The Future of Early Cancer Detection? | Jorge Soto | TED Talks

136,254 views ใƒป 2014-10-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Michael Coslovsky ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Almost a year ago,
0
12691
1345
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื”
00:14
my aunt started suffering back pains.
1
14036
2861
ื“ื•ื“ืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื›ืื‘ื™ ื’ื‘.
00:16
She went to see the doctor
2
16897
1365
ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืจื•ืคื
00:18
and they told her it was a normal injury
3
18262
2249
ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื” ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืฆื™ืขื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”
00:20
for someone who had been playing tennis
4
20511
1654
ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืฉืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื˜ื ื™ืก
00:22
for almost 30 years.
5
22165
2025
ื›ืžืขื˜ 30 ืฉื ื”.
ื”ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืขืฉื” ืงืฆืช ืชืจืคื™ื”,
00:24
They recommended that she do some therapy,
6
24190
1968
00:26
but after a while she wasn't feeling better,
7
26158
3095
ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
00:29
so the doctors decided to do further tests.
8
29253
3340
ืื– ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
00:32
They did an x-ray
9
32593
999
ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ
00:33
and discovered an injury in her lungs,
10
33592
2089
ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
00:35
and at the time they thought that the injury
11
35681
1557
ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”
00:37
was a strain in the muscles and tendons
12
37238
1558
ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ื™ื
00:38
between her ribs,
13
38796
1170
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
00:39
but after a few weeks of treatment,
14
39966
1769
ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื,
00:41
again her health wasn't getting any better.
15
41735
4058
ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชืคืจื”.
00:45
So finally, they decided to do a biopsy,
16
45793
3690
ืื– ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืคืกื™ื”,
00:49
and two weeks later,
17
49483
1217
ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
00:50
the results of the biopsy came back.
18
50700
2743
ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืคืกื™ื”.
00:53
It was stage 3 lung cancer.
19
53443
4769
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื” 3.
00:58
Her lifestyle was almost free of risk.
20
58212
2902
ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฃ ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:01
She never smoked a cigarette,
21
61114
1733
ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขื™ืฉื ื” ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื”,
01:02
she never drank alcohol,
22
62847
1766
ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืชืชื” ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ,
01:04
and she had been playing sports
23
64613
1102
ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜
01:05
for almost half her life.
24
65715
2182
ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื”.
01:07
Perhaps, that is why it took them almost six months
25
67897
3176
ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืงื— ืœื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
01:11
to get her properly diagnosed.
26
71073
3124
ืขื“ ืฉืื™ื‘ื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš.
01:14
My story might be, unfortunately,
27
74197
2103
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืขืฉื•ื™, ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ,
01:16
familiar to most of you.
28
76300
2239
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ื›ื.
01:18
One out of three people sitting in this audience
29
78539
2701
ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ื–ื”
01:21
will be diagnosed with some type of cancer,
30
81240
2926
ื™ืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
01:24
and one out of four
31
84166
1146
ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืขื”
01:25
will die because of it.
32
85312
3598
ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื ื•.
01:28
Not only did that cancer diagnosis
33
88910
2082
ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื‘ื—ื ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื
01:30
change the life of our family,
34
90992
1867
ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื•,
01:32
but that process of going
35
92859
2013
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืœืœื›ืช
01:34
back and forth with new tests,
36
94872
2608
ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
01:37
different doctors describing symptoms,
37
97480
1768
ืขื ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
01:39
discarding diseases over and over,
38
99248
3172
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
01:42
was stressful and frustrating,
39
102420
2380
ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ ื•ืžืชืกื›ืœ,
01:44
especially for my aunt.
40
104800
1912
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื“ื•ื“ืชื™.
01:46
And that is the way cancer diagnosis has been done
41
106712
2711
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
01:49
since the beginning of history.
42
109423
2340
ืžื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
01:51
We have 21st-century medical treatments and drugs
43
111763
2846
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-21
01:54
to treat cancer,
44
114609
1563
ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
01:56
but we still have 20th-century procedures
45
116172
2542
ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
01:58
and processes for diagnosis, if any.
46
118714
4128
ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
02:02
Today, most of us have to wait for symptoms
47
122842
2644
ื›ื™ื•ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื
02:05
to indicate that something is wrong.
