Catherine Mohr: Surgery's past, present and robotic future

53,799 views ใƒป 2009-06-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shaike Katz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Amit segal
00:18
A talk about surgical robots
0
18330
3000
ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื™ื
00:21
is also a talk about surgery.
1
21330
3000
ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืจืฆืื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
00:24
And while I've tried to make my images not too graphic,
2
24330
4000
ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืžืื“ ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช,
00:28
keep in mind that surgeons have a different relationship with blood
3
28330
3000
ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืฉืœืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ื“ื
00:31
than normal people do,
4
31330
2000
ืžืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื.
00:33
because, after all, what a surgeon does to a patient,
5
33330
4000
ื›ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืžื” ืฉืžื ืชื— ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื—ื•ืœื”,
00:37
if it were done without consent,
6
37330
2000
ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžื”,
00:39
would be a felony.
7
39330
3000
ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
00:42
Surgeons are the tailors, the plumbers,
8
42330
4000
ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืฉืจื‘ืจื‘ื™ื,
00:46
the carpenters -- some would say the butchers --
9
46330
2000
ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืงืฆื‘ื™ื
00:48
of the medical world:
10
48330
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™.
00:50
cutting, reshaping, reforming,
11
50330
3000
ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื, ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืฉื ื™ื,
00:53
bypassing, fixing.
12
53330
3000
ืขื•ืงืคื™ื, ืžืชืงื ื™ื.
00:56
But you need to talk about surgical instruments
13
56330
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื™ื
01:00
and the evolution of surgical technology together.
14
60330
4000
ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืช.
01:04
So in order to give you some kind of a perspective
15
64330
3000
ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ืคืจืคืกืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”
01:07
of where we are right now
16
67330
2000
ืฉืœ ืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
01:09
with surgical robots,
17
69330
2000
ืขื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื™ื,
01:11
and where we're going to be going in the future,
18
71330
2000
ื•ืœืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
01:13
I want to give you a little bit of perspective
19
73330
2000
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”
01:15
of how we got to this point,
20
75330
2000
ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:17
how we even came to believe
21
77330
3000
ืื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
01:20
that surgery was OK,
22
80330
2000
ืฉื ื™ืชื•ื— ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
01:22
that this was something that was possible to do,
23
82330
2000
ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
01:24
that this kind of cutting and reforming was OK.
24
84330
5000
ืฉืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
01:29
So, a little bit of perspective --
25
89330
2000
ืื–, ืงืฆืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” --
01:31
about 10,000 years of perspective.
26
91330
3000
ื‘ืขืจืš 10,000 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”.
01:34
This is a trephinated skull.
27
94330
3000
ืื– ื–ื• ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืงื“ื•ื—ื”.
01:37
And trephination is simply just cutting a hole in the skull.
28
97330
4000
ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช.
01:41
And many, many hundreds of skulls like this
29
101330
2000
ื•ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
01:43
have been found in archaeological sites
30
103330
3000
ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
01:46
all over the world,
31
106330
2000
ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:48
dating back five to 10 thousand years.
32
108330
4000
ืฉืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืœืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ื•ืจื”
01:52
Five to 10 thousand years! Now imagine this.
33
112330
4000
ื‘ื™ืŸ 5,000 ืœ 10,000 ืฉื ื”. ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ื–ื”.
01:56
You are a healer in a Stone Age village.
34
116330
3000
ืืชื ืžืจืคืื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ.
01:59
And you have some guy that you're not quite sure what's wrong with him --
35
119330
3000
ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืื™ืชื•
02:02
Oliver Sacks is going to be born way in the future.
36
122330
3000
ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ืกืืงืก (ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’) ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืจืง ื”ืจื—ืง ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
02:05
He's got some seizure disorder. And you don't understand this.
37
125330
3000
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืชืงืฃ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื•ืืชื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ื–ื”.
02:08
But you think to yourself,
38
128330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื,
02:10
"I'm not quite sure what's wrong with this guy.
39
130330
2000
"ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”
02:12
But maybe if I cut a hole in his head I can fix it."
