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06:22
You know my example of the Eurostar:
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์ข… ๋“œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์œ ๋กœ์Šคํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
six million pounds spent
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ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ 40๋ถ„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
06:26
to reduce the journey time between Paris and London
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6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋กœ์Šคํƒ€์— ์“ฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
by about 40 minutes.
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06:31
For 0.01 percent of this money, you could have put wi-fi on the trains,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ, ๊ทธ ๋น„์šฉ์˜ 0.01ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์—ด์ฐจ ๋‚ด ๋ฌด์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ผ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:35
which wouldn't have reduced the duration of the journey,
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์ด๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
06:38
but would have improved its enjoyment and its usefulness far more.
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์•„๋งˆ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
06:43
For maybe 10 percent of the money,
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06:44
you could have paid all of the world's top male and female supermodels
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋…€ ์Šˆํผ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•ด
๋ชจ๋“  ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ƒคํ†  ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋คผ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:48
to walk up and down the train handing out free Chรขteau Pรฉtrus
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06:51
to all the passengers.
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06:52
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„ 50์–ต ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
06:53
You'd still have five million pounds in change,
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06:56
and people would ask for the trains to be slowed down.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋” ๋Š๋ ค์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
07:02
Why were we not given the chance to solve that problem psychologically?
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:06
I think it's because there's an imbalance,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ค‘์š”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ
07:08
an asymmetry in the way we treat creative, emotionally driven psychological ideas
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์ด์„ฑ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ˆซ์ž๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„์— ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ
๋น„๋Œ€์นญ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
versus the way we treat rational, numerical, spreadsheet-driven ideas.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
07:20
If you're a creative person, I think, quite rightly,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ
07:22
you have to share all your ideas for approval
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07:24
with people much more rational than you.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
You have to go in and have a cost-benefit analysis,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋น„์šฉํŽธ์ต ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„, ํˆฌ์ž์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ  ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ๋„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
a feasibility study, an ROI study and so forth.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋•…ํžˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
07:33
And I think that's probably right.
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07:35
But this does not apply the other way around.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋‚˜ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ™์€
07:38
People who have an existing framework --
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07:40
an economic framework, an engineering framework --
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ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ถ๊ทน์  ํ•ด๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
feel that, actually, logic is its own answer.
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07:46
What they don't say is, "Well, the numbers all seem to add up,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ "์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค ๋งž์•„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ตฐ
07:49
but before I present this idea, I'll show it to some really crazy people
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์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ ์ •์‹ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์–ด"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
to see if they can come up with something better."
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07:55
And so we -- artificially, I think -- prioritize
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ
์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
what I'd call mechanistic ideas over psychological ideas.
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08:02
An example of a great psychological idea:
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ด๋ฒ•์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
the single best improvement in passenger satisfaction
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์Šน๊ฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
08:07
on the London Underground,
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08:08
per pound spent,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์ฐจ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:10
came when they didn't add any extra trains,
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08:12
nor change the frequency of the trains;
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08:14
they put dot matrix display boards on the platforms --
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์ ํ–‰๋ น ์ „๊ด‘ํŒ์„ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
because the nature of a wait is not just dependent on its numerical quality,
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๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆผ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€
๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:22
its duration,
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์ฒด๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
but on the level of uncertainty you experience during that wait.
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์นด์šดํŠธ๋‹ค์šด ์‹œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ 7๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:27
Waiting seven minutes for a train with a countdown clock
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์–ธ์ œ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ• ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ 4๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๊นจ๋ฌผ๊ณ 
08:30
is less frustrating and irritating
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08:32
than waiting four minutes, knuckle biting, going,
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"์  ์žฅ, ์ด ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ผ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋œ ๊ดด๋กญ๊ณ  ์งœ์ฆ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
"When's this train going to damn well arrive?"
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ด๋ฒ•์˜ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
Here's a beautiful example of a psychological solution
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08:40
deployed in Korea.
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08:41
Red traffic lights have a countdown delay.
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์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ถˆ์ด ์นด์šดํŠธ๋‹ค์šด์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
It's proven to reduce the accident rate in experiments.
