Shimon Schocken: The self-organizing computer course

136,478 views ใƒป 2012-10-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Shimon Schocken ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:18
So, this is my grandfather,
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื‘ื™,
00:21
Salman Schocken,
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ืกืœืžืŸ (ืฉืœืžื”) ืฉื•ืงืŸ,
00:23
who was born into a poor and uneducated family
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
00:27
with six children to feed,
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ื‘ืช ืฉืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
00:31
and when he was 14 years old, he was forced to
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 14, ื”ื•ื ื ืืœืฅ
00:34
drop out of school in order to help put bread on the table.
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ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
00:38
He never went back to school.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
00:42
Instead, he went on to build a glittering empire
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช
00:46
of department stores.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘ื•.
00:48
Salman was the consummate perfectionist,
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ืกืœืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืจืคืงืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื,
00:51
and every one of his stores was a jewel
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื ื™ื ื”
00:54
of Bauhaus architecture.
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ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื‘ืื•ื”ืื•ืก.
00:56
He was also the ultimate self-learner,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื“ื™ื“ืงื˜ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
00:59
and like everything else, he did it in grand style.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ "ื’ื“ื•ืœ".
01:02
He surrounded himself with an entourage
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”
01:05
of young, unknown scholars like Martin Buber
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ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ,
01:08
and Shai Agnon and Franz Kafka,
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ืฉ"ื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืคืจื ืฅ ืงืคืงื,
01:11
and he paid each one of them a monthly salary
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช
01:14
so that they could write in peace.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืคืจื ืกืชื.
01:17
And yet, in the late '30s, Salman saw what's coming.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช, ืกืœืžืŸ ื—ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“.
01:22
He fled Germany, together with his family,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื— ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•,
01:25
leaving everything else behind.
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ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
01:27
His department stores confiscated,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื—ืจืžื•,
01:31
he spent the rest of his life in a relentless pursuit
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™
01:34
of art and culture.
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช.
01:36
This high school dropout
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ
01:38
died at the age of 82,
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ืžืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 82,
01:40
a formidable intellectual, cofounder and first CEO
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ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“-ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ืžื ื›"ืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
01:45
of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื,
01:47
and founder of Schocken Books,
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ืžื™ื™ืกื“ Schocken Books ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
01:48
an acclaimed imprint that was later acquired
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ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ืงื ืชื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
01:52
by Random House.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ Random House.
01:54
Such is the power of self-study.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื™!
01:57
And these are my parents.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™.
02:00
They too did not enjoy the privilege of college education.
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ื’ื ื”ื ืœื ื ื”ื ื• ืžื”ืคืจื™ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืืงื“ืžื™.
02:04
They were too busy building a family and a country.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
02:08
And yet, just like Salman, they were lifelong,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืกืœืžืŸ, ื’ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื˜ื•-ื“ื™ื“ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ื™-ื ืœืื™ื,
02:12
tenacious self-learners, and our home was stacked
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื• ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืก
02:16
with thousands of books, records and artwork.
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ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืกืคืจื™ื, ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช.
02:20
I remember quite vividly my father telling me
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•:
02:22
that when everyone in the neighborhood will have a TV set,
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"ื›ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื˜ืœื‘ื™ื–ื™ื”,
02:27
then we'll buy a normal F.M. radio. (Laughter)
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ืื– ื ืงื ื” ืจื“ื™ื• ื ื•ืจืžืœื™!" (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:32
And that's me,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื ื™,
02:35
I was going to say holding my first abacus,
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ "ืขื ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™"
02:37
but actually holding what my father would consider
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืขืฆื, ืขื ืžื” ืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘
02:40
an ample substitute to an iPad. (Laughter)
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ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืื™ื™ืคื“ (ืฆื—ื•ืง).
02:43
So one thing that I took from home is this notion
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ืชื™ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื”
02:46
that educators don't necessarily have to teach.
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ืฉืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืœืžื“.
02:49
Instead, they can provide an environment and resources
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืœื™ื,
02:52
that tease out your natural ability to learn on your own.
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ืฉืžื’ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœืš.
02:57
Self-study, self-exploration, self-empowerment:
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ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื™, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช --
03:02
these are the virtues of a great education.
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ืืœื• ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—.
