Catherine Mohr: Surgery's past, present and robotic future

53,864 views ใƒป 2009-06-18

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Joongoo Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Dong Inn Na
00:18
A talk about surgical robots
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์šฉ ๋กœ๋ด‡์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
00:21
is also a talk about surgery.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:24
And while I've tried to make my images not too graphic,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ธด ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
00:28
keep in mind that surgeons have a different relationship with blood
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ”ผ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ
00:31
than normal people do,
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๊ด€์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
because, after all, what a surgeon does to a patient,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ์™œ ํ•˜๋ƒ๋ฉด, ์ผ๋‹จ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
00:37
if it were done without consent,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™˜์ž ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์ผ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
00:39
would be a felony.
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์ค‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. (๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„์œ„์— ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ )
00:42
Surgeons are the tailors, the plumbers,
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋“ค์€ ์žฌ๋‹จ์‚ฌ๊ณ , ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๊ณต์ด๊ณ 
00:46
the carpenters -- some would say the butchers --
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๋ชฉ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š”
00:48
of the medical world:
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ํ‘ธ์ค๊ฐ„ ์ฃผ์ธ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:50
cutting, reshaping, reforming,
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์ž๋ฅด๊ณ , ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
00:53
bypassing, fixing.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธธ์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
But you need to talk about surgical instruments
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™ธ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
01:00
and the evolution of surgical technology together.
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๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋–ผ์–ด๋†“๊ณ  ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
So in order to give you some kind of a perspective
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
01:07
of where we are right now
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์–ด๋Š ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์™€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
01:09
with surgical robots,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
01:11
and where we're going to be going in the future,
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „๋ง์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:13
I want to give you a little bit of perspective
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€
01:15
of how we got to this point,
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์ข€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
how we even came to believe
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ,
01:20
that surgery was OK,
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์ฆ‰, '์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์„๊ฑฐ์•ผ' ๋ผ๊ณ ,
01:22
that this was something that was possible to do,
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์ž˜๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ™์—ฌ๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ 
01:24
that this kind of cutting and reforming was OK.
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๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”.
01:29
So, a little bit of perspective --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์•ฝ ๋งŒ์—ฌ๋…„ ์ „์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์„
01:31
about 10,000 years of perspective.
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์ข€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
01:34
This is a trephinated skull.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒœ๊ณต์ˆ ์ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง„ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
And trephination is simply just cutting a hole in the skull.
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์ฒœ๊ณต์ˆ ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
01:41
And many, many hundreds of skulls like this
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์ด
01:43
have been found in archaeological sites
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์•ฝ 5์ฒœ~1๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„
01:46
all over the world,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์œ ์ ์ง€์—์„œ
01:48
dating back five to 10 thousand years.
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๋ฐœ๊ตด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
Five to 10 thousand years! Now imagine this.
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5์ฒœ~1๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ์ž, ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:56
You are a healer in a Stone Age village.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•œ ๋งˆ์„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:59
And you have some guy that you're not quite sure what's wrong with him --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์–ด๋””๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”ˆ๊ฑด์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ฒญ๋…„๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
Oliver Sacks is going to be born way in the future.
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์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ ์ƒ‰์Šค๋Š” ์•„์ง ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ . (์—ญ์ž์ฃผ:์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ ์ƒ‰์Šค๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ณผํ•™์„œ์˜ ์ €์ž๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋‡Œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์ž„).
02:05
He's got some seizure disorder. And you don't understand this.
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๊ทธ ์ฒญ๋…„์€ ๋ฐœ์ž‘์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
But you think to yourself,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹  ํ˜ผ์ž ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
02:10
"I'm not quite sure what's wrong with this guy.
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"์ด ์ฒญ๋…„์ด ์™œ ์•„ํ”ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ตฐ.
02:12
But maybe if I cut a hole in his head I can fix it."
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋šซ์œผ๋ฉด ๋‚˜์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ."