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08:47
Why?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”? ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
08:48
Because road rage, impatience and general irritation are massively reduced
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์šด์ „ ์ค‘ ๋ถ„๋…ธ, ์กฐ๊ธ‰ํ•จ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์งœ์ฆ์ด ๋Œ€ํญ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
when you can actually see the time you have to wait.
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08:55
In China, not really understanding the principle behind this,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์„œ
08:58
they applied the same principle to green traffic lights --
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์ฒญ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ์นด์šดํŠธ๋‹ค์šด์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
09:05
which isn't a great idea.
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200์•ผ๋“œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ฒญ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ 5์ดˆ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•…์…€์„ ๋ฐŸ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
You're 200 yards away, you realize you've got five seconds to go,
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09:10
you floor it.
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09:11
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ—˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
The Koreans, very assiduously, did test both.
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์นด์šดํŠธ๋‹ค์šด์„ ์ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ 
09:17
The accident rate goes down when you apply this to red traffic lights;
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์ฒญ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
it goes up when you apply it to green traffic lights.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ
09:23
This is all I'm asking for, really, in human decision making,
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(๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜) ์„ธ ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
is the consideration of these three things.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์…‹ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์šฐ์›”์„ฑ์„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
I'm not asking for the complete primacy of one over the other.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
09:31
I'm merely saying that when you solve problems,
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์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋™๋“ฑํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ 
09:33
you should look at all three of these equally,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„
09:36
and you should seek as far as possible
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์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
to find solutions which sit in the sweet spot in the middle.
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
09:41
If you actually look at a great business,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ์„ธ ์š”์ธ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
you'll nearly always see all of these three things coming into play.
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09:46
Really successful businesses --
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์ •๋ง, ์ •๋ง ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค
09:48
Google is a great, great technological success,
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ง€๋งŒ
09:51
but it's also based on a very good psychological insight:
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
09:55
people believe something that only does one thing
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09:57
is better at that thing than something that does that thing and something else.
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๊ทธ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ์— ๋” ์ ํ•ฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
It's an innate thing called "goal dilution."
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ํฌ์„ํ™”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
Ayelet Fishbach has written a paper about this.
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์—์ผ๋ › ํ”ผ์‹œ๋ฐ”ํ(Ayelet Fishbach)๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
Everybody else at the time of Google, more or less,
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๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„
ํฌํƒˆ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
was trying to be a portal.
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์˜ˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:11
Yes, there's a search function, but you also have weather,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ๋‚ ์”จ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‰ด์Šค๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
sports scores, bits of news.
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ ์˜ค์ง ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด
10:17
Google understood that if you're just a search engine,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ์—”์ง„์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
people assume you're a very, very good search engine.
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10:22
All of you know this, actually, from when you go in to buy a television,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„
TV๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ‰๋ฉด TV ์ง„์—ด๋Œ€ ๊ตฌ์„ ์ข€ ๋” ์ถ”๋ ˆํ•œ ๊ณณ์—
10:26
and in the shabbier end of the row of flat-screen TVs,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ TV์™€ DVD๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
you can see, are these rather despised things
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10:31
called "combined TV and DVD players."
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„
10:35
And we have no knowledge whatsoever of the quality of those things,
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TV/DVD ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, "์šฐ์›ฉ,
10:38
but we look at a combined TV and DVD player and we go, "Uck.
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10:41
It's probably a bit of a crap telly and a bit rubbish as a DVD player."
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ TV๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , DVD ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋Š” ํ—ˆ์ ‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
So we walk out of the shops with one of each.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ธ ๋งŒํผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
Google is as much a psychological success as it is a technological one.
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค ๊นŒ์ง€
10:54
I propose that we can use psychology to solve problems
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10:56
that we didn't even realize were problems at all.
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ํ’€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ถŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
This is my suggestion for getting people to finish their course of antibiotics.
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ 24 ์ •์˜ ํ•˜์–€ ์•Œ์•ฝ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
11:03
Don't give them 24 white pills;
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11:04
give them 18 white pills and six blue ones
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๋Œ€์‹ , 18์ •์˜ ํ•˜์–€ ์•Œ์•ฝ๊ณผ 6์ •์˜ ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์•Œ์•ฝ์„ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
11:07
and tell them to take the white pills first,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์–€ ์•Œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•œ ๋’ค ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์•Œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง€์‹œํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
11:09
and then take the blue ones.