03:05
So I'd like to share with you a story about a self-study,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœืง ืื™ืชื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
03:09
self-empowering computer science course
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื”.
03:12
that I built, together with my brilliant colleague Noam Nisan.
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ืงื•ืจืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืฉืœื™, ื ื•ืขื ื ื™ืกืŸ.
03:16
As you can see from the pictures, both Noam and I
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื’ื ื ื•ืขื ื•ื’ื ืื ื™
03:19
had an early fascination with first principles,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืงืกืžื™ื ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:22
and over the years, as our knowledge of
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ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
03:23
science and technology became more sophisticated,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื,
03:27
this early awe with the basics
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ื™ืจืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื–ืืช ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื
03:30
has only intensified.
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ืจืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืชืขืฆืžื”.
03:32
So it's not surprising that, about 12 years ago, when
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืœืคื ื™ 12 ืฉื ื™ื,
03:36
Noam and I were already computer science professors,
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ื›ืฉื ื•ืขื ื•ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘,
03:40
we were equally frustrated by the same phenomenon.
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ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืคืขื”:
03:43
As computers became increasingly more complex,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื,
03:46
our students were losing the forest for the trees,
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ, ื•ืจืื• ืจืง ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
03:49
and indeed, it is impossible to connect
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ื•ืืžื ื, ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
03:52
with the soul of the machine if you interact
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ืื ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ืš ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื
03:55
with a black box P.C. or a Mac which is shrouded
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ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืคื™.ืกื™ ืื• ืžืง, ื”ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื
03:58
by numerous layers of closed, proprietary software.
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ื‘ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื” ืกื’ื•ืจื” ื•ืžื•ื’ื ืช.
04:02
So Noam and I had this insight that if we want our students
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื•ืขื ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืืจื”, ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
04:05
to understand how computers work,
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ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
04:08
and understand it in the marrow of their bones,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ "ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื”ื",
04:11
then perhaps the best way to go about it
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ืื–ื™ ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื–ื”
04:12
is to have them build a complete, working,
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื, ืขื•ื‘ื“,
04:17
general-purpose, useful computer, hardware and software,
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ -- ื—ื•ืžืจื”, ืชื•ื›ื ื”,
04:20
from the ground up, from first principles.
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ืžื”ืžืกื“ ืขื“ ื”ื˜ืคื—ื•ืช -- ืžื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:24
Now, we had to start somewhere, and so Noam and I
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื™ืคืฉื”ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื•ืขื ื•ืื ื™
04:28
decided to base our cathedral, so to speak,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช "ื”ืงืชื“ืจืœื”" ืฉืœื ื•
04:32
on the simplest possible building block,
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ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:35
which is something called NAND.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื Nand.
04:38
It is nothing more than a trivial logic gate
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืœื•ื’ื™ ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืืœื™,
04:42
with four input-output states.
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ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืงืœื˜-ืคืœื˜ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
04:45
So we now start this journey by telling our students
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
04:47
that God gave us NAND โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
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ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ืฉืขืจ ื” Nand (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:49
and told us to build a computer, and when we asked how,
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ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘. ื•ื›ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฉืืœ "ืื™ืš?"
04:53
God said, "One step at a time."
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ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”: "ืฆืขื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืขื“".
04:57
And then, following this advice, we start
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืข
05:00
with this lowly, humble NAND gate,
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ืขื ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื ื•ืข ื•ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื–ื”,
05:03
and we walk our students through an elaborate sequence
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ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืกื“ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื,
05:05
of projects in which they gradually build a chip set,
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ืฉืžื ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื”,
05:08
a hardware platform, an assembler, a virtual machine,
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ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ื—ื•ืžืจื”, ืืกืžื‘ืœืจ, ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช
05:12
a basic operating system and a compiler
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื•ืงื•ืžืคื™ื™ืœืจ (ืžื”ื“ืจ)
05:16
for a simple, Java-like language that we call "JACK."
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ืœืฉืคืช ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื“ืžื•ื™ืช Java, ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” Jack.
05:22
The students celebrate the end of this tour de force
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืžืคืจืš ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื
05:25
by using JACK to write all sorts of cool games
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ Jack ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘
05:28
like Pong, Snake and Tetris.