40
132330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืื ืืขืฉื” ืœื• ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื–ื” ื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื”"
02:15
(Laughter)
41
135330
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:16
Now that is surgical thinking.
42
136330
2000
ื–ื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืช.
02:18
Now we've got the dawn of interventional surgery here.
43
138330
4000
ื›ืืŸ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™.
02:22
What is astonishing about this is,
44
142330
2000
ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ืคื”
02:24
even though we don't know really how much of this
45
144330
4000
ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”
02:28
was intended to be religious,
46
148330
3000
ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช
02:31
or how much of it was intended to be therapeutic,
47
151330
3000
ืื• ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
02:34
what we can tell is that these patients lived!
48
154330
3000
ืžื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
02:37
Judging by the healing on the borders of these holes,
49
157330
2000
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื” ื‘ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:39
they lived days, months, years following trephination.
50
159330
5000
ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื™ืžื™ื, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ื— ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช.
02:44
And so what we are seeing is evidence
51
164330
3000
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืŸ ืจืื™ื•ืช
02:47
of a refined technique
52
167330
2000
ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉืช
02:49
that was being handed down over thousands and thousands of years,
53
169330
3000
ืฉื ืžืกืจื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
02:52
all over the world.
54
172330
2000
ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:54
This arose independently at sites everywhere
55
174330
2000
ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:56
that had no communication to one another.
56
176330
3000
ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
02:59
We really are seeing the dawn of interventional surgery.
57
179330
4000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืฉื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™.
03:03
Now we can fast forward many thousands of years
58
183330
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
03:06
into the Bronze Age and beyond.
59
186330
2000
ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ื”ืœืื”
03:08
And we see new refined tools coming out.
60
188330
3000
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื ื™ื
03:11
But surgeons in these eras are a little bit more conservative
61
191330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืจื ื™ื
03:14
than their bold, trephinating ancestors.
62
194330
3000
ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื, ื”ืงื“ื—ื ื™ื
03:17
These guys confined their surgery
63
197330
2000
ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
03:19
to fairly superficial injuries.
64
199330
2000
ืœืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืช
03:21
And surgeons were tradesmen,
65
201330
2000
ื•ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื
03:23
rather than physicians.
66
203330
3000
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
03:26
This persisted all the way into and through the Renaissance.
67
206330
4000
ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ื’ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืจื ืกื ืก
03:30
That may have saved the writers,
68
210330
2000
ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื
03:32
but it didn't really save the surgeons terribly much.
69
212330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืขื–ืจ ืœืžื ืชื—ื™ื
03:35
They were still a mistrusted lot.
70
215330
3000
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ื”ื
03:38
Surgeons still had a bit of a PR problem,
71
218330
3000
ืœืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื
03:41
because the landscape was dominated
72
221330
2000
ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื˜ื•
03:43
by the itinerant barber surgeon.
73
223330
2000
ื’ืœื‘ื™ื-ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
03:45
These were folks that traveled from village to village, town to town,
74
225330
4000
ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืกืขื• ืžื›ืคืจ ืœื›ืคืจ, ืžืขื™ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ
03:49
doing surgery sort of as a form of performance art.
75
229330
4000
ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืคืข
03:53
Because we were in the age before anesthesia,
76
233330
2000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืจื“ืžื”
03:55
the agony of the patient
77
235330
2000
ื•ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
03:57
is really as much of the public spectacle
78
237330
2000
ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
03:59
as the surgery itself.
79
239330
3000
ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืฆืžื•
04:02
One of the most famous of these guys, Frere Jacques,
80
242330
3000
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืื— ื™ืขืงื‘,
04:05
shown here doing a lithotomy --
81
245330
3000
ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื™ืชื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”,
04:08
which is the removal of the bladder stone,
82
248330
2000
ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื‘ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ/ื›ื™ืก ื”ืžืจื”
04:10
one of the most invasive surgeries they did at the time --
83
250330
2000
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื–,
04:12
had to take less than two minutes.
84
252330
3000
ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช
04:15
You had to have quite a flair for the dramatic,
85
255330
2000
ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืš ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช,
04:17
and be really, really quick.