02:15
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:16
Now that is surgical thinking.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์™ธ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
Now we've got the dawn of interventional surgery here.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ค‘์žฌ์ˆ˜์ˆ (๋ฌธ์ œ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•)์˜ ์—ฌ๋ช…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
What is astonishing about this is,
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์€
02:24
even though we don't know really how much of this
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ข…๊ต์ ์ธ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
02:28
was intended to be religious,
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋Š”
02:31
or how much of it was intended to be therapeutic,
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:34
what we can tell is that these patients lived!
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๊ทธ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด (์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„์—๋„) ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
02:37
Judging by the healing on the borders of these holes,
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด
02:39
they lived days, months, years following trephination.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฒœ๊ณต์ˆ  ํ›„์— ์ˆ˜์ผ, ์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์›”, ์ˆ˜๋…„์„ ๋” ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
And so what we are seeing is evidence
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
02:47
of a refined technique
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฆ๋ช…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
02:49
that was being handed down over thousands and thousands of years,
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ
02:52
all over the world.
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์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ๋…„์ด ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์ „์Šน๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
This arose independently at sites everywhere
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋“ ,
02:56
that had no communication to one another.
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์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„์— ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋„ ์—†์ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
We really are seeing the dawn of interventional surgery.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ค‘์žฌ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ช…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
Now we can fast forward many thousands of years
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์ด์ œ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„์„ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๊ธฐํ•ด์„œ
03:06
into the Bronze Age and beyond.
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์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ฃ .
03:08
And we see new refined tools coming out.
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
But surgeons in these eras are a little bit more conservative
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒœ๊ณต์ˆ ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋˜ ์„ ๋ฐฐ๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค
03:14
than their bold, trephinating ancestors.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
These guys confined their surgery
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ™•์‹ค์ด ์–•์€ ์ƒ์ฒ˜์—๋งŒ
03:19
to fairly superficial injuries.
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์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
And surgeons were tradesmen,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋“ค์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
03:23
rather than physicians.
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์ƒ์ธ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
This persisted all the way into and through the Renaissance.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค์— ๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ๋„ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์ฃ .
03:30
That may have saved the writers,
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๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์„์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
03:32
but it didn't really save the surgeons terribly much.
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์•„์ฃผ ํž˜๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์ง„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:35
They were still a mistrusted lot.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
Surgeons still had a bit of a PR problem,
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์ปธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
because the landscape was dominated
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฐœ์„ ๊ฒธ์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋“ค์ด
03:43
by the itinerant barber surgeon.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:45
These were folks that traveled from village to village, town to town,
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๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ๋งˆ์„๋กœ, ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด๋ฐœ ๊ฒธ์—… ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋“ค์€
03:49
doing surgery sort of as a form of performance art.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ง‘๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
Because we were in the age before anesthesia,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋งˆ์ทจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋˜์ง€๋ผ
03:55
the agony of the patient
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๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
03:57
is really as much of the public spectacle
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์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜
03:59
as the surgery itself.
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์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜€์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:02
One of the most famous of these guys, Frere Jacques,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ํŽ˜๋ ˆ ์Ÿˆ๋„๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
04:05
shown here doing a lithotomy --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹น์‹œ๋กœ์„œ๋Š”
04:08
which is the removal of the bladder stone,
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์ œ์ผ ๊ณผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ
04:10
one of the most invasive surgeries they did at the time --
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๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘๊ฒฐ์„์ œ๊ฑฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:12
had to take less than two minutes.
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2๋ถ„๋„ ์ฑ„ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
You had to have quite a flair for the dramatic,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ‹ฑํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
04:17
and be really, really quick.
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๋ฒˆ์ฉ์ด๋Š” ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ง๋กœ, ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋นจ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
And so here you see him doing a lithotomy.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘๊ฒฐ์„์ œ๊ฑฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:22
And he is credited with doing over 4,000 of these public surgeries,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ 4,000๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ
04:26
wandering around in Europe,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์•ž์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
which is an astonishing number,
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ์ตœํ›„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ์„œ๋Š”
04:30
when you think that surgery must have been a last resort.
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์ •๋ง ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ž„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ˆซ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
I mean who would put themselves through that?
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ๋œป ๋‚˜์„ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
04:37
Until anesthesia, the absence of sensation.