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ื›ืžื• ืคื•ื ื’, ื ื—ืฉ, ื•ื˜ื˜ืจื™ืก.
05:30
You can imagine the tremendous joy of playing
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืขืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืื•ื—ื–ืช ื‘ืš
05:34
with a Tetris game that you wrote in JACK
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ืžืฉื—ืง ื˜ื˜ืจื™ืก ืฉืืชื” ืคื™ืชื—ืช,
05:37
and then compiled into machine language in a compiler
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ื‘ืฉืคืช Jack, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชืจื’ืžืช ืœืฉืคืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ืข"ื™ ืžื”ื“ืจ
05:40
that you wrote also, and then seeing the result
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ืฉื’ื ืื•ืชื• ืืชื” ืคื™ืชื—ืช, ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ
05:42
running on a machine that you built starting
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ืจืฅ ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื’ื ืื•ืชื” ืืชื” ื‘ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ืš,
05:45
with nothing more than a few thousand NAND gates.
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ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉืขืจื™ Nand.
05:48
It's a tremendous personal triumph of going
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ -- ืœืœื›ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš
05:52
from first principles all the way to a fantastically complex
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ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™
05:56
and useful system.
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ื•ืจื‘ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื.
05:59
Noam and I worked five years to facilitate
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ื ื•ืขื ื•ืื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืžืกืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื–ื”,
06:03
this ascent and to create the tools and infrastructure
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื
06:06
that will enable students to build it in one semester.
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ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกืžืกื˜ืจ ืื—ื“.
06:10
And this is the great team that helped us make it happen.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช)
06:14
The trick was to decompose the computer's construction
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ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
06:18
into numerous stand-alone modules,
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ืœืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
06:21
each of which could be individually specified,
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืคื™ื•ืŸ,
06:25
built and unit-tested in isolation from the rest of the project.
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ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
06:30
And from day one, Noam and I decided to put
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ื•ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ื•ืขื ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืืช
06:33
all these building blocks freely available in open source
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืคืชื— ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื— (open source),
06:36
on the Web.
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ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืช.
06:38
So chip specifications, APIs, project descriptions,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืคื™ื•ื ื™ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืžืžืฉืงื™ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื,
06:42
software tools, hardware simulators, CPU emulators,
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ื›ืœื™ ืชื›ื ื”, ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื”, ืืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื,
06:46
stacks of hundreds of slides, lectures --
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ืžืื•ืช ืฉืงืคื™ื, ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื --
06:50
we laid out everything on the Web
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ืฉืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืจืฉืช,
06:52
and invited the world to come over,
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ื•ื”ื–ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ื•ื,
06:55
take whatever they need,
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ืœืงื—ืช ืžื” ืฉืืช ืื• ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
06:57
and do whatever they want with it.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืขื ื–ื”.
06:59
And then something fascinating happened.
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ื•ืื–, ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืคืœื ืงืจื”.
07:03
The world came.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื.
07:05
And in short order, thousands of people
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
07:08
were building our machine.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:09
And NAND2Tetris became one of the first
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ื•- Nand2Tetris (ืฉื ื”ืงื•ืจืก) ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื•ืจืกื™ื
07:13
massive, open, online courses,
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ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช.
07:17
although seven years ago we had no idea that what
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ืงืจื ื”ื™ื•ื
07:19
we were doing is called MOOCs.
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MOOCS - Massive Open Online Courses
07:21
We just observed how self-organized courses
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ืžื”ืฆื“ ืื™ืš ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืžืื•ืœืชืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื
07:25
were kind of spontaneously spawning
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ืœืฆื•ืฅ ื•ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ืื ื™
07:28
out of our materials.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
07:30
For example, Pramode C.E.,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืคืจืืžื•ื“ C.E.,
07:33
an engineer from Kerala, India,
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ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืžืงืจืืœื”, ื”ื•ื“ื•,
07:35
has organized groups of self-learners
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ืืจื’ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื-ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
07:37
who build our computer under his good guidance.
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ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
07:40
And Parag Shah, another engineer, from Mumbai,
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ื•ืคืืจืื’ ืฉืื”, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื ื“ืก, ืžืžื•ืžื‘ืื™,
07:43
has unbundled our projects into smaller,
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ืคื™ืจืง ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:45
more manageable bites that he now serves
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ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื
07:47
in his pioneering do-it-yourself computer science program.