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ฉ์ด์ง“๊ธฐ(chunking)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
It's called "chunking."
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11:13
The likelihood that people will get to the end is much greater
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์–ด๋Š ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ง€์ ์— ์ด์ •ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋•Œ
11:16
when there is a milestone somewhere in the middle.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
11:20
One of the great mistakes, I think, of economics
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ํ‡ด์ง, ์‹ค์—…, ๋น„์šฉ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:22
is it fails to understand that what something is --
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11:24
whether it's retirement, unemployment, cost --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ์–‘๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
11:28
is a function, not only of its amount, but also its meaning.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์— ํ•œ ํ†จ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
This is a toll crossing in Britain.
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๊ฝค ์ž์ฃผ ํ†จ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์— ์ค„์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
11:36
Quite often queues happen at the tolls.
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11:39
Sometimes you get very, very severe queues.
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๊ฐ€๋”์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ธด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
You could apply the same principle, actually,
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ณตํ•ญ์— ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—๋„
11:43
to the security lanes in airports.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์š”๊ธˆ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ 
11:45
What would happen if you could actually pay twice as much money
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11:48
to cross the bridge,
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๊ธ‰ํ–‰๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
11:49
but go through a lane that's an express lane?
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11:51
It's not an unreasonable thing to do;
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ .
11:53
it's an economically efficient thing to do.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
Time means more to some people than others.
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11:57
If you're waiting trying to get to a job interview,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:59
you'd patently pay a couple of pounds more to go through the fast lane.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋ช‡ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ธ‰ํ–‰๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์‹œ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:04
If you're on the way to visit your mother-in-law,
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12:06
you'd probably prefer --
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๊ธธ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
(Laughter)
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12:08
you'd probably prefer to stay on the left.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€
12:11
The only problem is if you introduce this economically efficient solution,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฆ์˜คํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
people hate it ...
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12:16
because they think you're deliberately creating delays at the bridge
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์— ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
in order to maximize your revenue,
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12:21
and, "Why on earth should I pay to subsidize your incompetence?"
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ "๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๋„ค ๋ฌด๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
On the other hand, change the frame slightly
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํ‹€์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด
12:27
and create charitable yield management,
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์ž์„  ์ˆ˜์ž… ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ด์ต์€ ์ž์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์“ฐ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:30
so the extra money you get goes not to the bridge company,
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12:33
it goes to charity ...
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋ถˆ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋€” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
and the mental willingness to pay completely changes.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์—
12:39
You have a relatively economically efficient solution,
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๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
but one that actually meets with public approval
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12:44
and even a small degree of affection,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ž์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
12:46
rather than being seen as bastardy.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์• ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
So where economists make the fundamental mistake
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๋ˆ์€ ๋ˆ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์„œ
12:52
is they think that money is money.
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
5ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์„œ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์€
12:55
Actually, my pain experienced in paying five pounds
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12:59
is not just proportionate to the amount,
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๊ทธ ์–‘์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:01
but where I think that money is going.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ˆ์ด ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์—๋„ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ •์ฑ…์— ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
And I think understanding that could revolutionize tax policy.
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13:07
It could revolutionize the public services.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต์ต์‚ฌ์—…์—๋„ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
It could actually change things quite significantly.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ์ง€๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
[Ludwig Von Mises is my hero.]
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
Here's a guy you all need to study.
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๊ทธ๋Š” 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ ๋น„์—”๋‚˜์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ
13:15
He's an Austrian School economist
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์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ•™ํŒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
who was first active in the first half of the 20th century in Vienna.
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13:21
What was interesting about the Austrian School
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์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ•™ํŒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€
13:23
is they actually grew up alongside Freud.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ดํŠธ(Sigmund Freud)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
And so they're predominantly interested in psychology.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
They believed that there was a discipline called praxeology,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์ด
13:34
which is a prior discipline to the study of economics.
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์ธ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋™ํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
Praxeology is the study of human choice, action and decision-making.
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์ธ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋™ํ•™์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ ํƒ, ํ–‰๋™, ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
I think they're right.