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๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์น˜๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์˜€๋˜ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ชจํ†ค์ด
04:43
With the demonstration of the Morton Ether Inhaler
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1847๋…„์— ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ ์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ
04:46
at the Mass. General in 1847,
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์—ํ…Œ๋ฅด ํก์ž…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ž ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ๋˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋๋‚˜๊ณ 
04:49
a whole new era of surgery was ushered in.
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์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์ƒˆ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
Anesthesia gave surgeons the freedom to operate.
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๋งˆ์ทจ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
Anesthesia gave them the freedom to experiment,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‹คํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์ค˜์„œ
04:58
to start to delve deeper into the body.
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์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ฒด๋‚ด ๊นŠ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ณณ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
This was truly a revolution in surgery.
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์ด๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์™ธ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:06
But there was a pretty big problem with this.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
After these very long, painstaking operations,
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๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„์ฃผ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ,
05:11
attempting to cure things they'd never been able to touch before,
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์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋‹คํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:15
the patients died.
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ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ฃฝ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
They died of massive infection.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋…ํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
Surgery didn't hurt anymore,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์•„ํ”„์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์€๋ฐ
05:25
but it killed you pretty quickly.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ฃฝ์—ฌ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ฃ .
05:27
And infection would continue to claim a majority of surgical patients
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๋งˆ์ทจ ์ดํ›„ ๋˜ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€
05:32
until the next big revolution in surgery,
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๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ฃฝ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
which was aseptic technique.
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์ด์–ด์ง„ ํ˜๋ช…์€ ๋ฌด๊ท  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
Joseph Lister was aepsis's,
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์ฃ ์…‰ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ท ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜
05:41
or sterility's, biggest advocate,
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๋ฉธ๊ท ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:44
to a very very skeptical bunch of surgeons.
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋“ค์€ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
But eventually they did come around.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฌด๊ท ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:49
The Mayo brothers came out to visit Lister in Europe.
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๊ทธ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋งˆ์š”ํ˜•์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(์ฃผ:๋งˆ์š”ํ˜•์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๋งˆ์š”ํด๋ฆฌ๋‹‰์˜ ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ž์ž„)
05:53
And they came back to their American clinic and they said
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
05:55
they had learned it was as important to wash your hands
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์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„์— ์†์„ ์”ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „์— ์†์„ ์”ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:58
before doing surgery
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์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ 
06:00
as it was to wash up afterwards. (Laughter)
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
Something so simple.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:05
And yet, operative mortality dropped profoundly.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
These surgeries were actually now being effective.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
With the patient insensitive to pain,
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ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ค‘ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
06:16
and a sterile operating field
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ๋ฌด๊ท ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ
06:19
all bets were off, the sky was the limit.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด ์šด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์—†์–ด ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
You could now start doing surgery everywhere,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
on the gut, on the liver,
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์ฐฝ์ž, ๊ฐ„,
06:31
on the heart, on the brain.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ, ๋‡Œ
06:33
Transplantation: you could take an organ out of one person,
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์ด์‹๋„ ๋˜์ฃ . ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ด
06:35
you could put it in another person, and it would work.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด์‹๋œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
Surgeons didn't have a problem with respectability anymore;
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋“ค์€ ๋”์ด์ƒ ์‹ ์šฉ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
they had become gods.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:44
The era of the "big surgeon, big incision" had arrived,
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"ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ฐฝ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:49
but at quite a cost,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
because they are saving lives,
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:54
but not necessarily quality of life,
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์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
because healthy people don't usually need surgery,
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:01
and unhealthy people have a very hard time recovering from a cut like that.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์งผ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„์ฃผ ํž˜๋“  ํšŒ๋ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
The question had to be asked,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:08
"Well, can we do these same surgeries
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"์Œ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ์งธ๊ณ ๋„
07:11
but through little incisions?"
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์„๊นŒ?"
07:15
Laparoscopy is doing this kind of surgery:
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๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
surgery with long instruments through small incisions.
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๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:21
And it really changed the landscape of surgery.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
Some of the tools for this had been around for a hundred years,
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๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฑ์—ฌ๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
but it had only been used as a diagnostic technique
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ
07:31
until the 1980s,
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
when there was changes in camera technologies and things like that,
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1980๋…„๋Œ€, ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์™€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ
07:36
that allowed this to be done for real operations.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด ์‹ค์ œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:41
So what you see -- this is now the first surgical image --
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋™์˜์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”
07:43
as we're coming down the tube, this is a new entry into the body.
