Shimon Schocken: The self-organizing computer course

135,216 views ใƒป 2012-10-04

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jerome Kim
00:18
So, this is my grandfather,
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์ œ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์„ธ์š”.
00:21
Salman Schocken,
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์ƒ๋งŒ ์‡ผ์ผ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ
00:23
who was born into a poor and uneducated family
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์…จ๊ณ 
00:27
with six children to feed,
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๋ชจ๋‘ 6ํ˜•์ œ ์˜€์ฃ .
00:31
and when he was 14 years old, he was forced to
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ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” 14์‚ด ๋•Œ, ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๊ณ 
00:34
drop out of school in order to help put bread on the table.
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๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ณดํƒฌ์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
He never went back to school.
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
Instead, he went on to build a glittering empire
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๋Œ€์‹ ์—, ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์ฉ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฑํ™”์  ์™•๊ตญ์„
00:46
of department stores.
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๊ฑด์„คํ•˜์…จ์–ด์š”.
00:48
Salman was the consummate perfectionist,
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทน๋„์˜ ์™„๋ฒฝ์ฃผ์˜์ž์…จ์–ด์š”.
00:51
and every one of his stores was a jewel
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์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ์ ์€ ๋ฐ”์šฐํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ๊ฑด์ถ•์˜
00:54
of Bauhaus architecture.
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๋ณด๊ณ ์˜€์ง€์š”.
00:56
He was also the ultimate self-learner,
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ญ๋“ ์ง€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
and like everything else, he did it in grand style.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‚ด์…จ์ฃ .
01:02
He surrounded himself with an entourage
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ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ถ”์ข…์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:05
of young, unknown scholars like Martin Buber
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๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‹ด ๋ถ€๋ฒ„, ์ƒค์ด ์•„๊ทธ๋‡ฝ, ํ”„๋ž€ํŠธ ์นดํ”„์นด ๊ฐ™์€
01:08
and Shai Agnon and Franz Kafka,
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์ Š๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
and he paid each one of them a monthly salary
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๊ทธ๋“ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์›”๊ธ‰์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
01:14
so that they could write in peace.
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ํ‰ํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ €์ˆ ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์…จ์ง€์š”.
01:17
And yet, in the late '30s, Salman saw what's coming.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, 30๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง, ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์•ž๋‚ ์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ณ ๋Š”
01:22
He fled Germany, together with his family,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘”์ฑ„, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
01:25
leaving everything else behind.
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๋…์ผ์„ ๋น ์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค์…จ์–ด์š”.
01:27
His department stores confiscated,
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์†Œ์œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฑํ™”์ ๋“ค์€ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:31
he spent the rest of his life in a relentless pursuit
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:34
of art and culture.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์—ฌ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
This high school dropout
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์ด ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ค‘ํ‡ด์ž๋Š”
01:38
died at the age of 82,
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82์„ธ์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ์ง€์š”.
01:40
a formidable intellectual, cofounder and first CEO
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๋ฌด์„œ์šธ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ง€์„ฑ์ธ์ด์…จ๊ณ , ์—๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์— ํžˆ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜
01:45
of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
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๊ณต๋™ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž์ด์ž ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:47
and founder of Schocken Books,
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์‡ผ์ผ„ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž์ด์ž
01:48
an acclaimed imprint that was later acquired
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ํ›„์— ๋žœ๋ค ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ–ˆ๋˜
01:52
by Random House.
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ํŒ๊ถŒ๋„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜์…จ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:54
Such is the power of self-study.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ํž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
And these are my parents.
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์ œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด์‹ ๋ฐ์š”.
02:00
They too did not enjoy the privilege of college education.
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์ด ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
They were too busy building a family and a country.
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์ด ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณด๋Š๋ผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฐ”์˜์…จ์–ด์š”.
02:08
And yet, just like Salman, they were lifelong,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์ด ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ํ‰์ƒ
02:12
tenacious self-learners, and our home was stacked
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๋ˆ์งˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ•˜์…จ์–ด์š”. ์ €ํฌ ์ง‘์—๋Š”
02:16
with thousands of books, records and artwork.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ฑ…๊ณผ ์Œ๋ฐ˜, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ’ˆ์ด ์Œ“์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:20
I remember quite vividly my father telling me
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ๋ถ€์นœ๊ป˜์„œ ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด TV๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ,
02:22
that when everyone in the neighborhood will have a TV set,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ FM ๋ผ๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์‹œ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„
02:27
then we'll buy a normal F.M. radio. (Laughter)
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์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
02:32
And that's me,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์—์š”.