48
125486
2467
ื™ืื•ืชืชื• ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
02:07
Today, the majority of people still don't have access
49
127953
2517
ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื”
02:10
to early cancer detection methods,
50
130470
2418
ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
02:12
even though we know
51
132888
1372
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
02:14
that catching cancer early
52
134260
1924
ืฉืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
02:16
is basically the closest thing we have
53
136184
1463
ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
02:17
to a silver bullet cure against it.
54
137647
3480
ืœืชืจื•ืคืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื ื’ื“ื•.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื•,
02:21
We know that we can change this in our lifetime,
55
141127
2481
02:23
and that is why my team and I
56
143608
1552
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™
ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื”,
02:25
have decided to begin this journey,
57
145160
2194
02:27
this journey to try to make cancer detection
58
147354
2506
ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
02:29
at the early stages
59
149860
1545
02:31
and monitoring the appropriate response at the molecular level
60
151405
3152
ื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช
02:34
easier, cheaper, smarter
61
154557
4262
ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:38
and more accessible than ever before.
62
158819
3457
ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื.
02:42
The context, of course,
63
162276
1372
ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื
02:43
is that we're living at a time
64
163648
1543
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื”
02:45
where technology is disrupting our present
65
165191
1409
ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ื•
02:46
at exponential rates,
66
166600
1507
ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™,
02:48
and the biological realm is no exception.
67
168107
3010
ื•ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื›ืœืœ.
02:51
It is said today that biotech is advancing
68
171117
2430
ื›ื™ื•ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช
02:53
at least six times faster than the growth rate
69
173547
2295
ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
02:55
of the processing power of computers.
70
175842
2376
ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
02:58
But progress in biotech
71
178218
1312
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
02:59
is not only being accelerated,
72
179530
1640
ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืžืื™ืฆื”,
03:01
it is also being democratized.
73
181170
2046
ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืžื•ืจืงื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
03:03
Just as personal computers or the Internet
74
183216
3212
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
03:06
or smartphones leveled the playing field
75
186428
2451
ืื• ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื–ื ื• ืืช ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
03:08
for entrepreneurship, politics or education,
76
188879
2857
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื–ืžื•ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
03:11
recent advances have leveled it up for biotech progress as well,
77
191736
3420
ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืœื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ื™ืฉืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ,
03:15
and that is allowing
78
195156
1293
ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ
03:16
multidisciplinary teams like ours
79
196449
2115
ืœืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•
03:18
to try to tackle and look at these problems
80
198564
2655
ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
03:21
with new approaches.
81
201219
2351
ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
03:23
We are a team of scientists and technologists
82
203570
2623
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ื
03:26
from Chile, Panama,
83
206193
2990
ืžืฆ'ื™ืœื”, ืคื ืžื”,
03:29
Mexico, Israel and Greece,
84
209183
3387
ืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
03:32
and based on recent scientific discoveries,
85
212570
2622
ื•ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
03:35
we believe that we have found
86
215192
1382
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื ื•
03:36
a reliable and accurate way
87
216574
2801
ื“ืจืš ืืžื™ื ื” ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช
03:39
of detecting several types of cancer
88
219375
2002
ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
03:41
at the very early stages through a blood sample.
89
221377
2898
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื“ื’ื™ืžืช ื“ื.
03:44
We do it by detecting a set of very small molecules
90
224275
2948
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช
03:47
that circulate freely in our blood
91
227223
1669
ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช
03:48
called microRNAs.
92
228892
2796
ื•ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA.
03:51
To explain what microRNAs are
93
231688
2311
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื” ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA ื”ืŸ
03:53
and their important role in cancer,
94
233999
2215
ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
03:56
I need to start with proteins,
95
236214
1393
03:57
because when cancer is present in our body,
96
237607
2553
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
04:00
protein modification is observed
97
240160
1431
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
04:01
in all cancerous cells.