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ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
It looks very different from what you're expecting surgery to look like.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒ ์ง€ ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
We bring instruments in,
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์˜†์— ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
07:52
from two separate cuts in the side,
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ๊ณ ,
07:54
and then you can start manipulating tissue.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
Within 10 years of the first gallbladder surgeries
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์“ธ๊ฐœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ์ง€
08:01
being done laparoscopically,
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10๋…„๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜์–ด์„œ
08:04
a majority of gallbladder surgeries
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์“ธ๊ฐœ(๋‹ด๋‚ญ) ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€
08:06
were being done laparoscopically --
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๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
truly a pretty big revolution.
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์ •๋ง ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํ˜๋ช…์ด์ฃ .
08:14
But there were casualties of this revolution.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
These techniques were a lot harder to learn
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
08:20
than people had anticipated.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ตํžˆ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
The learning curve was very long.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์Šต๋“์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์ฃ .
08:24
And during that learning curve the complications went quite a bit higher.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ตํžˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
Surgeons had to give up their 3D vision.
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ (์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ)์ž…์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
They had to give up their wrists.
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์†๋ชฉ๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .(์ฃผ:์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š”๋ฐ ์†๋ชฉ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์•„ํ”„๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป)
08:32
They had to give up intuitive motion in the instruments.
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๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ง๊ด€์ ์ธ ์›€์ง์ž„๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
08:37
This surgeon has over 3,000 hours of laparoscopic experience.
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์ด ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ 3,000์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
Now this is a particularly frustrating placement of the needle.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋Š˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์žก์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ค๋ง์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
But this is hard.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
And one of the reasons why it is so hard
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํž˜๋“ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
08:53
is because the external ergonomics are terrible.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋„๊ตฌ์— ์ธ์ฒด๊ณตํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์•„์˜ˆ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
08:57
You've got these long instruments, and you're working off your centerline.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธด ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์‹ ์ฒด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
And the instruments are essentially working backwards.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋‹ค ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
So what you need to do, to take the capability of your hand,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์†์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ
09:09
and put it on the other side of that small incision,
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์กฐ๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ๊ฑด๋„ˆํŽธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•  ์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
09:12
is you need to put a wrist on that instrument.
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๋„๊ตฌ์ž์ฒด์— ์†๋ชฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ผ์šธ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:17
And so -- I get to talk about robots --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ -- ์ด์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋กœ๋ด‡์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ --
09:19
the da Vinci robot
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๋‹ค ๋นˆ์น˜ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”
09:21
put just that wrist on the other side of that incision.
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์† ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ๊ด€์ ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ˆ๊ฐœํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ์ €์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
And so here you're seeing the operation of this wrist.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ ๋™์ž‘์ด ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
09:28
And now, in contrast to the laparoscopy,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ „์— ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ
09:31
you can precisely place the needle in your instruments,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์„ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:34
and you can pass it all the way through
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์–ด๋Š ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:37
and follow it in a trajectory.
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๋ฐ”๋Š˜์„ ์ข‡์•„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ถค์ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
And the reason why this becomes so much easier
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋ƒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
09:41
is -- you can see on the bottom --
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์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
09:44
the hands are making the motions,
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์†์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด
09:47
and the instruments are following those motions exactly.
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๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
Now, what you put between those instruments and those hands,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์† ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋†“์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
09:55
is a large, fairly complicated robot.
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ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ฝค ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
The surgeon is sitting at a console,
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ ์•ž์— ์•‰์•„์„œ
09:59
and controlling the robot with these controllers.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์ข…๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
And the robot is moving these instruments around,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ €๋ฆฌ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
10:06
and powering them, down inside the body.
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๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
You have a 3D camera, so you get a 3D view.