86
257330
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืžื”ื™ืจ
04:19
And so here you see him doing a lithotomy.
87
259330
3000
ืื– ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœื™ืชื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”
04:22
And he is credited with doing over 4,000 of these public surgeries,
88
262330
4000
ื•ืœืฉืžื• ื ื–ืงืคื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 4,000 ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
04:26
wandering around in Europe,
89
266330
2000
ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
04:28
which is an astonishing number,
90
268330
2000
ืฉื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
04:30
when you think that surgery must have been a last resort.
91
270330
4000
ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
04:34
I mean who would put themselves through that?
92
274330
3000
ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”?
04:37
Until anesthesia, the absence of sensation.
93
277330
6000
ืขื“ ื”ื”ืจื“ืžื”, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
04:43
With the demonstration of the Morton Ether Inhaler
94
283330
3000
ื‘ื”ื“ื’ืžืช ืžืฉืืฃ ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ
04:46
at the Mass. General in 1847,
95
286330
3000
ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ื— ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก ื‘ 1847
04:49
a whole new era of surgery was ushered in.
96
289330
3000
ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
04:52
Anesthesia gave surgeons the freedom to operate.
97
292330
4000
ื”ืจื“ืžื” ื ืชื ื” ืœืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื ืชื—
04:56
Anesthesia gave them the freedom to experiment,
98
296330
2000
ื”ืจื“ืžื” ื ืชื ื” ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื ืกื•ืช
04:58
to start to delve deeper into the body.
99
298330
4000
ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
05:02
This was truly a revolution in surgery.
100
302330
4000
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—
05:06
But there was a pretty big problem with this.
101
306330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื ื–ื”
05:08
After these very long, painstaking operations,
102
308330
3000
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:11
attempting to cure things they'd never been able to touch before,
103
311330
4000
ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืจืคื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ื
05:15
the patients died.
104
315330
4000
ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื•
05:19
They died of massive infection.
105
319330
4000
ื”ื ืžืชื• ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™
05:23
Surgery didn't hurt anymore,
106
323330
2000
ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื›ืื‘,
05:25
but it killed you pretty quickly.
107
325330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ ืื•ืชืš ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ
05:27
And infection would continue to claim a majority of surgical patients
108
327330
5000
ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื ื•ืชื—ื™ื
05:32
until the next big revolution in surgery,
109
332330
3000
ืขื“ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—
05:35
which was aseptic technique.
110
335330
3000
ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื—ืกืจืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื
05:38
Joseph Lister was aepsis's,
111
338330
3000
ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืœื™ืกื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื”
05:41
or sterility's, biggest advocate,
112
341330
3000
ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื™-ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืช
05:44
to a very very skeptical bunch of surgeons.
113
344330
3000
ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืกืงืคื˜ื™ืช
05:47
But eventually they did come around.
114
347330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืขื•
05:49
The Mayo brothers came out to visit Lister in Europe.
115
349330
4000
ื”ืื—ื™ื ืžืื™ื• ื‘ืื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืœื™ืกื˜ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
05:53
And they came back to their American clinic and they said
116
353330
2000
ื•ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžืจืคืื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืืžืจื•
05:55
they had learned it was as important to wash your hands
117
355330
3000
ืฉื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
05:58
before doing surgery
118
358330
2000
ืœืคื ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื—
06:00
as it was to wash up afterwards. (Laughter)
119
360330
3000
ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื—
06:03
Something so simple.
120
363330
2000
ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜
06:05
And yet, operative mortality dropped profoundly.
121
365330
4000
ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ื
06:09
These surgeries were actually now being effective.
122
369330
3000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื
06:12
With the patient insensitive to pain,
123
372330
4000
ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื‘
06:16
and a sterile operating field
124
376330
3000
ื•ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™
06:19
all bets were off, the sky was the limit.
125
379330
4000
ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ.
06:23
You could now start doing surgery everywhere,
126
383330
5000
ื›ืขืช ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ืชื— ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
06:28
on the gut, on the liver,
127
388330
3000
ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื, ื‘ื›ื‘ื“,
06:31
on the heart, on the brain.