98
241591
1611
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
04:03
As you might know,
99
243202
1373
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
04:04
proteins are large biological molecules
100
244575
2275
ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
04:06
that perform different functions within our body,
101
246850
2340
ืฉืžืžืœืื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•,
04:09
like catalyzing metabolic reactions
102
249190
2085
ื›ืžื• ื–ื™ืจื•ื– ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ืื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช
04:11
or responding to stimuli
103
251275
1846
ืื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื
04:13
or replicating DNA,
104
253121
1802
ืื• ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ DNA,
04:14
but before a protein is expressed or produced,
105
254923
2743
ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื ืื• ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ,
04:17
relevant parts of its genetic code
106
257666
1698
ื—ืœืงื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•
04:19
present in the DNA
107
259364
2149
ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘-DNA
04:21
are copied into the messenger RNA,
108
261513
3969
ืžืฉื•ืขืชืงื™ื ืœ-RNA ืฉืœื™ื—,
04:25
so this messenger RNA
109
265482
1910
ื›ืš ืฉืœ-RNA ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ื–ื”
04:27
has instructions on how to build a specific protein,
110
267392
3714
ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™,
04:31
and potentially it can build hundreds of proteins,
111
271106
2600
ื•ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
04:33
but the one that tells them when to build them
112
273706
2597
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ืžืชื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื
04:36
and how many to build
113
276303
2329
ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
04:38
are microRNAs.
114
278632
2438
ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA.
04:41
So microRNAs are small molecules
115
281070
1830
ืื– ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
04:42
that regulate gene expression.
116
282900
2200
ืฉืžื‘ืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื™ื.
04:45
Unlike DNA, which is mainly fixed,
117
285100
2215
ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• DNA, ืฉื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข,
04:47
microRNAs can vary depending on internal
118
287315
2149
ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื ืื™ื
04:49
and environmental conditions at any given time,
119
289464
2857
ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ,
04:52
telling us which genes are actively expressed at that particular moment.
120
292321
3454
ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืื™ืœื• ื’ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื”ื–ื”.
04:55
And that is what makes microRNAs
121
295775
1419
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA
04:57
such a promising biomarker for cancer,
122
297194
2301
ืœื‘ื™ื•-ืžืืจืงืจื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ,
04:59
because as you know,
123
299495
1882
ื›ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
05:01
cancer is a disease of altered gene expression.
124
301377
3813
ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื•ืช.
05:05
It is the uncontrolled regulation of genes.
125
305190
3554
ื–ื” ื‘ืงืจืช ื’ื ื™ื ื—ืกืจืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
05:08
Another important thing to consider
126
308744
1654
ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
05:10
is that no two cancers are the same,
127
310398
2419
ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื,
05:12
but at the microRNA level, there are patterns.
128
312817
3048
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA, ื™ืฉื ื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื.
05:15
Several scientific studies have shown
129
315865
2250
ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืจืื•
05:18
that abnormal microRNA expression levels
130
318115
3341
ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื•ืจืžื”
05:21
varies and creates a unique, specific pattern
131
321456
3115
ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื“ื’ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™
05:24
for each type of cancer,
132
324571
1688
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
05:26
even at the early stages,
133
326259
1732
ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื,
05:27
reflecting the progression of the disease,
134
327991
1890
ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
05:29
and whether it's responding to medication
135
329881
1901
ื•ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
05:31
or in remission,
136
331782
1208
ืื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื”,
05:32
making microRNAs a perfect,
137
332990
2133
ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA
05:35
highly sensitive biomarker.
138
335123
3604
ืœืกืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:38
However, the problem with microRNAs
139
338727
2674
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA
05:41
is that we cannot use existing DNA-based technology
140
341401
2549
ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ DNA
05:43
to detect them in a reliable way,
141
343950
2613
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืžื™ืŸ,
05:46
because they are very short sequences of nucleotides,
142
346563
2790
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืจืฆืคื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืงืœื™ืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื,
05:49
much smaller than DNA.
143
349353
2182
ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืž-DNA.
05:51
And also, all microRNAs are very similar to each other,
144
351535
3015
ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA ืžืื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”,
05:54
with just tiny differences.
145
354550
2047
ืขื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
05:56
So imagine trying to differentiate two molecules,
146
356597
2520
ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ืœื™ืงื•ืœื•ืช,
05:59
extremely similar, extremely small.
147
359117
3194
ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
06:02
We believe that we have found a way to do so,
148
362311
2906
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
06:05
and this is the first time that we've shown it in public.
