Have we reached the end of physics? | Harry Cliff

663,583 views ใƒป 2016-01-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
A hundred years ago this month, a 36-year-old Albert Einstein
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ 36,
00:16
stood up in front of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin
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ืขืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ืกื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ
00:19
to present a radical new theory of space, time and gravity:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘, ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”:
00:23
the general theory of relativity.
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
00:27
General relativity is unquestionably Einstein's masterpiece,
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ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
00:30
a theory which reveals the workings of the universe at the grandest scales,
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:34
capturing in one beautiful line of algebra
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ืœื•ื›ื“ืช ื‘ืงื• ื™ืคื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืืœื’ื‘ืจื”
00:36
everything from why apples fall from trees to the beginning of time and space.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืžื” ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžืขืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืœืœ.
00:41
1915 must have been an exciting year to be a physicist.
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1915 ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™.
00:44
Two new ideas were turning the subject on its head.
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ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืขืœ ืคื™ื•.
00:48
One was Einstein's theory of relativity,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
00:50
the other was arguably even more revolutionary:
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ื”ืื—ืจืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช:
00:53
quantum mechanics,
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ืžื›ืื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช,
00:55
a mind-meltingly strange yet stunningly successful new way
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืžื™ืกืช ืžื•ื— ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจืฉื™ื
00:58
of understanding the microworld, the world of atoms and particles.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ, ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
01:03
Over the last century, these two ideas have utterly transformed
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉื™ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™
01:07
our understanding of the universe.
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ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
01:09
It's thanks to relativity and quantum mechanics
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ื–ื” ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžื›ืื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช
01:11
that we've learned what the universe is made from,
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ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžืžื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™,
01:14
how it began and how it continues to evolve.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
01:17
A hundred years on, we now find ourselves at another turning point in physics,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
01:21
but what's at stake now is rather different.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
01:24
The next few years may tell us whether we'll be able
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื ื• ืื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
01:27
to continue to increase our understanding of nature,
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:30
or whether maybe for the first time in the history of science,
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ืื• ืื ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข,
01:33
we could be facing questions that we cannot answer,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช,
01:37
not because we don't have the brains or technology,
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
01:40
but because the laws of physics themselves forbid it.
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืฆืžื ืื•ืกืจื™ื ื–ืืช.
01:44
This is the essential problem: the universe is far, far too interesting.
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ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช: ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:49
Relativity and quantum mechanics appear to suggest
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื
01:51
that the universe should be a boring place.
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ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉืขืžื.
01:54
It should be dark, lethal and lifeless.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคืœ, ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื•ื—ืกืจ ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:57
But when we look around us, we see we live in a universe full of interesting stuff,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืžืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
02:01
full of stars, planets, trees, squirrels.
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ืžืœื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช, ืขืฆื™ื, ืกื ืื™ื.
02:04
The question is, ultimately,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
02:05
why does all this interesting stuff exist?
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ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื?
02:08
Why is there something rather than nothing?
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ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื?
02:13
This contradiction is the most pressing problem in fundamental physics,
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ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช,
02:16
and in the next few years, we may find out whether we'll ever be able to solve it.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ื ื’ืœื” ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
02:23
At the heart of this problem are two numbers,
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ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
02:26
two extremely dangerous numbers.
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ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
02:28
These are properties of the universe that we can measure,
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ื”ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“,
02:31
and they're extremely dangerous
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ื•ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื
02:33
because if they were different, even by a tiny bit,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื˜,
02:35
then the universe as we know it would not exist.
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ืื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื.
02:38
The first of these numbers is associated with the discovery that was made
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื”
02:42
a few kilometers from this hall, at CERN, home of this machine,
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ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ CERN, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:45
the largest scientific device ever built by the human race,
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
02:48
the Large Hadron Collider.
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ืžืจืกืง ื”ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:50
The LHC whizzes subatomic particles around a 27-kilometer ring,
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ื” LHC ืžื˜ื™ืก ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืชืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœ 27 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
02:54
getting them closer and closer to the speed of light
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ
02:56
before smashing them into each other inside gigantic particle detectors.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจืกืง ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ืœืื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
03:01
On July 4, 2012, physicists at CERN announced to the world
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ื‘ 4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2012, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ CERN ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœืขื•ืœื
03:05
that they'd spotted a new fundamental particle
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ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ
03:08
being created at the violent collisions at the LHC: the Higgs boson.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ LHC: ื”ื™ื’ืก ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
03:13
Now, if you followed the news at the time,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืขืงื‘ืชื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
03:15
you'll have seen a lot of physicists getting very excited indeed,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื,
03:18
and you'd be forgiven for thinking
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ื•ื™ืกืœื—ื• ืœื›ื ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•
03:20
we get that way every time we discover a new particle.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:22
Well, that is kind of true,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
03:24
but the Higgs boson is particularly special.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:26
We all got so excited because finding the Higgs
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ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ืก
03:29
proves the existence of a cosmic energy field.