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3D ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
10:12
And since this was introduced in 1999,
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1999๋…„์— ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ ๋’ค๋กœ
10:16
a lot of these robots have been out
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์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์ ˆ์ œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์™ธ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์—
10:18
and being used for surgical procedures like a prostatectomy,
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
which is a prostate deep in the pelvis,
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์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์ด ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜ ๊นŠ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:25
and it requires fine dissection
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์ด๊ฑธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ
10:27
and delicate manipulation
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์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
10:29
to be able to get a good surgical outcome.
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๋งค์šฐ ์„ฌ์„ธํ•œ ์กฐ์ž‘์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
10:32
You can also sew bypass vessels directly onto a beating heart
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๊ฐ€์Šด์„ ์—ด์–ด ์ œ๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ๋›ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜
10:37
without cracking the chest.
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์šฐํšŒ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
This is all done in between the ribs.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋ค„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
And you can go inside the heart itself
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
10:45
and repair the valves from the inside.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ํŒ๋ง‰์„ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ฃ .
10:49
You've got these technologies -- thank you --
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
10:52
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
10:55
And so you might say, "Wow this is really cool!
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ "์™€, ์ด๊ฑฐ ์ง„์งœ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š”๋ฐ! ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:57
So, smartypants, why isn't all surgery being done this way?"
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์™œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ง€?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
And there are some reasons, some good reasons.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ด์œ ์ฃ .
11:03
And cost is one of them.
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ตฌ์š”.
11:05
I talked about the large, complicated robot.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”?
11:07
With all its bells and whistles, one of those robots
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋กœ๋ด‡์€
11:10
will cost you about as much as a solid gold surgeon.
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์ˆœ ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•๋งŒํผ ๋น„์Œ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
More useful than a solid gold surgeon,
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๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ณด๋‹ค์•ผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์“ธ๋งŒํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
11:15
but, still, it's a fairly big capital investment.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฐ ์žฌ์ •์  ํˆฌ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
But once you've got it, your procedure costs do come down.
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์ผ๋‹จ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋‹จ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
11:25
But there are other barriers.
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๊ทธ๋ฐ–์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅํ•ด๋ฌผ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
So something like a prostatectomy --
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์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฉด,
11:30
the prostate is small, and it's in one spot,
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์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
and you can set your robot up very precisely
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—
11:35
to work in that one spot.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์šฉ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ธํŒ…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:37
And so it's perfect for something like that.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์ฃ .
11:39
And in fact if you, or anyone you know,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
11:41
had their prostate taken out in the last couple of years,
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์š” ๋ช‡๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:43
chances are it was done with one of these systems.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
But if you need to reach more places than just one,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:51
you need to move the robot.
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๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
And you need to put some new incisions in there.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ˆ๊ฐœ์ฐฝ๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:55
And you need to re-set it up.
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์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ค์ •ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜์ฃ .
11:58
And then you need to add some more ports, and more.
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๋˜, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋” ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋„ ๋” ๋šซ๊ณ ์š”.
12:02
And the problem is it gets time-consuming, and cumbersome.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ๋‹ค ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
And for that reason there are many surgeries
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์™ธ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„
12:07
that just aren't being done with the da Vinci.
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๋‹ค ๋นˆ์น˜ ๋กœ๋ด‡์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
12:11
So we had to ask the question, "Well how do we fix that?"
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋‚ซ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„๊นŒ?"
12:16
What if we could change it so that we didn't have to re-set up
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์งˆ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
12:20
each time we wanted to move somewhere different?
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๋งค๋ฒˆ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด?
12:22
What if we could bring all the instruments
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„
12:24
in together in one place?
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ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
12:26
How would that change the capabilities of the surgeon?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
12:30
And how would that change the experience for the patient?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
12:34
Now, to do that,
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
12:36
we need to be able to bring a camera
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์ด์ „์— ๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์…จ๋˜ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
12:39
and instruments in together through one small tube,
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์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์™€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์—
12:43
like that tube you saw in the laparoscopy video.
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๋ชจ์•„์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
Or, not so coincidentally, like a tube like this.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ๊ผญ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:52
So what's going to come out of that tube
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
12:54
is the debut of this new technology,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
this new robot that is going to be able to reach anywhere.
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋กœ๋ด‡์€ ์‹ ์ฒด ์–ด๋””๋ผ๋„ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
Ready? So here it comes.