149
365217
2749
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
06:07
Let me do a demonstration.
150
367966
2501
ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
06:10
Imagine that next time you go to your doctor
151
370467
2441
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื›ื
06:12
and do your next standard blood test,
152
372908
1923
ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ื“ื ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื›ื,
06:14
a lab technician extracts a total RNA,
153
374831
2352
ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื RNA ืฉืœื,
06:17
which is quite simple today,
154
377183
1923
ืฉื–ื” ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
06:19
and puts it in a standard 96-well plate like this one.
155
379106
2792
ื•ืฉื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืœื•ื—ื™ืช 96-ื‘ืืจื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
06:21
Each well of these plates
156
381898
1667
ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืืจ ื‘ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
06:23
has specific biochemistry that we assign,
157
383565
2639
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืขื“ื™ื,
06:26
that is looking for a specific microRNA,
158
386204
2340
ืฉืžื—ืคืฉืช ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™,
06:28
acting like a trap that closes
159
388544
1779
ื•ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืฉื ืกื’ืจืช
06:30
only when the microRNA is present in the sample,
160
390323
2357
ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื’ื™ืžื”,
06:32
and when it does, it will shine with green color.
161
392680
3121
ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืกื’ืจืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื™ืจื•ืง.
06:35
To run the reaction,
162
395801
1103
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”,
06:36
you put the plate inside a device like this one,
163
396904
3136
ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืชืงืŸ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
06:40
and then you can put your smartphone on top of it.
164
400040
3890
ื•ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืžืจืืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:43
If we can have a camera here
165
403930
2740
ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืœืžื” ืœื›ืืŸ
06:46
so you can see my screen.
166
406670
2708
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืš ืฉืœื™.
06:49
A smartphone is a connected computer
167
409378
2396
ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ
06:51
and it's also a camera,
168
411774
1609
ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืฆืœืžื”,
06:53
good enough for our purpose.
169
413383
2148
ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•.
06:59
The smartphone is taking pictures,
170
419431
1980
ื”ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฆืœื,
07:01
and when the reaction is over,
171
421411
1344
ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ื’ืžืจืช,
07:02
it will send the pictures
172
422755
1043
ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
07:03
to our online database for processing
173
423798
2314
ืœืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“
07:06
and interpretation.
174
426112
1618
ื•ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ.
07:07
This entire process lasts around 60 minutes,
175
427730
2725
ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื•ืงื— ื›-60 ื“ืงื•ืช,
07:10
but when the process is over,
176
430455
1845
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ื’ืžืจ,
07:12
wells that shine are matched with the specific microRNAs
177
432300
3025
ื‘ืืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื
07:15
and analyzed in terms of how much and how fast
178
435325
2644
ื•ืžื ื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ืง ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ
07:17
they shine.
179
437969
1249
ื”ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช.
07:19
And then, when this entire process is over,
180
439218
4268
ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืกืชื™ื™ื,
07:23
this is what happens.
181
443486
2458
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
07:25
This chart is showing the specific microRNAs
182
445944
2597
ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื
07:28
present in this sample
183
448541
1435
ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•
07:29
and how they reacted over time.
184
449976
2412
ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
07:32
Then, if we take this specific pattern of microRNA
185
452388
2502
ืื–, ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”
07:34
of this person's samples
186
454890
1406
ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA ืžื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”
07:36
and compare it with existing scientific documentation
187
456296
2976
ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ืขื™ ืงื™ื™ื
07:39
that correlates microRNA patterns
188
459272
1948
ืฉืžืชืื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA
07:41
with a specific presence of a disease,
189
461220
5281
ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
07:46
this is how pancreatic cancer looks like.
190
466501
3449
ื›ื›ื” ื ืจืื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘.
07:49
This inside is a real sample
191
469950
2657
ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
07:52
where we just detected pancreatic cancer.
192
472607
3319
ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืชืจื ื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘.
07:55
(Applause)
193
475926
4439
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:04
Another important aspect of this approach
194
484086
2358
ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•
08:06
is the gathering and mining of data in the cloud,
195
486444
2339
ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื ืŸ,
08:08
so we can get results in real time
196
488783
1643
ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช
08:10
and analyze them with our contextual information.