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์ „ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
13:43
I think the danger we have in today's world
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๋ณด๋‹ค
13:45
is we have the study of economics
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๋” ์šฐ์„ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
considers itself to be a prior discipline to the study of human psychology.
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13:51
But as Charlie Munger says, "If economics isn't behavioral,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ๊ฑฐ๋Š”, "๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ด ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด,
๋‚œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ญ”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
I don't know what the hell is."
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ํฐ ๋ฏธ์ œ์Šค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
Von Mises, interestingly, believes economics is just a subset of psychology.
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14:02
I think he just refers to economics
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์„ ๊ทธ์ €
14:04
as "the study of human praxeology under conditions of scarcity."
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"ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋™ํ•™"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฐ ๋ฏธ์ œ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
14:09
But Von Mises, among many other things,
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๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜, ์ธ์‹๋œ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
14:12
I think uses an analogy which is probably the best justification and explanation
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14:16
for the value of marketing, the value of perceived value
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋Š ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
14:21
and the fact that we should treat it as being absolutely equivalent
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14:24
to any other kind of value.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€๋„
14:26
We tend to, all of us, even those of us who work in marketing,
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๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
think of value in two ways:
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
14:30
the real value, which is when you make something in a factory
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์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ,
14:33
or provide a service,
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14:34
and then there's a dubious value,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
which you create by changing the way people look at things.
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ํฐ ๋ฏธ์ œ์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
Von Mises completely rejected this distinction.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
And he used this following analogy:
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๊ทธ ๋น„์œ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ค‘๋†์ฃผ์˜์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ดดํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
he referred to strange economists called the French physiocrats,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฐธ๋œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ง ๋•…์—์„œ๋งŒ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
who believed that the only true value was what you extracted from the land.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์–‘์น˜๊ธฐ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฑ„์„๊ณต์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋†๋ถ€๋ผ๋ฉด
14:52
So if you're a shepherd or a quarryman or a farmer,
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14:54
you created true value.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
If however, you bought some wool from the shepherd
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์–‘์น˜๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–‘ํ„ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•ด
๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ํŒ”์•„์„œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:59
and charged a premium for converting it into a hat,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
15:02
you weren't actually creating value,
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15:04
you were exploiting the shepherd.
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์–‘์น˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์ทจํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
Now, Von Mises said that modern economists make exactly the same mistake
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ํฐ ๋ฏธ์ œ์Šค๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
๊ด‘๊ณ ์™€ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:10
with regard to advertising and marketing.
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15:12
He says if you run a restaurant,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‹๋‹น์„ ์šด์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:14
there is no healthy distinction to be made
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์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€
๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ์“ธ์–ด ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜
15:17
between the value you create by cooking the food
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15:19
and the value you create by sweeping the floor.
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์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”
15:22
One of them creates, perhaps, the primary product --
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15:24
the thing we think we're paying for --
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
15:26
the other one creates a context within which we can enjoy
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๊ทธ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์Œ๋ฏธํ•  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
and appreciate that product.
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๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์„ ๋˜์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€
15:31
And the idea that one of them should have priority over the other
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‹€๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
is fundamentally wrong.
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15:36
Try this quick thought experiment:
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์ด ์งง์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
15:37
imagine a restaurant that serves Michelin-starred food,
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๋ฏธ์Š๋žญ ๋ณ„์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋Œ€์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹๋‹น์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์‹๋‹น์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜์ˆ˜๊ตฌ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
but where the restaurant smells of sewage
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋˜ฅ์ด ๋„๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
15:43
and there's human feces on the floor.
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15:45
(Laughter)
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15:46
The best thing you can do there to create value
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ ์‹๋‹น์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•  ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์Œ์‹์˜ ๋ง›์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
15:49
is not actually to improve the food still further,
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15:52
it's to get rid of the smell and clean up the floor.
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ์ฒญ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:57
And it's vital we understand this.
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๊ทธ ์ ์ด ์•„์ง ๋‚œํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ
16:00
If that seems like a sort of strange, abstruse thing --
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์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์šฐ์ฒด๊ตญ์€ 1๊ธ‰ ์šฐํŽธ์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ
16:02
in the UK, the post office had a 98 percent success rate
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16:06
at delivering first-class mail the next day.