128
391330
2000
ื‘ืœื‘, ื‘ืžื•ื—.
06:33
Transplantation: you could take an organ out of one person,
129
393330
2000
ื”ืฉืชืœื”: ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืื“ื ืื—ื“,
06:35
you could put it in another person, and it would work.
130
395330
3000
ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
06:38
Surgeons didn't have a problem with respectability anymore;
131
398330
3000
ืœืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
06:41
they had become gods.
132
401330
3000
ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืืœื™ื.
06:44
The era of the "big surgeon, big incision" had arrived,
133
404330
5000
ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”"ืžื ืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื—ืชืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ื”ื’ื™ืข.
06:49
but at quite a cost,
134
409330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ.
06:52
because they are saving lives,
135
412330
2000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื
06:54
but not necessarily quality of life,
136
414330
4000
ืื‘ืœ ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
06:58
because healthy people don't usually need surgery,
137
418330
3000
ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื
07:01
and unhealthy people have a very hard time recovering from a cut like that.
138
421330
5000
ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื ืžื—ืชืš ื›ื–ื”
07:06
The question had to be asked,
139
426330
2000
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืœ
07:08
"Well, can we do these same surgeries
140
428330
3000
"ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื
07:11
but through little incisions?"
141
431330
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื?"
07:15
Laparoscopy is doing this kind of surgery:
142
435330
3000
ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื–ื”
07:18
surgery with long instruments through small incisions.
143
438330
3000
ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื, ื“ืจืš ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
07:21
And it really changed the landscape of surgery.
144
441330
4000
ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
07:25
Some of the tools for this had been around for a hundred years,
145
445330
4000
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
07:29
but it had only been used as a diagnostic technique
146
449330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื›ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
07:31
until the 1980s,
147
451330
2000
ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื
07:33
when there was changes in camera technologies and things like that,
148
453330
3000
ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
07:36
that allowed this to be done for real operations.
149
456330
5000
ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
07:41
So what you see -- this is now the first surgical image --
150
461330
2000
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื -- ื–ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” --
07:43
as we're coming down the tube, this is a new entry into the body.
151
463330
4000
ื›ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ, ื–ื• ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
07:47
It looks very different from what you're expecting surgery to look like.
152
467330
3000
ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืžืื™ืš ืฉืžืฆืคื™ื ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช
07:50
We bring instruments in,
153
470330
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื”
07:52
from two separate cuts in the side,
154
472330
2000
ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืชื›ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“
07:54
and then you can start manipulating tissue.
155
474330
4000
ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช
07:58
Within 10 years of the first gallbladder surgeries
156
478330
3000
ืชื•ืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื‘ื ื™ ื›ื™ืก ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
08:01
being done laparoscopically,
157
481330
3000
ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ืช
08:04
a majority of gallbladder surgeries
158
484330
2000
ืจื•ื‘ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ื›ื™ืก ื”ืžืจื”
08:06
were being done laparoscopically --
159
486330
3000
ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ืช
08:09
truly a pretty big revolution.
160
489330
5000
ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
08:14
But there were casualties of this revolution.
161
494330
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื–ื•
08:18
These techniques were a lot harder to learn
162
498330
2000
ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“
08:20
than people had anticipated.
163
500330
2000
ืžืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•
08:22
The learning curve was very long.
164
502330
2000
ืขืงื•ืžืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืื“
08:24
And during that learning curve the complications went quite a bit higher.
165
504330
4000
ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืงื•ืžืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื•ืกืคื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื
08:28
Surgeons had to give up their 3D vision.
166
508330
2000
ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื
08:30
They had to give up their wrists.
167
510330
2000
ื”ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคืจืง ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื
08:32
They had to give up intuitive motion in the instruments.
168
512330
5000
ื”ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื
08:37
This surgeon has over 3,000 hours of laparoscopic experience.
169
517330
6000
ืœืžื ืชื— ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืขืœ 3,000 ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™
08:43
Now this is a particularly frustrating placement of the needle.
170
523330
5000
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืกื›ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื˜
08:48
But this is hard.