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ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™.
03:32
Now, you may have trouble imagining an energy field,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
03:35
but we've all experienced one.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืื—ื“.
03:36
If you've ever held a magnet close to a piece of metal
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ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื ืžื’ื ื˜ ืœื™ื“ ืคื™ืกืช ืžืชื›ืช
03:39
and felt a force pulling across that gap,
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ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ืฉืš ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—,
03:41
then you've felt the effect of a field.
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ืื– ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื”.
03:43
And the Higgs field is a little bit like a magnetic field,
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ื•ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืœืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™,
03:46
except it has a constant value everywhere.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืจืš ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
03:49
It's all around us right now.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข.
03:51
We can't see it or touch it,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืื• ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื•,
03:52
but if it wasn't there,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื,
03:54
we would not exist.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
03:56
The Higgs field gives mass
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ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืืกื”
03:58
to the fundamental particles that we're made from.
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ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื.
04:00
If it wasn't there, those particles would have no mass,
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื”, ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืืกื”,
04:03
and no atoms could form and there would be no us.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื˜ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•.
04:06
But there is something deeply mysterious about the Higgs field.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก.
04:11
Relativity and quantum mechanics tell us that it has two natural settings,
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ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืื ื™ืงืช ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื,
04:15
a bit like a light switch.
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ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืžืชื’ ืื•ืจ.
04:16
It should either be off,
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื›ื‘ื•ื™,
04:18
so that it has a zero value everywhere in space,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืจืš ืืคืก ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
04:20
or it should be on so it has an absolutely enormous value.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืœื•ืง ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืจืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืฆื•ื.
04:24
In both of these scenarios, atoms could not exist,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
04:27
and therefore all the other interesting stuff
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
04:29
that we see around us in the universe would not exist.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:33
In reality, the Higgs field is just slightly on,
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ื“ืœื•ืง ืจืง ืงืฆืช,
04:36
not zero but 10,000 trillion times weaker than its fully on value,
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ืœื ืืคืก ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืฉ ืคื™ 10,000 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ื“ืœื•ืง ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœื•,
04:41
a bit like a light switch that's got stuck just before the off position.
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ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืžืชื’ ืื•ืจ ืฉื ืชืงืข ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•.
04:46
And this value is crucial.
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ื•ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
04:48
If it were a tiny bit different,
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืขื˜,
04:50
then there would be no physical structure in the universe.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ ืœื™ืงื•ื.
04:53
So this is the first of our dangerous numbers,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:55
the strength of the Higgs field.
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก.
04:57
Theorists have spent decades trying to understand
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ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื• ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
05:00
why it has this very peculiarly fine-tuned number,
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ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”,
05:03
and they've come up with a number of possible explanations.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืขืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
05:06
They have sexy-sounding names like "supersymmetry"
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืกืงืกื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืกื•ืคืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”"
05:09
or "large extra dimensions."
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ืื• "ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื."
05:11
I'm not going to go into the details of these ideas now,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
05:13
but the key point is this:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
05:16
if any of them explained this weirdly fine-tuned value of the Higgs field,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื”ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก,
05:20
then we should see new particles being created at the LHC
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ LHC
05:24
along with the Higgs boson.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก.
05:26
So far, though, we've not seen any sign of them.
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ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืืฃ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื”ื.
05:29
But there's actually an even worse example
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืขื”
05:32
of this kind of fine-tuning of a dangerous number,
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ืœืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
05:34
and this time it comes from the other end of the scale,
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ื•ื”ืคืขื ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงืœื”,
05:37
from studying the universe at vast distances.
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ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
05:39
One of the most important consequences of Einstein's general theory of relativity
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ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
05:44
was the discovery that the universe began as a rapid expansion of space and time
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ
05:48
13.8 billion years ago, the Big Bang.