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ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื™".
07:51
The people who are attracted to these courses
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
07:55
typically have a hacker mentality.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืจื™ื.
07:57
They want to figure out how things work,
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
07:59
and they want to do it in groups,
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ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช,
08:01
like this hackers club in Washington, D.C.,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™-ืกื™,
08:04
that uses our materials to offer community courses.
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ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:07
And because these materials are widely available
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—,
08:10
and open-source, different people take them
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื
08:13
to very different and unpredictable directions.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื.
08:16
For example, Yu Fangmin, from Guangzhou,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื™ื• ืคืื ื’-ืžื™ืŸ, ืžื’ื•ืื ืฆื• (ืกื™ืŸ),
08:19
has used FPGA technology
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช FPGA
08:22
to build our computer and show others how to do the same
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื”ืจืื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
08:26
using a video clip, and Ben Craddock developed
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘.
08:29
a very nice computer game that unfolds
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ื‘ืŸ ืงืจืื“ื•ืง ืคื™ืชื— ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ
08:32
inside our CPU architecture, which is quite a complex
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื• -- ืžื‘ื•ืš ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
08:37
3D maze that Ben developed
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ืฉื‘ืŸ ืคื™ืชื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืงืจืืคื˜
08:40
using the Minecraft 3D simulator engine.
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(ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืคื•ืคืœืจื™).
08:44
The Minecraft community went bananas over this project,
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ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืงืจืืคื˜ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”,
08:47
and Ben became an instant media celebrity.
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ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
08:50
And indeed, for quite a few people,
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ื•ืืžื ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื,
08:53
taking this NAND2Tetris pilgrimage, if you will,
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ืžืกืข "ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ" ืฉืœ Nand2Tetris
08:57
has turned into a life-changing experience.
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ื”ืคืš ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:00
For example, take Dan Rounds, who is a music
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ืงื—ื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื“ืŸ ืจืื•ื ื“ืก, ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
09:03
and math major from East Lansing, Michigan.
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ืžืื™ืกื˜ ืœืื ืกื™ื ื’, ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ.
09:06
A few weeks ago, Dan posted a victorious post
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื“ืŸ ืคืจืกื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื ืฆื—
09:09
on our website, and I'd like to read it to you.
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ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื•.
09:12
So here's what Dan said.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื“ืŸ ื›ืชื‘:
09:15
"I did the coursework because understanding computers
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"ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
09:18
is important to me, just like literacy and numeracy,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
09:22
and I made it through. I never worked harder on anything,
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™, ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:25
never been challenged to this degree.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืื•ืชื’ืจืชื™ ื‘ื›ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ.
09:27
But given what I now feel capable of doing,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
09:30
I would certainly do it again.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ืช.
09:32
To anyone considering NAND2Tetris,
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช Nand2Tetris:
09:34
it's a tough journey, but you'll be profoundly changed."
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ื–ื” ืžืกืข ืžืคืจืš, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ".
09:38
So Dan demonstrates the many self-learners
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื
09:43
who take this course off the Web, on their own traction,
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ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื, ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
09:47
on their own initiative, and it's quite amazing because
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™, ื›ื™
09:52
these people cannot care less about
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื•
09:57
grades.
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
09:58
They are doing it because of one motivation only.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”:
10:02
They have a tremendous passion to learn.
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ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืขื–ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“.
10:05
And with that in mind,
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ืื™ ืœื›ืš,
10:07
I'd like to say a few words about traditional college grading.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื:
10:12
I'm sick of it.
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ื ืžืืก ืœื™ ืžื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
10:14
We are obsessed with grades
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื,
10:16
because we are obsessed with data,
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข.
10:17
and yet grading takes away all the fun from failing,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ ืžื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช,
10:22
and a huge part of education
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™
10:24
is about failing.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช.
10:26
Courage, according to Churchill,
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"ืื•ืžืฅ", ืœืคื™ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ,
10:29
is the ability to go from one defeat to another
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"ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืžื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™
10:31
without losing enthusiasm. (Laughter)
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืื‘ื“ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช" (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:34
And [Joyce] said that mistakes
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ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื’'ื•ื™ืก (ื•ืœื ืื•ืจื•ื•ืœ...) ืืžืจ ืฉื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช
10:38
are the portals of discovery.