171
528330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฉื”
08:50
And one of the reasons why it is so hard
172
530330
3000
ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื”
08:53
is because the external ergonomics are terrible.
173
533330
4000
ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืจืื”
08:57
You've got these long instruments, and you're working off your centerline.
174
537330
4000
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ืืชื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
09:01
And the instruments are essentially working backwards.
175
541330
5000
ื•ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืš
09:06
So what you need to do, to take the capability of your hand,
176
546330
3000
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
09:09
and put it on the other side of that small incision,
177
549330
3000
ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืฆื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืชืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
09:12
is you need to put a wrist on that instrument.
178
552330
5000
ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”
09:17
And so -- I get to talk about robots --
179
557330
2000
ื•ื›ืš -- ืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื --
09:19
the da Vinci robot
180
559330
2000
ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™
09:21
put just that wrist on the other side of that incision.
181
561330
4000
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืคืจืง ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ืžืฆื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืชืš
09:25
And so here you're seeing the operation of this wrist.
182
565330
3000
ื•ืคื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืคืจืง
09:28
And now, in contrast to the laparoscopy,
183
568330
3000
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื”,
09:31
you can precisely place the needle in your instruments,
184
571330
3000
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช
09:34
and you can pass it all the way through
185
574330
3000
ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจืš
09:37
and follow it in a trajectory.
186
577330
2000
ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื”
09:39
And the reason why this becomes so much easier
187
579330
2000
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:41
is -- you can see on the bottom --
188
581330
3000
ื”ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ
09:44
the hands are making the motions,
189
584330
3000
ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช
09:47
and the instruments are following those motions exactly.
190
587330
4000
ื•ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
09:51
Now, what you put between those instruments and those hands,
191
591330
4000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:55
is a large, fairly complicated robot.
192
595330
2000
ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš
09:57
The surgeon is sitting at a console,
193
597330
2000
ื”ืžื ืชื— ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ
09:59
and controlling the robot with these controllers.
194
599330
4000
ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืขื ื”ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
10:03
And the robot is moving these instruments around,
195
603330
3000
ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื
10:06
and powering them, down inside the body.
196
606330
3000
ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื, ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
10:09
You have a 3D camera, so you get a 3D view.
197
609330
3000
ื™ืฉ ืžืฆืœืžื” ืชืœืช ืžืžื“ื™ืช, ืื– ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืชืœืช ืžืžื“ื™ืช
10:12
And since this was introduced in 1999,
198
612330
4000
ื•ืžืื– ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ 1999
10:16
a lot of these robots have been out
199
616330
2000
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคืฆื•
10:18
and being used for surgical procedures like a prostatectomy,
200
618330
4000
ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช
10:22
which is a prostate deep in the pelvis,
201
622330
3000
ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื” ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื
10:25
and it requires fine dissection
202
625330
2000
ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
10:27
and delicate manipulation
203
627330
2000
ื•ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื“ื™ื ื”
10:29
to be able to get a good surgical outcome.
204
629330
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
10:32
You can also sew bypass vessels directly onto a beating heart
205
632330
5000
ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืžืขืงืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืœื‘ ืคื•ืขื
10:37
without cracking the chest.
206
637330
3000
ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื”
10:40
This is all done in between the ribs.
207
640330
2000
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช
10:42
And you can go inside the heart itself
208
642330
3000
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืœื‘ ืขืฆืžื•
10:45
and repair the valves from the inside.
209
645330
4000
ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืชืžื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื
10:49
You've got these technologies -- thank you --
210
649330
3000
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” -- (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื) --
10:52
(Applause)
211
652330
3000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
10:55
And so you might say, "Wow this is really cool!
212
655330
2000
ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ "ื•ื•ืื•, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘!
10:57
So, smartypants, why isn't all surgery being done this way?"
213
657330
3000
ืื– ืœืžื”, ืื ืืชื ื›ืืœื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื›ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื?"
11:00
And there are some reasons, some good reasons.
214
660330
3000
ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
11:03
And cost is one of them.