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ืœืคื ื™ 13.8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”, ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
05:52
Now, according to early versions of the Big Bang theory,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
05:55
the universe has been expanding ever since
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืžืื–
05:57
with gravity gradually putting the brakes on that expansion.
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ืขื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช.
06:01
But in 1998, astronomers made the stunning discovery
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 1998, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืขืฉื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
06:04
that the expansion of the universe is actually speeding up.
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ืฉื”ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื™ืฆื”.
06:07
The universe is getting bigger and bigger faster and faster
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:10
driven by a mysterious repulsive force called dark energy.
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ืžื•ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”.
06:15
Now, whenever you hear the word "dark" in physics,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืืคืœ" ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
06:17
you should get very suspicious
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื“ื ื™ื™ื
06:19
because it probably means we don't know what we're talking about.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:23
We don't know what dark energy is,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”,
06:25
but the best idea is that it's the energy of empty space itself,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ืง ืขืฆืžื•,
06:30
the energy of the vacuum.
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ื”ืืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืืงื•ื.
06:32
Now, if you use good old quantum mechanics to work out
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘
06:34
how strong dark energy should be,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืคืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
06:36
you get an absolutely astonishing result.
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ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
06:39
You find that dark energy
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ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืคืœื” ื”ื–ื•
06:41
should be 10 to the power of 120 times stronger
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 120 ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:45
than the value we observe from astronomy.
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ืžื”ืขืจืš ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช.
06:48
That's one with 120 zeroes after it.
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื 120 ืืคืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•.
06:53
This is a number so mind-bogglingly huge
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื˜ืžื˜ืžืช
06:56
that it's impossible to get your head around.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
06:58
We often use the word "astronomical" when we're talking about big numbers.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™" ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
07:01
Well, even that one won't do here.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืคื”.
07:03
This number is bigger than any number in astronomy.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”.
07:05
It's a thousand trillion trillion trillion times bigger
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืœืฃ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื
07:09
than the number of atoms in the entire universe.
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ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
07:12
So that's a pretty bad prediction.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืžืžืฉ ื’ืจื•ืขื”.
07:14
In fact, it's been called the worst prediction in physics,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
07:17
and this is more than just a theoretical curiosity.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืง ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช.
07:20
If dark energy were anywhere near this strong,
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ืื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื”,
07:23
then the universe would have been torn apart,
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ืื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืงืจืข ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื,
07:25
stars and galaxies could not form, and we would not be here.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื”.
07:29
So this is the second of those dangerous numbers,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
07:31
the strength of dark energy,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”,
07:33
and explaining it requires an even more fantastic level of fine-tuning
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ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ
07:36
than we saw for the Higgs field.
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ืžืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก.
07:38
But unlike the Higgs field, this number has no known explanation.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก, ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข.
07:45
The hope was that a complete combination
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ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœื
07:47
of Einstein's general theory of relativity,
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ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
07:49
which is the theory of the universe at grand scales,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
07:52
with quantum mechanics, the theory of the universe at small scales,
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ืขื ืžื›ืื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ,
07:55
might provide a solution.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ.
07:57
Einstein himself spent most of his later years
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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช
08:00
on a futile search for a unified theory of physics,
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
08:03
and physicists have kept at it ever since.
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ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื–ื” ืžืื–.
08:06
One of the most promising candidates for a unified theory is string theory,
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื,
08:10
and the essential idea is,
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื,
08:12
if you could zoom in on the fundamental particles that make up our world,
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•,
08:15
you'd see actually that they're not particles at all,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
08:18
but tiny vibrating strings of energy,
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ืืœื ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
08:21
with each frequency of vibration corresponding to a different particle,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื˜ื˜ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉื•ื ื”,
08:25
a bit like musical notes on a guitar string.
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ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”.
08:28
So it's a rather elegant, almost poetic way of looking at the world,
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ืื– ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื“ื™ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
08:32
but it has one catastrophic problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ืช ืื—ืช.
08:35
It turns out that string theory isn't one theory at all,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืชืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช,
08:38
but a whole collection of theories.
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ืืœื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
08:40
It's been estimated, in fact,
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ืžื•ืขืจืš ืœืžืขืฉื”,
08:42
that there are 10 to the 500 different versions of string theory.
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ืฉื™ืฉ 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 500 ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื.
08:46
Each one would describe a different universe
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืชืืจืช ื™ืงื•ื ืื—ืจ
08:48
with different laws of physics.