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์ค€๋น„ ๋˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”? ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
13:06
This is the camera, and three instruments.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 3๊ฐœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
And as you see it come out,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ
13:11
in order to actually be able to do anything useful,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
it can't all stay clustered up like this.
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ๋ญ‰์ณ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
13:16
It has to be able to come off of the centerline
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์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜์™€
13:19
and then be able to work back toward that centerline.
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์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋’ท์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋™์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
He's a cheeky little devil.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋งน๋ž‘ํ•œ ๋…€์„์ด์ฃ .
13:26
But what this lets you do
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์ด ๋…€์„์œผ๋กœ
13:28
is gives you that all-important traction,
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์กฐ์ง์„ ์žก์•„๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ€์–ด์„œ
13:30
and counter-traction,
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ,
13:32
so that you can dissect, so that you can sew,
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์กฐ์ง์„ ์ž๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ด‰ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜
13:34
so that you can do all the things that you need to do,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„
13:36
all the surgical tasks.
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์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
But it's all coming in through one incision.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์ ˆ๊ฐœ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
It's not so simple.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
But it's worth it for the freedom that this gives us
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋กœ๋ด‡๋•์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ป๋Š”
13:48
as we're going around.
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ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•จ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:50
For the patient, however,
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ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
it's transparent. This is all they're going to see.
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ๋Š” ํ”์ ์˜ ์ „๋ถ€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:00
It's very exciting to think where we get to go with this.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
We get to write the script of the next revolution in surgery.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์žฅ์„ ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
As we take these capabilities, and we get to go to the next places,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
14:13
we get to decide what our new surgeries are going to be.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
And I think to really get the rest of the way
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜๋ช…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
14:19
in that revolution,
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์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
14:21
we need to not just take our hands in in new ways,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒด๋‚ด์— ๋„ฃ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
14:24
we also need to take our eyes in in new ways.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ•๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:28
We need to see beyond the surface.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
We need to be able to guide what we're cutting
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
14:33
in a much better way.
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ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
This is a cancer surgery.
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์ด๊ฑด ์•” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ธ๋ฐ์š”
14:40
One of the problems with this,
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์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€
14:42
even for surgeons who've been looking at this a lot,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ตฌ์š”, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ด ์˜จ
14:44
is you can't see the cancer,
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์ „๋ฌธ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋“ค ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์•”์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
especially when it's hidden below the surface.
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ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์— ์•”์ด ์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
14:50
And so what we're starting to do
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
14:52
is we're starting to inject specially designed markers
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ๋งˆ์ปค(์ฃผ:ํŠน์ • ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ)๋ฅผ
14:56
into the bloodstream that will target the cancer.
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์•”์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์†์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
It will go, bind to the cancer.
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๋งˆ์ปค๋Š” ์•”์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์•”๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
And we can make those markers glow.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋งˆ์ปค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
15:05
And we can take special cameras,
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ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ
15:07
and we can look at it.
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์•”์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:10
Now we know where we need to cut,
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์ด์ œ ์•”์ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„
15:12
even when it's below the surface.
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์–ด๋Š ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:15
We can take these markers and we can inject them in a tumor site.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋งˆ์ปค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ข…์–‘๋ถ€์œ„์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
And we can follow where they flow out from that tumor site,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ปค๊ฐ€ ์ข…์–‘๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์™€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜์—ฌ
15:23
so we can see the first places where that cancer might travel.
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๊ทธ ์•”์ด ์–ด๋””๋กœ ์ œ์ผ ๋จผ์ € ์ „์ด๋ ์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
We can inject these dyes into the bloodstream,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ
15:32
so that when we do a new vessel
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ํ˜‘์ฐฉ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์šฐํšŒํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์—์„œ
15:35
and we bypass a blockage on the heart,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ ์šฐํšŒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ด ์ž˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€
15:37
we can see if we actually made the connection,
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์ง์ ‘ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ํ›„์—
15:40
before we close that patient back up again --
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ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
something that we haven't been able to do
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์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ์„ 
15:45
without radiation before.