02:35
I was going to say holding my first abacus,
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์ฒซ ์ฃผํŒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
02:37
but actually holding what my father would consider
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ œ ๋ถ€์นœ์ด ์•„์ดํŒจ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€์ฒด๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์…จ์„
02:40
an ample substitute to an iPad. (Laughter)
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๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
02:43
So one thing that I took from home is this notion
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ๋‹ซ์€ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ์€
02:46
that educators don't necessarily have to teach.
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
Instead, they can provide an environment and resources
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹ , ๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์žฌ์›์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ ๋Š”
02:52
that tease out your natural ability to learn on your own.
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ํƒœ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์• ์“ฐ์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
Self-study, self-exploration, self-empowerment:
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์ž๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต, ์ž๊ธฐ ํƒํ—˜, ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ„ฐ๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ:
03:02
these are the virtues of a great education.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ฏธ๋•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
So I'd like to share with you a story about a self-study,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ
03:09
self-empowering computer science course
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ„ฐ๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
that I built, together with my brilliant colleague Noam Nisan.
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์œ ๋Šฅํ•œ ์ €์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๋…ธ์•” ๋‹ˆ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
As you can see from the pictures, both Noam and I
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์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด, ์ €์™€ ๋…ธ์•”์€
03:19
had an early fascination with first principles,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
and over the years, as our knowledge of
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
03:23
science and technology became more sophisticated,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€์‹์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ
03:27
this early awe with the basics
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ์‹ฌ์€
03:30
has only intensified.
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์ ์  ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ ธ๋งŒ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
So it's not surprising that, about 12 years ago, when
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12๋…„์ „ ๋…ธ์•”๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
03:36
Noam and I were already computer science professors,
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๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฒช์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:40
we were equally frustrated by the same phenomenon.
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์‹ค๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋†€๋ž„๋งŒํ•œ ์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
As computers became increasingly more complex,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
03:46
our students were losing the forest for the trees,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋‹ค ์ˆฒ์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ผด์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:49
and indeed, it is impossible to connect
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ PC ๋ฐ•์Šค๋‚˜ ๋งฅํ‚จํ† ์‹œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
03:52
with the soul of the machine if you interact
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์”จ๋ฆ„ํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณผ ๊ต๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:55
with a black box P.C. or a Mac which is shrouded
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฝ‰๋ง‰ํžŒ
03:58
by numerous layers of closed, proprietary software.
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์žฌ๋ ฅ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
04:02
So Noam and I had this insight that if we want our students
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋…ธ์•”๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€
04:05
to understand how computers work,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ 
04:08
and understand it in the marrow of their bones,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ผ›์†๊นŒ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
04:11
then perhaps the best way to go about it
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
04:12
is to have them build a complete, working,
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ
04:17
general-purpose, useful computer, hardware and software,
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ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์™€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐฑ์ง€์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ,
04:20
from the ground up, from first principles.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
Now, we had to start somewhere, and so Noam and I
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์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘์€ ํ•ด์•ผํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋…ธ์•”๊ณผ ์ €๋Š”
04:28
decided to base our cathedral, so to speak,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ
04:32
on the simplest possible building block,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
which is something called NAND.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œ์œ„ NAND ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
04:38
It is nothing more than a trivial logic gate
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ์ € ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์ •๋„์ธ๋ฐ
04:42
with four input-output states.
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4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:45
So we now start this journey by telling our students
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„
04:47
that God gave us NAND โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
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์‹ ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ NAND๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์…จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --(์›ƒ์Œ)--
04:49
and told us to build a computer, and when we asked how,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ๊ณ 
04:53
God said, "One step at a time."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป์ž, ์‹ ์€ "ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์‹"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:57
And then, following this advice, we start
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์ด ์ถฉ๊ณ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์†๋„๋กœ
05:00
with this lowly, humble NAND gate,
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์šฐ์Šค์›Œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋‚ธ๋“œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:03
and we walk our students through an elaborate sequence
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ •๊ตํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง€๋‚˜
05:05
of projects in which they gradually build a chip set,
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์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์นฉ์…‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ
05:08
a hardware platform, an assembler, a virtual machine,
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์—์…ˆ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ, ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์šด์˜์ฒด๊ณ„์™€
05:12
a basic operating system and a compiler
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ "์žญ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ์ž๋ฐ”์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ
05:16
for a simple, Java-like language that we call "JACK."