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ื”ืŸ ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
10:39
And yet we don't tolerate mistakes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช,
10:43
and we worship grades.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื.
10:44
So we collect your B pluses and your A minuses
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื” +B ื•ื” -A ืฉืœืš,
10:48
and we aggregate them into a number like 3.4,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืงืœืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 80,
10:51
which is stamped on your forehead
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ืฉืžื•ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืœ ืžืฆื—ืš
10:53
and sums up who you are.
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ื•ืžืกื›ื ืžื™ ืืชื”.
10:55
Well, in my opinion, we went too far with this nonsense,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™ ืขื ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
10:58
and grading became degrading.
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ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžืคื— ื ืคืฉ.
11:01
So with that, I'd like to say a few words about upgrading,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื“ืจื•ื’ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”
11:06
and share with you a glimpse from my current project,
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื•,
11:10
which is different from the previous one,
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ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืงื•ื“ื,
11:12
but it shares exactly the same characteristics
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื• ืžืื“ ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ
11:14
of self-learning, learning by doing,
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ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื“ืจืš ืขืฉื™ื™ื”,
11:18
self-exploration and community-building,
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ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
11:21
and this project deals with K-12 math education,
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ืช ื’ืŸ ืขื“ ื™"ื‘ (K12)
11:27
beginning with early age math,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื•ืจืืช ืžืชืžื˜ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš,
11:29
and we do it on tablets because we believe that
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื˜ืื‘ืœื˜ ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
11:33
math, like anything else, should be taught hands on.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืœืžื“ ืข"ื™ ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช.
11:38
So here's what we do. Basically, we developed
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
11:41
numerous mobile apps, every one of them explaining
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื˜ืื‘ืœื˜, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื”
11:45
a particular concept in math.
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ื ื•ืฉื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
11:46
So for example, let's take area.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงื— ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”- "ืฉื˜ื—"
11:49
When you deal with a concept like area --
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื• ืฉื˜ื— ....
11:52
well, we also provide a set of tools that the child
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืจื’ื– ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืœื“
11:57
is invited to experiment with in order to learn.
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ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“.
12:00
So if area is what interests us, then one thing
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ืื ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“
12:04
which is natural to do is to tile the area
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ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืจืฆืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืขื ืืจื™ื—ื™ื,
12:08
of this particular shape and simply count
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืกืคื•ืจ
12:12
how many tiles it takes to cover it completely.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืืจื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืฆืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.
12:15
And this little exercise here gives you a first
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืขื™ื ื™ืงื” ืœืš ืžื•ืฉื’ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™
12:18
good insight of the notion of area.
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ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืฉื˜ื—".
12:21
Moving along, what about the area of this figure?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช?
12:24
Well, if you try to tile it, it doesn't work too well, does it.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืชื ืกื” ืœืจืฆืฃ ืื•ืชื”, ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ื˜ื•ื‘.
12:29
So instead, you can experiment
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืืชื” ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช
12:31
with these different tools here by some process
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ืขื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžืกืš, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ
12:34
of guided trial and error,
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื” ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื.
12:36
and at some point you will discover that one thing
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืชื’ืœื” ืฉืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
12:39
that you can do among several legitimate transformations
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ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช,
12:42
is the following one. You can cut the figure,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”: ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื”,
12:45
you can rearrange the parts, you can glue them
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ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื.
12:48
and then proceed to tile just like we did before.
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ื›ืขืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจืฆืฃ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื.
12:51
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:57
Now this particular transformation
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช
12:59
did not change the area of the original figure,
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ืœื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.
13:03
so a six-year-old who plays with this
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ื•ื›ืš, ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉ ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ืชื›ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
13:05
has just discovered a clever algorithm
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ื™ื’ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื™ืคื”
13:08
to compute the area of any given parallelogram.
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ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ืช ื ืชื•ื ื”!
13:12
We don't replace teachers, by the way.
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืชื›ื ื” ืœื ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžื•ืจื™ื.