215
663330
2000
ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืช
11:05
I talked about the large, complicated robot.
216
665330
2000
ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
11:07
With all its bells and whistles, one of those robots
217
667330
3000
ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืฆืœืฆื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”
11:10
will cost you about as much as a solid gold surgeon.
218
670330
3000
ื™ืขืœื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ืžื ืชื— ืžื–ื”ื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ
11:13
More useful than a solid gold surgeon,
219
673330
2000
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืžืžื ืชื— ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื–ื”ื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ,
11:15
but, still, it's a fairly big capital investment.
220
675330
4000
ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช
11:19
But once you've got it, your procedure costs do come down.
221
679330
6000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื–ื”, ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช
11:25
But there are other barriers.
222
685330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
11:27
So something like a prostatectomy --
223
687330
3000
ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืจืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช
11:30
the prostate is small, and it's in one spot,
224
690330
2000
ื”ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“
11:32
and you can set your robot up very precisely
225
692330
3000
ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจื‘
11:35
to work in that one spot.
226
695330
2000
ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื”
11:37
And so it's perfect for something like that.
227
697330
2000
ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
11:39
And in fact if you, or anyone you know,
228
699330
2000
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ืœื›ื ืื• ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
11:41
had their prostate taken out in the last couple of years,
229
701330
2000
ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
11:43
chances are it was done with one of these systems.
230
703330
4000
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
11:47
But if you need to reach more places than just one,
231
707330
4000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“
11:51
you need to move the robot.
232
711330
2000
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜
11:53
And you need to put some new incisions in there.
233
713330
2000
ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืชื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
11:55
And you need to re-set it up.
234
715330
3000
ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ
11:58
And then you need to add some more ports, and more.
235
718330
4000
ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“.
12:02
And the problem is it gets time-consuming, and cumbersome.
236
722330
3000
ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื’ื–ื•ืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœ
12:05
And for that reason there are many surgeries
237
725330
2000
ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื
12:07
that just aren't being done with the da Vinci.
238
727330
4000
ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™
12:11
So we had to ask the question, "Well how do we fix that?"
239
731330
5000
ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• "ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?"
12:16
What if we could change it so that we didn't have to re-set up
240
736330
4000
ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
12:20
each time we wanted to move somewhere different?
241
740330
2000
ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ?
12:22
What if we could bring all the instruments
242
742330
2000
ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื
12:24
in together in one place?
243
744330
2000
ืคื ื™ืžื” ื™ื—ื“ ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื?
12:26
How would that change the capabilities of the surgeon?
244
746330
4000
ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื ืชื—?
12:30
And how would that change the experience for the patient?
245
750330
4000
ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”?
12:34
Now, to do that,
246
754330
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
12:36
we need to be able to bring a camera
247
756330
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืฆืœืžื”
12:39
and instruments in together through one small tube,
248
759330
4000
ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื“ืจืš ื—ืชืš ืื—ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ
12:43
like that tube you saw in the laparoscopy video.
249
763330
3000
ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื”
12:46
Or, not so coincidentally, like a tube like this.
250
766330
6000
ืื•, ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
12:52
So what's going to come out of that tube
251
772330
2000
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
12:54
is the debut of this new technology,
252
774330
3000
ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•
12:57
this new robot that is going to be able to reach anywhere.
253
777330
5000
ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
13:02
Ready? So here it comes.
254
782330
4000
ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื? ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื
13:06
This is the camera, and three instruments.
255
786330
3000
ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื
13:09
And as you see it come out,
256
789330
2000
ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
13:11
in order to actually be able to do anything useful,
257
791330
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืขื™ืœ
13:13
it can't all stay clustered up like this.
258
793330
3000
ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ื›ื”
13:16
It has to be able to come off of the centerline
259
796330
3000
ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื–ื•ื– ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
13:19
and then be able to work back toward that centerline.
260
799330
4000
ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
13:23
He's a cheeky little devil.