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98 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
16:09
They decided this wasn't good enough,
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์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์„ 99 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ์ฃ .
16:11
and they wanted to get it up to 99.
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๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ์ฒด๊ตญ์€ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ์ง€๊ฒฝ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
The effort to do that almost broke the organization.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€
16:18
If, at the same time, you'd gone and asked people,
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"๋ช‡ ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ 1๊ธ‰ ์šฐํŽธ์ด ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ๋˜๋‚˜์š”?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:21
"What percentage of first-class mail arrives the next day?"
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ํ‰๊ท ์  ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ์•„๋งˆ 50์—์„œ 60 ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
the average answer, or the modal answer, would have been "50 to 60 percent."
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์ด ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹๋œ ํ˜„์‹ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์‹ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:28
Now, if your perception is much worse than your reality,
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๋Œ€์ฒด ์™œ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
16:31
what on earth are you doing trying to change the reality?
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์ด๊ฑด ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฐ ์‹๋‹น์—์„œ ์Œ์‹์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:34
That's like trying to improve the food in a restaurant that stinks.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์€
16:39
What you need to do is, first of all, tell people
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์šฐ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
98ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ 1๊ธ‰ ์šฐํŽธ์ด ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:42
that 98 percent of first-class mail gets there the next day.
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16:46
That's pretty good.
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๊ฝค ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์˜๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ด์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:48
I would argue, in Britain, there's a much better frame of reference,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์˜๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
16:51
which is to tell people that more first-class mail arrives the next day
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์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋…์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค
๋” ๋งŽ์€ 1๊ธ‰ ์šฐํŽธ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:55
in the UK than in Germany, because generally, in Britain,
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์˜๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ๋“  ๋…์ผ์ธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž˜ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
16:57
if you want to make us happy about something,
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ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:00
just tell us we do it better than the Germans.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
17:02
(Laughter)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
17:04
(Applause)
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํ‹€๊ณผ ์ธ์‹๋œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ฉด
17:06
Choose your frame of reference and the perceived value,
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17:09
and therefore, the actual value is completely transformed.
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ํ˜„์‹ค์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋…์ผ์ธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋”” ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
It has to be said of the Germans
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17:14
that the Germans and the French are doing a brilliant job
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๋…์ผ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ธ๋“ค์€ ํ†ต์ผ๋œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ์„
ํ›Œ๋ฅญํžˆ ํ•ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:17
of creating a united Europe.
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17:18
The only thing they didn't expect is they're uniting Europe
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์€
17:21
through a shared mild hatred of the French and Germans.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ๋…์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ†ต์ผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ ์˜๊ตญ์ธ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:24
But I'm British; that's the way we like it.
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17:26
(Laughter)
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ธ์‹์„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
17:29
What you'll also notice is that, in any case,
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17:31
our perception is leaky.
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17:32
We can't tell the difference between the quality of the food
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Œ์‹์˜ ์งˆ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์‹์„ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋„
๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:35
and the environment in which we consume it.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์ฐจํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ ํŒŒํ‚น์„ ๋งก๊ธธ ๋•Œ
17:37
All of you will have seen this phenomenon
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:39
if you have your car washed or valeted.
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17:41
When you drive away, your car feels as if it drives better.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๊ปด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:44
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
17:46
And the reason for this --
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๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋น„๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
17:47
unless my car valet mysteriously is changing the oil
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋‚˜๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
17:50
and performing work which I'm not paying him for and I'm unaware of --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹์€ ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:53
is because perception is, in any case, leaky.
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17:55
Analgesics that are branded are more effective at reducing pain
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๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ๋Š”
17:59
than analgesics that are not branded.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:01
I don't just mean through reported pain reduction --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ง„์ˆ ๋œ ์ง„ํ†ต ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ง„ํ†ต ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:04
actual measured pain reduction.
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18:05
And so perception actually is leaky in any case.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๊ฒฐ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ง€๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฉด
18:11
So if you do something that's perceptually bad in one respect,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋‚˜์œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:14
you can damage the other.
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18:15
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:16
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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