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
The students celebrate the end of this tour de force
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ํ™˜ํ˜ธํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:25
by using JACK to write all sorts of cool games
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ, ์Šค๋„ค์ดํฌ, ๋ฐํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ฐ™์€
05:28
like Pong, Snake and Tetris.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:30
You can imagine the tremendous joy of playing
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์žญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ
05:34
with a Tetris game that you wrote in JACK
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
and then compiled into machine language in a compiler
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—”, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์—
05:40
that you wrote also, and then seeing the result
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์ž…๋ ฅํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋ช‡ ์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‚ธ๋“œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋งŒ
05:42
running on a machine that you built starting
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์—์„œ
05:45
with nothing more than a few thousand NAND gates.
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๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
It's a tremendous personal triumph of going
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์ด๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ
05:52
from first principles all the way to a fantastically complex
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ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š”
05:56
and useful system.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์„ฑ์ทจ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
Noam and I worked five years to facilitate
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๋…ธ์•”๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„
06:03
this ascent and to create the tools and infrastructure
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ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธฐ์•ˆ์— ๋งˆ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋„๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์„
06:06
that will enable students to build it in one semester.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ 5๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
And this is the great team that helped us make it happen.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“  ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ํŒ€์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:14
The trick was to decompose the computer's construction
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๊ทธ ๋น„๋ฒ•์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ๊ณผ์ •์„
06:18
into numerous stand-alone modules,
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ 
06:21
each of which could be individually specified,
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•œ ํ›„, ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ
06:25
built and unit-tested in isolation from the rest of the project.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜๋Š” ๋ณ„๊ฐœ๋กœ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:30
And from day one, Noam and I decided to put
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์ฒซ๋‚ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…ธ์•”๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„
06:33
all these building blocks freely available in open source
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์›น์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค๋กœ
06:36
on the Web.
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์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ž๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
So chip specifications, APIs, project descriptions,
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์นฉ ์‚ฌ์–‘, API, ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…, ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋„๊ตฌ,
06:42
software tools, hardware simulators, CPU emulators,
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ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์‹œํ—˜๊ธฐ, CPU ์—๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด๋”,
06:46
stacks of hundreds of slides, lectures --
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์— ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ฐ™์€
06:50
we laid out everything on the Web
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›น์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“๊ณ ,
06:52
and invited the world to come over,
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์„ธ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์™€์„œ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๊ณ ,
06:55
take whatever they need,
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๋ญ๋“  ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์„œ,
06:57
and do whatever they want with it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋กœ ๋ญ๋“  ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
And then something fascinating happened.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
07:03
The world came.
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์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
And in short order, thousands of people
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์งง๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ €ํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
07:08
were building our machine.
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๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:09
And NAND2Tetris became one of the first
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"๋‚ธ๋“œ์—์„œ ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๊นŒ์ง€"๋ผ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜
07:13
massive, open, online courses,
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๋Œ€๋‹จ์œ„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:17
although seven years ago we had no idea that what
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7๋…„ ์ „๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด MOOC ๋ผ๊ณ 
07:19
we were doing is called MOOCs.
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๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
07:21
We just observed how self-organized courses
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
07:25
were kind of spontaneously spawning
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
07:28
out of our materials.
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๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
For example, Pramode C.E.,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ํ”„๋ผ๋ชจ๋“œ C.E. ๋ผ๋Š”
07:33
an engineer from Kerala, India,
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์ธ๋„์˜ ์ผ€๋ž„๋ผ ์ถœ์‹  ๊ณตํ•™์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
07:35
has organized groups of self-learners
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•ˆ๋‚ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ €ํฌ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ
07:37
who build our computer under his good guidance.
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋ชจ์ž„์„ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
And Parag Shah, another engineer, from Mumbai,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์ธ ํŒŒ๋ฝ ์ƒค๋Š” ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ
07:43
has unbundled our projects into smaller,
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์ €ํฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž‘์€ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด
07:45
more manageable bites that he now serves
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๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์šด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜
07:47
in his pioneering do-it-yourself computer science program.
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'์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ•ด๋ณด๋Š”' ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
07:51
The people who are attracted to these courses
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ์— ์ด๋Œ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ†ต
07:55
typically have a hacker mentality.