261
803330
3000
ื”ื•ื ืžืžื–ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ
13:26
But what this lets you do
262
806330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:28
is gives you that all-important traction,
263
808330
2000
ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืื—ื•ื–
13:30
and counter-traction,
264
810330
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืช ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื”
13:32
so that you can dissect, so that you can sew,
265
812330
2000
ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืชื•ืš, ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืคื•ืจ
13:34
so that you can do all the things that you need to do,
266
814330
2000
ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:36
all the surgical tasks.
267
816330
2000
ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื•ืช
13:38
But it's all coming in through one incision.
268
818330
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื ื›ื ืก ื“ืจืš ื—ืชืš ืื—ื“
13:42
It's not so simple.
269
822330
3000
ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜
13:45
But it's worth it for the freedom that this gives us
270
825330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื•
13:48
as we're going around.
271
828330
2000
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื
13:50
For the patient, however,
272
830330
4000
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
13:54
it's transparent. This is all they're going to see.
273
834330
6000
ื–ื” ืฉืงื•ืฃ. ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืจืื•.
14:00
It's very exciting to think where we get to go with this.
274
840330
4000
ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ื–ื”
14:04
We get to write the script of the next revolution in surgery.
275
844330
5000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—
14:09
As we take these capabilities, and we get to go to the next places,
276
849330
4000
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื
14:13
we get to decide what our new surgeries are going to be.
277
853330
4000
ืื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
14:17
And I think to really get the rest of the way
278
857330
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจืš
14:19
in that revolution,
279
859330
2000
ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื–ื•
14:21
we need to not just take our hands in in new ways,
280
861330
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
14:24
we also need to take our eyes in in new ways.
281
864330
4000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
14:28
We need to see beyond the surface.
282
868330
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
14:30
We need to be able to guide what we're cutting
283
870330
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื
14:33
in a much better way.
284
873330
5000
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:38
This is a cancer surgery.
285
878330
2000
ื–ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกืจื˜ืŸ
14:40
One of the problems with this,
286
880330
2000
ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื
14:42
even for surgeons who've been looking at this a lot,
287
882330
2000
ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืฉืจืื• ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื
14:44
is you can't see the cancer,
288
884330
3000
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ
14:47
especially when it's hidden below the surface.
289
887330
3000
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
14:50
And so what we're starting to do
290
890330
2000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
14:52
is we're starting to inject specially designed markers
291
892330
4000
ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืง ืกืžื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
14:56
into the bloodstream that will target the cancer.
292
896330
3000
ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื, ืฉื™ืกืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ
14:59
It will go, bind to the cancer.
293
899330
3000
ื–ื” ื™ื–ืจื•ื, ื™ื™ืงืฉืจ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ
15:02
And we can make those markers glow.
294
902330
3000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืจ
15:05
And we can take special cameras,
295
905330
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช
15:07
and we can look at it.
296
907330
3000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
15:10
Now we know where we need to cut,
297
910330
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืชื•ืš
15:12
even when it's below the surface.
298
912330
3000
ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
15:15
We can take these markers and we can inject them in a tumor site.
299
915330
4000
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
15:19
And we can follow where they flow out from that tumor site,
300
919330
4000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืœืืŸ ื”ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
15:23
so we can see the first places where that cancer might travel.
301
923330
6000
ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
15:29
We can inject these dyes into the bloodstream,
302
929330
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื
15:32
so that when we do a new vessel
303
932330
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื—ื“ืฉ
15:35
and we bypass a blockage on the heart,
304
935330
2000
ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืงืฃ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื—ืกื™ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘
15:37
we can see if we actually made the connection,
305
937330
3000
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
15:40
before we close that patient back up again --
306
940330
3000
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
15:43
something that we haven't been able to do
307
943330
2000
ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
15:45
without radiation before.
308
945330
3000
ืœืœื ืงืจื™ื ื”, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
15:48
We can light up tumors
309
948330
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื
15:51
like this kidney tumor,
310
951330
2000
ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืช
15:53
so that you can exactly see where the boundary is
311
953330
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ
15:56
between the kidney tumor and the kidney you want to leave behind,
312
956330
4000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ
16:00
or the liver tumor and the liver you want to leave behind.
313
960330
4000
ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ
16:04
And we don't even need to confine ourselves
314
964330
3000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
16:07
to this macro vision.