13:14
We believe that teachers should be empowered, not replaced.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืชื›ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืžื•ืจื”, ืœื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื”.
13:17
Moving along, what about the area of a triangle?
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ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื”. ืžื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ?
13:21
So after some guided trial and error,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช,
13:23
the child will discover, with or without help,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ื’ืœื”, ืขื ืื• ื‘ืœื™ ืขื–ืจื”,
13:27
that he or she can duplicate the original figure
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™,
13:31
and then take the result, transpose it,
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ื•ืื– ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ืชืงื™ื, ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื•,
13:35
glue it to the original and then proceed [with] what we did before:
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ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื• ืœืžืฉืœื•ืœืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื•ืื– ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื“ื:
13:38
cut, rearrange, paste โ€” oopsโ€” paste and glue,
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ื—ืชื•ืš, ืืจื’ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืง,
13:46
and tile.
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ื•ืจืฆืฃ.
13:48
Now this transformation has doubled the area
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ
13:52
of the original figure, and therefore we have just learned
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืžื“ื ื•
13:55
that the area of the triangle equals the area of this rectangle
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ืฉืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•,
13:59
divided by two.
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ื—ืœืงื™ 2.
14:02
But we discovered it by self-exploration.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™.
14:05
So, in addition to learning some useful geometry,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”,
14:11
the child has been exposed to some pretty sophisticated
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื,
14:16
science strategies, like reduction,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืจื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื”,
14:19
which is the art of
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช
14:21
transforming a complex problem into a simple one,
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ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:25
or generalization, which is at the heart
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ืื• ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื›ืœืœื”, ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื”
14:27
of any scientific discipline,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
14:30
or the fact that some properties are invariant
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ืื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื ืฉืžืจื•ืช
14:33
under some transformations.
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ืชื—ืช ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
14:36
And all this is something that a very young child
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื•ื™ืœื“ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
14:39
can pick up using such mobile apps.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื˜ืื‘ืœื˜ ื›ืืœื”.
14:43
So presently, we are doing the following:
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืจื’ืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:
14:47
First of all, we are decomposing the K-12 math curriculum
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื• ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
14:51
into numerous such apps.
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ืœืื•ืกืฃ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืืคื™ื–ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
14:54
And because we cannot do it on our own,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœื‘ื“,
14:56
we've developed a very fancy authoring tool
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื
14:59
that any author, any parent or actually anyone
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžืคืชื— ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืจื” ืื• ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“
15:03
who has an interest in math education,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
15:05
can use this authoring tool to develop similar apps
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืืคื™ื–ื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช
15:08
on tablets without programming.
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ืขืœ ื˜ืื‘ืœื˜ื™ื, ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืช.
15:12
And finally, we are putting together an adaptive ecosystem
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื“ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
15:15
that will match different learners
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ืฉืชืชืื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืœื•ืžื“ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ืช
15:18
with different apps according to their evolving learning style.
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ืืช ื”ืืคื™ื–ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ืฉืœื”ื.
15:23
The driving force behind this project
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ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”
15:26
is my colleague Shmulik London,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
15:29
and, you see, just like
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•
15:31
Salman did about 90 years ago,
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ืฉืกืœืžืŸ ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ 90 ืฉื ื™ื,
15:35
the trick is to surround yourself with brilliant people,
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ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื.
15:39
because at the end,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
15:42
it's all about people.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ - ืื ืฉื™ื.
15:44
And a few years ago, I was walking in Tel Aviv
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘,
15:47
and I saw this graffiti on a wall,
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช.
15:50
and I found it so compelling
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ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœื™,
15:52
that by now I preach it to my students,
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžื˜ื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
15:54
and I'd like to try to preach it to you.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ื–ืืช ื’ื ื›ืืŸ.
15:56
Now, I don't know how many people here are familiar
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’
15:58
with the term "mensch."
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"ืžื ืฉ"
16:00
It basically means to be human
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื "ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื",
16:03
and to do the right thing.
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"ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ".
16:05
And with that, what this graffiti says is,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื:
16:07
"High-tech schmigh-tech.
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"ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง, ืฉืžื™ื™ื˜ืง",
16:09
The most important thing is to be a mensch." (Laughter)
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"ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื!"
16:12
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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