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ืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
08:50
Now, critics say this makes string theory unscientific.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืชืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืœื ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
08:53
You can't disprove the theory.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื”.
08:55
But others actually turned this on its head
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื–ื”
08:57
and said, well, maybe this apparent failure
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ื•ืืžืจื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื–ื”
08:59
is string theory's greatest triumph.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื.
09:02
What if all of these 10 to the 500 different possible universes
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ืžื” ืื ื›ืœ 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 500 ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
09:05
actually exist out there somewhere
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืื™ืคื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื
09:07
in some grand multiverse?
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ื‘ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ื™ืงื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ?
09:10
Suddenly we can understand
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ืคืชืื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
09:12
the weirdly fine-tuned values of these two dangerous numbers.
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ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
09:15
In most of the multiverse,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ื™ืงื•ื,
09:17
dark energy is so strong that the universe gets torn apart,
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ืงืจืข,
09:20
or the Higgs field is so weak that no atoms can form.
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ืื• ืฉืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืœืฉ ืฉืืฃ ืื˜ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจ.
09:23
We live in one of the places in the multiverse
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ื™ืงื•ื
09:25
where the two numbers are just right.
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ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื.
09:28
We live in a Goldilocks universe.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืขื ืืคืงื˜ "ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื".
09:31
Now, this idea is extremely controversial, and it's easy to see why.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—, ื•ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืžื”.
09:36
If we follow this line of thinking,
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ืื ื ืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืงื• ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•,
09:38
then we will never be able to answer the question,
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ืื– ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”,
09:40
"Why is there something rather than nothing?"
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"ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื?"
09:43
In most of the multiverse, there is nothing,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ื™ืงื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื,
09:45
and we live in one of the few places
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
09:47
where the laws of physics allow there to be something.
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ืฉื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื•.
09:51
Even worse, we can't test the idea of the multiverse.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ื™ืงื•ื.
09:54
We can't access these other universes,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืœื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
09:56
so there's no way of knowing whether they're there or not.
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื”ื ืฉื ืื• ืœื.
10:01
So we're in an extremely frustrating position.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืกื›ืœ.
10:05
That doesn't mean the multiverse doesn't exist.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ื™ืงื•ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ื.
10:07
There are other planets, other stars, other galaxies,
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ื™ืฉ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื’ืœืกื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
10:10
so why not other universes?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
10:12
The problem is, it's unlikely we'll ever know for sure.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ื“ืข ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
10:16
Now, the idea of the multiverse has been around for a while,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”,
10:20
but in the last few years, we've started to get the first solid hints
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
10:23
that this line of reasoning may get born out.
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ืฉืงื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืชืžืžืฉ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
10:27
Despite high hopes for the first run of the LHC,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื” LHC,
10:30
what we were looking for there --
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ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืฉื --
10:32
we were looking for new theories of physics:
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”:
10:34
supersymmetry or large extra dimensions
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ืกื•ืคืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืื• ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
10:36
that could explain this weirdly fine-tuned value of the Higgs field.
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก.
10:40
But despite high hopes, the LHC revealed a barren subatomic wilderness
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื” LHC ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืžืžื” ืชืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช
10:44
populated only by a lonely Higgs boson.
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ืฉืžืื•ื›ืœืกืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
10:48
My experiment published paper after paper
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ ืคื™ืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืืžืจ
10:51
where we glumly had to conclude that we saw no signs of new physics.
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืœืกื›ื ืฉืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
10:56
The stakes now could not be higher.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:59
This summer, the LHC began its second phase of operation
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ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื” LHC ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื•
11:02
with an energy almost double what we achieved in the first run.
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ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื’ื ื• ื‘ื”ืคืขืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
11:05
What particle physicists are all desperately hoping for
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ืžื” ืฉืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื• ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช
11:07
are signs of new particles, micro black holes,
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ื”ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืžื™ืงืจื• ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
11:10
or maybe something totally unexpected
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™
11:12
emerging from the violent collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.
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ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืกืง ื”ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
11:16
If so, then we can continue this long journey
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ืื ื›ืš, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ื–ื”
11:18
that began 100 years ago with Albert Einstein
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ 100 ืฉื ื” ืขื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
11:21
towards an ever deeper understanding of the laws of nature.