315
967330
3000
ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•
16:10
We have flexible microscopic probes
316
970330
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื
16:12
that we can bring down into the body.
317
972330
3000
ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
16:15
And we can look at cells directly.
318
975330
3000
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืชืื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
16:18
I'm looking at nerves here. So these are nerves you see, down on the bottom,
319
978330
3000
ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื›ืืŸ. ืืœื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ
16:21
and the microscope probe that's being held by the robotic hand, up at the top.
320
981330
4000
ื•ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื—ื–ืง ืข"ื™ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
16:25
So this is all very prototypey at this point.
321
985330
3000
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”
16:28
But you care about nerves, if you are a surgical patient.
322
988330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื›ืคืช ืœื›ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื—
16:31
Because they let you keep continence,
323
991330
3000
ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืืคืง
16:34
bladder control, and sexual function after surgery,
324
994330
4000
ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
16:38
all of which is generally fairly important to the patient.
325
998330
6000
ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
16:44
So, with the combination of these technologies
326
1004330
4000
ืื– ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
16:48
we can reach it all, and we can see it all.
327
1008330
4000
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœ
16:52
We can heal the disease.
328
1012330
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
16:55
And we can leave the patient whole and intact
329
1015330
4000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื
16:59
and functional afterwards.
330
1019330
4000
ื•ืžืชืคืงื“, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ.
17:03
Now, I've talked about the patient
331
1023330
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
17:05
as if the patient is, somehow, someone abstract
332
1025330
3000
ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืคืฉื˜
17:08
outside this room.
333
1028330
2000
ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”
17:10
And that is not the case.
334
1030330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืฆื‘
17:13
Many of you, all of you maybe,
335
1033330
3000
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื•ืœื›ื,
17:16
will at some point, or have already, faced a diagnosis of cancer,
336
1036330
3000
ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืชืขืžื“ื•, ืื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ืชื, ืžื•ืœ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
17:19
or heart disease, or some organ dysfunction
337
1039330
3000
ืื• ืžื—ืœืช ืœื‘, ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
17:22
that's going to buy you a date with a surgeon.
338
1042330
3000
ืฉื™ืืจื’ืŸ ืœื›ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ืžื ืชื—
17:25
And when you get to that point --
339
1045330
4000
ื•ื›ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• --
17:29
I mean, these maladies don't care
340
1049330
3000
ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืื›ืคืช
17:32
how many books you've written,
341
1052330
3000
ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืชื‘ืชื,
17:35
how many companies you've started,
342
1055330
2000
ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืžืชื,
17:37
that Nobel Prize you have yet to win,
343
1057330
2000
ืคืจืก ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื–ื›ื™ืชื ื‘ื•,
17:39
how much time you planned to spend with your children.
344
1059330
4000
ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืชื›ื ื ืชื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
17:43
These maladies come for us all.
345
1063330
3000
ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื•
17:46
And the prospect I'm offering you, of an easier surgery ...
346
1066330
2000
ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื›ื, ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ --
17:48
is that going to make that diagnosis any less terrifying?
347
1068330
5000
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื”?
17:53
I'm not sure I really even want it to.
348
1073330
4000
ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื–ื”
17:57
Because facing your own mortality
349
1077330
3000
ื›ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœื ื•
18:00
causes a re-evaluation of priorities,
350
1080330
3000
ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช
18:03
and a realignment of what your goals are in life, unlike anything else.
351
1083330
5000
ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื”
18:08
And I would never want to deprive you of that epiphany.
352
1088330
5000
ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื’ื–ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื›ื
18:13
What I want instead,
353
1093330
3000
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”
18:16
is for you to be whole, intact,
354
1096330
5000
ื”ื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ืœืœื ืคื’ืข
18:21
and functional enough to go out and save the world,
355
1101330
5000
ื•ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
18:26
after you've decided you need to do it.
356
1106330
3000
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
18:29
And that is my vision for your future.
357
1109330
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื
18:32
Thank you.
358
1112330
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
18:34
(Applause)
359
1114330
15000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7