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
15:48
We can light up tumors
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‹ ์žฅ ์ข…์–‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
15:51
like this kidney tumor,
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์ข…์–‘๋ถ€์œ„๋งŒ ๋น›๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ
15:53
so that you can exactly see where the boundary is
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์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ข…์–‘ ๋ถ€์œ„์™€ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์•ผํ•  ์‹ ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
15:56
between the kidney tumor and the kidney you want to leave behind,
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
or the liver tumor and the liver you want to leave behind.
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๋˜๋Š” ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ข…์–‘๊ณผ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋†“์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ฃ .
16:04
And we don't even need to confine ourselves
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ผญ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์˜์ƒ์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œํ• 
16:07
to this macro vision.
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ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
We have flexible microscopic probes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธํƒ์นจ์„
16:12
that we can bring down into the body.
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์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋” ๊นŠ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:15
And we can look at cells directly.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
16:18
I'm looking at nerves here. So these are nerves you see, down on the bottom,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋„ค์š”. ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์—์š”.
16:21
and the microscope probe that's being held by the robotic hand, up at the top.
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์œ„์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡์˜ ์†์— ๋“ค๋ ค์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฏธ์„ธํƒ์นจ์ด๊ตฌ์š”.
16:25
So this is all very prototypey at this point.
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ํ˜„ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
16:28
But you care about nerves, if you are a surgical patient.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•  ํ™˜์ž๋ผ๋ฉด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
Because they let you keep continence,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„์— ๋ฐฐ๋ณ€์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ 
16:34
bladder control, and sexual function after surgery,
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๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ด์„œ ์†Œ๋ณ€์„ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ค„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
16:38
all of which is generally fairly important to the patient.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:44
So, with the combination of these technologies
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
16:48
we can reach it all, and we can see it all.
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์‹ ์ฒด ์–ด๋Š ๋ถ€์œ„๋„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์–ด๋””๋ผ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:52
We can heal the disease.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:55
And we can leave the patient whole and intact
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
16:59
and functional afterwards.
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์˜จ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:03
Now, I've talked about the patient
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป ์ €๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์žฅ ๋ฐ– ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๋Š”
17:05
as if the patient is, somehow, someone abstract
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๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์ธ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
17:08
outside this room.
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์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:10
And that is not the case.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
Many of you, all of you maybe,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด, ์•„๋‹ˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
17:16
will at some point, or have already, faced a diagnosis of cancer,
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ์ ์—๋Š”, ํ˜น์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์•”, ์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜,
17:19
or heart disease, or some organ dysfunction
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๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜
17:22
that's going to buy you a date with a surgeon.
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์™ธ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ƒ๋‹ด์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
17:25
And when you get to that point --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์˜ค๋ฉด
17:29
I mean, these maladies don't care
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์Œ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์€
17:32
how many books you've written,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ฑ…์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ผ๋Š”์ง€,
17:35
how many companies you've started,
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
17:37
that Nobel Prize you have yet to win,
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๊ณง ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€,
17:39
how much time you planned to spend with your children.
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์•„์ด์™€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ ค์„œ ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:43
These maladies come for us all.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ‘์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
17:46
And the prospect I'm offering you, of an easier surgery ...
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‰ฌ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ
17:48
is that going to make that diagnosis any less terrifying?
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋„ ์ข€ ๋œ ๋‘๋ ค์šธ๊นŒ์š”?
17:53
I'm not sure I really even want it to.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธธ ์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด์ง„ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
17:57
Because facing your own mortality
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
18:00
causes a re-evaluation of priorities,
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์‚ถ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
18:03
and a realignment of what your goals are in life, unlike anything else.
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์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
18:08
And I would never want to deprive you of that epiphany.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํ†ต์ฐฐ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋นผ์•—๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋„ค์š”.
18:13
What I want instead,
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๋Œ€์‹  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
18:16
is for you to be whole, intact,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด (๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ) ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ํ›„
18:21
and functional enough to go out and save the world,
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๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๋งŒํผ
18:26
after you've decided you need to do it.
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๋ณ‘์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์—†์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ๋˜์ฐพ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:29
And that is my vision for your future.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ €์˜ ๋น„์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:32
Thank you.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:34
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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