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ํ•ด์ปค์˜ ์ •์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:57
They want to figure out how things work,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ 
07:59
and they want to do it in groups,
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
like this hackers club in Washington, D.C.,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ†ค DC์˜ ์ด ํ•ด์ปค ๋ชจ์ž„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
08:04
that uses our materials to offer community courses.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ €ํฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ฃ .
08:07
And because these materials are widely available
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์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋‚˜ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:10
and open-source, different people take them
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
08:13
to very different and unpredictable directions.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
For example, Yu Fangmin, from Guangzhou,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๊ด‘์ €์šฐ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์œ ํŒก๋ฏผ์ด๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
08:19
has used FPGA technology
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FPGA ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
08:22
to build our computer and show others how to do the same
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋™์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
08:26
using a video clip, and Ben Craddock developed
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๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒค ํฌ๋ž˜๋…์ด๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
08:29
a very nice computer game that unfolds
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์•„์ฃผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:32
inside our CPU architecture, which is quite a complex
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์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ CPU ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํŽผ์ณ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ
08:37
3D maze that Ben developed
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3D ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์„œ
08:40
using the Minecraft 3D simulator engine.
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๋งˆ์ธํฌ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ์˜ 3D ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์—”์ง„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
08:44
The Minecraft community went bananas over this project,
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๋งˆ์ธํฌ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ ์‹œ์šฉ์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ™˜ํ˜ธํ–ˆ๊ณ 
08:47
and Ben became an instant media celebrity.
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๋ฒค์€ ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ๋งค์ฒด์˜ ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
And indeed, for quite a few people,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”,
08:53
taking this NAND2Tetris pilgrimage, if you will,
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์ด ๋‚ธ๋“œ2ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
08:57
has turned into a life-changing experience.
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์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
For example, take Dan Rounds, who is a music
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋Œ„ ๋ผ์šด์ฆˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ๋žœ์‹ฑ์—์„œ
09:03
and math major from East Lansing, Michigan.
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์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
A few weeks ago, Dan posted a victorious post
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ์ „์— ๋ฒค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ์˜๊ธฐ์–‘์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
09:09
on our website, and I'd like to read it to you.
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๊ธ€์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ์ฝ์–ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
09:12
So here's what Dan said.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
"I did the coursework because understanding computers
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"์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ํƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด"
09:18
is important to me, just like literacy and numeracy,
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"์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ธ€์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ฃ ."
09:22
and I made it through. I never worked harder on anything,
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"์ €๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งˆ์ณค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์—๋„ ์ด๋งŒํผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ธ ์ ๋„ ์—†๊ณ ,"
09:25
never been challenged to this degree.
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"์ด ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€๊ฑธ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
09:27
But given what I now feel capable of doing,
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"ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Š๋‚€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด"
09:30
I would certainly do it again.
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"์ €๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
09:32
To anyone considering NAND2Tetris,
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"๋‚ธ๋“œ2ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“ ์ง€"
09:34
it's a tough journey, but you'll be profoundly changed."
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"๊ทธ๊ฑด ํž˜๋“  ์—ฌ์ •์ด ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Š๋‚„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
09:38
So Dan demonstrates the many self-learners
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๋Œ„์€ ์ด ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ์›น์ƒ์—์„œ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ„
09:43
who take this course off the Web, on their own traction,
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์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
on their own initiative, and it's quite amazing because
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ„๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅ์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ธ๋ฐ
09:52
these people cannot care less about
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ฑ์ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:57
grades.
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์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋–„๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
They are doing it because of one motivation only.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ '๋™๊ธฐ' ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
They have a tremendous passion to learn.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์—ด์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:05
And with that in mind,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
10:07
I'd like to say a few words about traditional college grading.
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์ €๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„ฑ์  ์ œ๋„์— ๋ช‡ ๋งˆ๋”” ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
I'm sick of it.
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์ „ ์ด์ œ ์งˆ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
We are obsessed with grades
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์„ฑ์ ํ‘œ์— ๋ชฉ์ˆจ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
because we are obsessed with data,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ŠคํŽ™์— ๋ชฉ๋งค๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
10:17
and yet grading takes away all the fun from failing,
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—์•„ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
and a huge part of education
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
10:24
is about failing.