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
11:25
But if, in two or three years' time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื, ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
11:27
when the LHC switches off again for a second long shutdown,
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ื›ืฉื” LHC ื™ื›ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืชื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื ื™ื”,
11:31
we've found nothing but the Higgs boson,
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ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื”ื™ื’ืก,
11:33
then we may be entering a new era in physics:
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”:
11:37
an era where there are weird features of the universe that we cannot explain;
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ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ;
11:42
an era where we have hints that we live in a multiverse
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ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืžื–ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ื™ืงื•ื
11:45
that lies frustratingly forever beyond our reach;
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืกื›ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฉื’ืชื ื• ืœืชืžื™ื“;
11:49
an era where we will never be able to answer the question,
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ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”,
11:52
"Why is there something rather than nothing?"
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"ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื?"
11:55
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
11:56
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:03
Bruno Giussani: Harry, even if you just said
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’ื™ื•ืกื™ืื ื™: ื”ืืจื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืžืจืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
12:06
the science may not have some answers,
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ืฉืœืžื“ืข ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
12:08
I would like to ask you a couple of questions, and the first is:
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชืš ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื:
12:11
building something like the LHC is a generational project.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื” LHC ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจื™.
12:14
I just mentioned, introducing you, that we live in a short-term world.
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ืจืง ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™, ื›ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืื•ืชืš, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ.
12:18
How do you think so long term,
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ืื™ืš ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืจื•ืš,
12:21
projecting yourself out a generation when building something like this?
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ืžืงืจื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื›ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”?
12:24
Harry Cliff: I was very lucky
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ื”ืืจื™ ืงืœื™ืฃ: ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ
12:26
that I joined the experiment I work on at the LHC in 2008,
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ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ LHC ื‘ 2008,
12:28
just as we were switching on,
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืฉื”ื“ืœืงื ื• ืื•ืชื•,
12:30
and there are people in my research group who have been working on it
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื•
12:33
for three decades, their entire careers on one machine.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช.
12:36
So I think the first conversations about the LHC were in 1976,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื” LHC ื”ื™ื• ื‘ 1976,
12:39
and you start planning the machine without the technology
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ื•ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
12:42
that you know you're going to need to be able to build it.
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืชื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
12:44
So the computing power did not exist in the early '90s
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ืื– ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90
12:47
when design work began in earnest.
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
12:48
One of the big detectors which record these collisions,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ืœืื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
12:51
they didn't think there was technology
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ื”ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
12:52
that could withstand the radiation that would be created in the LHC,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ืฉืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ LHC,
12:55
so there was basically a lump of lead in the middle of this object
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืฉ ืขื•ืคืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜
12:58
with some detectors around the outside,
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ื’ืœืื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
13:00
but subsequently we have developed technology.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื–ื” ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
13:02
So you have to rely on people's ingenuity, that they will solve the problems,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื™ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
13:05
but it may be a decade or more down the line.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
13:07
BG: China just announced two or three weeks ago
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ื‘.ื’: ืกื™ืŸ ืจืง ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื”
13:09
that they intend to build
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ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
13:11
a supercollider twice the size of the LHC.
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ืžืื™ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื” LHC.
13:14
I was wondering how you and your colleagues welcome the news.
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ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืื™ืš ืืชื ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
13:17
HC: Size isn't everything, Bruno. BG: I'm sure. I'm sure.
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ื”.ืง: ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื ื•. ื‘.ื’: ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
13:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:22
It sounds funny for a particle physicist to say that.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื”.
13:24
But I mean, seriously, it's great news.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืช, ืืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช.
13:26
So building a machine like the LHC
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืžื• ื” LHC
13:29
requires countries from all over the world to pool their resources.
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ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
13:32
No one nation can afford to build a machine this large,
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ืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
13:34
apart from maybe China,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืื•ืœื™ ืžืกื™ืŸ,
13:35
because they can mobilize huge amounts of resources,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ืข ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
13:37
manpower and money to build machines like this.
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ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื•ื›ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
13:39
So it's only a good thing.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
13:41
What they're really planning to do is to build a machine
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”
13:43
that will study the Higgs boson in detail and could give us some clues
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ืฉืชื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืจืžื–ื™ื
13:46
as to whether these new ideas, like supersymmetry, are really out there,
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ืื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืคืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”, ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
13:49
so it's great news for physics, I think.
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ืื– ืืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
13:51
BG: Harry, thank you. HC: Thank you very much.
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ื‘.ื’: ื”ืืจื™ ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš. ื”.ืง: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
13:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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