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์‹คํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:26
Courage, according to Churchill,
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์ฒ˜์น ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ž€
10:29
is the ability to go from one defeat to another
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
10:31
without losing enthusiasm. (Laughter)
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
10:34
And [Joyce] said that mistakes
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[์ฃ ์ด์Šค]๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํŒจ๋Š”
10:38
are the portals of discovery.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
10:39
And yet we don't tolerate mistakes,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์•„๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ 
10:43
and we worship grades.
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์„ฑ์ ์— ๋ชฉ์„ ๋งค๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
So we collect your B pluses and your A minuses
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐ›์€ B+ ์™€ A- ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ๋ชจ์•„์„œ
10:48
and we aggregate them into a number like 3.4,
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๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด 3.4 ์ •๋„์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
10:51
which is stamped on your forehead
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๊ทธ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ฅ์„œ์˜ ๋งจ ์ฒซ์ค„์— ์ฐํžˆ๊ณ 
10:53
and sums up who you are.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ์ง€ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
Well, in my opinion, we went too far with this nonsense,
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”, ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ„ฐ๋ฌด๋‹ˆ์—†๋Š” ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
10:58
and grading became degrading.
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์„ฑ์ (grading)์ด ์ €ํ•˜(degrading) ๋œ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
So with that, I'd like to say a few words about upgrading,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
11:06
and share with you a glimpse from my current project,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ž ๊น ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
which is different from the previous one,
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์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
11:12
but it shares exactly the same characteristics
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์ž๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ•™์Šต,
11:14
of self-learning, learning by doing,
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณตํ†ต์  ๊ตฌ์ถ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ
11:18
self-exploration and community-building,
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๋™์ผํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
11:21
and this project deals with K-12 math education,
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์ด๋ฒˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ์œ ์น˜์›์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
beginning with early age math,
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์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:29
and we do it on tablets because we believe that
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํƒœ๋ธ”๋ฆฟPC๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
11:33
math, like anything else, should be taught hands on.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ•™๋„ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
So here's what we do. Basically, we developed
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๋Š”
11:41
numerous mobile apps, every one of them explaining
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์•ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘
11:45
a particular concept in math.
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
So for example, let's take area.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋„“์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
11:49
When you deal with a concept like area --
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๋„“์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๋•Œ --
11:52
well, we also provide a set of tools that the child
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์Œ... ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:57
is invited to experiment with in order to learn.
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๋„๊ตฌ ๋ชจ์Œ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ฃ .
12:00
So if area is what interests us, then one thing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„“์ด์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ
12:04
which is natural to do is to tile the area
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ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„
12:08
of this particular shape and simply count
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ํƒ€์ผ๋กœ ๋ฎ์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋ฎ์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด
12:12
how many tiles it takes to cover it completely.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์„ธ์–ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜์ฃ .
12:15
And this little exercise here gives you a first
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์—ฐ์Šต์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„“์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
12:18
good insight of the notion of area.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
Moving along, what about the area of this figure?
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์€ ์–ด๋–ค๊ฐ€์š”?
12:24
Well, if you try to tile it, it doesn't work too well, does it.
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์ €๊ฒƒ์„ ํƒ€์ผ๋กœ ๋ฎ์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•„์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
12:29
So instead, you can experiment
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋Œ€์‹ ์—, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
12:31
with these different tools here by some process
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์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
12:34
of guided trial and error,
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์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
and at some point you will discover that one thing
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์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—”๊ฐ€, ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
12:39
that you can do among several legitimate transformations
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ
12:42
is the following one. You can cut the figure,
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์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”. ๋„ํ˜•์„ ์ž˜๋ผ
12:45
you can rearrange the parts, you can glue them
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๊ทธ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •์—ดํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ถ™์—ฌ
12:48
and then proceed to tile just like we did before.
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์ด์ „์— ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:57
Now this particular transformation
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ ์›๋ž˜ ๋„ํ˜•์˜ ๋„“์ด๋ฅผ
12:59
did not change the area of the original figure,
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๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
so a six-year-old who plays with this
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋Š” 6์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋Š”
13:05
has just discovered a clever algorithm
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์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ํ‰ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ๋„“์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”
13:08
to compute the area of any given parallelogram.
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์˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์ œ ๋ง‰ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
We don't replace teachers, by the way.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
We believe that teachers should be empowered, not replaced.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํž˜์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ง€ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
Moving along, what about the area of a triangle?
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”. ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ๋„“์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:21
So after some guided trial and error,
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๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์œ ๋„๋œ ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์„œ
13:23
the child will discover, with or without help,
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๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๋“  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋“ , ์•„์ด๋Š”
13:27
that he or she can duplicate the original figure
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์ž๊ธฐ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์›๋ž˜ ๋„ํ˜•์„ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ,
13:31
and then take the result, transpose it,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ๋†“์ฃ ,
13:35
glue it to the original and then proceed [with] what we did before:
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์›๋ž˜ ๋„ํ˜•์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ ์ด์ „์— ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
cut, rearrange, paste โ€” oopsโ€” paste and glue,
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์ž๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถ™์ด๊ณ  --์—๊ตฌ-- ํ’€์„ ์น ํ•ด ๋ถ™์ด๊ณ 
13:46
and tile.
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ํƒ€์ผ๋กœ ๋ฎ๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
Now this transformation has doubled the area
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ ์›๋ž˜ ๋„ํ˜•์˜ ๋„“์ด๋ฅผ 2๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
of the original figure, and therefore we have just learned
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ๋„“์ด๊ฐ€
13:55
that the area of the triangle equals the area of this rectangle
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ๋„“์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
13:59
divided by two.
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
14:02
But we discovered it by self-exploration.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
So, in addition to learning some useful geometry,
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์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:11
the child has been exposed to some pretty sophisticated
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ „๋žต์—๋„
14:16
science strategies, like reduction,
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๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ•์•ฝํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:19
which is the art of
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์ถ•์•ฝ์€
14:21
transforming a complex problem into a simple one,
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ, ํ˜น์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ
14:25
or generalization, which is at the heart
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๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
14:27
of any scientific discipline,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:30
or the fact that some properties are invariant
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ํ˜น์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์„ฑ์งˆ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ˜•์—๋„
14:33
under some transformations.
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๋ถˆ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์—๋„ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
And all this is something that a very young child
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋„
14:39
can pick up using such mobile apps.
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์•ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
14:43
So presently, we are doing the following:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
First of all, we are decomposing the K-12 math curriculum
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์šฐ์„ , ์œ ์น˜์›์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ •์„
14:51
into numerous such apps.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ €๋Ÿฐ ์•ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
And because we cannot do it on our own,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
14:56
we've developed a very fancy authoring tool
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ €์ž๋“ ์ง€, ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“  ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“ 
14:59
that any author, any parent or actually anyone
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์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๊ต์œก์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
15:03
who has an interest in math education,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„
15:05
can use this authoring tool to develop similar apps
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๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์•ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
15:08
on tablets without programming.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
And finally, we are putting together an adaptive ecosystem
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™์Šต์ž์—๊ฒŒ
15:15
that will match different learners
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๊ฐ์ž์˜ ํ•™์Šต ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
15:18
with different apps according to their evolving learning style.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ฑ์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
The driving force behind this project
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋’ค์—์„œ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์€
15:26
is my colleague Shmulik London,
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ์‰ฌ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํฌ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
and, you see, just like
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๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
15:31
Salman did about 90 years ago,
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์ œ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ 90๋…„ ์ „์— ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
15:35
the trick is to surround yourself with brilliant people,
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๋น„๋ฒ•์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
because at the end,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
15:42
it's all about people.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
15:44
And a few years ago, I was walking in Tel Aviv
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๋ช‡ ํ•ด ์ „์—, ์ €๋Š” ํ…”์•„๋น„๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฑท๋‹ค๊ฐ€
15:47
and I saw this graffiti on a wall,
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๋ฒฝ์— ์น ํ•ด์ง„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‚™์„œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
15:50
and I found it so compelling
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๊ฝค ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
15:52
that by now I preach it to my students,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ตํ•˜๋“ฏ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
and I'd like to try to preach it to you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜๋„ ์„ค๊ตํ•˜๋“ฏ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
Now, I don't know how many people here are familiar
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ช‡๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ "๋ฉ˜์‰ฌ"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ
15:58
with the term "mensch."
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๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋Š”๋ฐ,
16:00
It basically means to be human
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์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž„๊ณผ
16:03
and to do the right thing.
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์˜ณ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:05
And with that, what this graffiti says is,
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‚™์„œ์—์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:07
"High-tech schmigh-tech.
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"์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์Šˆ๋ฏธํ….
16:09
The most important thing is to be a mensch." (Laughter)
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉ˜์‰ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋‹ค."
16:12
Thank you. (Applause)
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:15
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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