197
490426
3437
ื•ืœื ืชื— ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:13
If we want to better understand
198
493863
1478
ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
08:15
and decode diseases like cancer,
199
495341
2115
ื•ืœืคืขื ื— ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
08:17
we need to stop treating them
200
497456
1350
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช
08:18
as acute, isolated episodes,
201
498806
2182
ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
08:20
and consider and measure everything
202
500988
1924
ื•ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
08:22
that affects our health on a permanent basis.
203
502912
4308
ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
08:27
This entire platform is a working prototype.
204
507220
4286
ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“.
08:31
It uses state-of-the-art molecular biology,
205
511506
3465
ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช,
08:34
a low-cost, 3D-printed device,
206
514971
2746
ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื•ืœ ืžื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“,
08:37
and data science
207
517717
1962
ื•ืžื“ืข ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
08:39
to try to tackle one of humanity's toughest challenges.
208
519679
3915
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
08:43
Since we believe early cancer detection
209
523594
2002
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
08:45
should really be democratized,
210
525596
1788
ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
08:47
this entire solution costs at least 50 times less
211
527384
2385
ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืขื•ืœื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช 50 ืคืขืžื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช
08:49
than current available methods,
212
529769
2001
ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื,
08:51
and we know that the community can help us
213
531770
1733
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•
08:53
accelerate this even more,
214
533503
1485
ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:54
so we're making the design of the device
215
534988
1935
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ
08:56
open-source.
216
536923
2477
ืคืชื•ื— ืœืงื”ืœ.
08:59
(Applause)
217
539400
3594
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:07
Let me say very clearly
218
547944
1597
ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
09:09
that we are at the very early stages,
219
549541
1735
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
09:11
but so far, we have been able
220
551276
1981
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
09:13
to successfully identify the microRNA pattern
221
553257
2609
ืืช ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA
09:15
of pancreatic cancer, lung cancer,
222
555866
3262
ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘, ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช,
09:19
breast cancer and hepatic cancer.
223
559128
3060
ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื“.
09:22
And currently, we're doing a clinical trial
224
562188
3182
ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื™
09:25
in collaboration with the German Cancer Research Center
225
565370
2879
ืขื 200 ื ืฉื™ื, ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื“,
09:28
with 200 women for breast cancer.
226
568249
3591
ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžืจื›ื– ื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™.
09:31
(Applause)
227
571840
3608
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:35
This is the single non-invasive,
228
575448
2714
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืœื-ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
09:38
accurate and affordable test
229
578162
2742
ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
09:40
that has the potential to dramatically change
230
580904
2246
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™,
09:43
how cancer procedures and diagnostics
231
583150
1810
ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
09:44
have been done.
232
584960
1820
ื”ื™ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื.
09:46
Since we're looking for the microRNA patterns
233
586780
1617
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-RNA
09:48
in your blood at any given time,
234
588397
2565
ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ,
09:50
you don't need to know which cancer you're looking for.
235
590962
1896
ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื.
09:52
You don't need to have any symptoms.
236
592858
2167
ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืฉื•ื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื.
09:55
You only need one milliliter of blood
237
595025
2808
ืืชื ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ื
09:57
and a relatively simple array of tools.
238
597833
3510
ื•ืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
10:01
Today, cancer detection happens mainly
239
601343
2812
ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ
10:04
when symptoms appear.
240
604155
2085
ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื.
10:06
That is, at stage 3 or 4,
241
606240
2629
ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ 3 ืื• 4,
10:08
and I believe that is too late.
242
608869
1924
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.
10:10
It is too expensive for our families.
243
610793
2148
ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
10:12
It is too expensive for humanity.
244
612941
2452
ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
10:15
We cannot lose the war against cancer.
245
615393
2947
ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
10:18
It not only costs us billions of dollars,
246
618340
1890
ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
10:20
but it also costs us the people we love.
247
620230
2922
ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื ื•.
10:23
Today, my aunt, she's fighting bravely
248
623152
3498
ื”ื™ื•ื, ื“ื•ื“ืชื™, ื ืœื—ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืžืฅ
10:26
and going through this process with a very positive attitude.
249
626650
2910
ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืขื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
10:29
However, I want fights like this
250
629560
2578
ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•
10:32
to become very rare.
251
632138
1623
ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:33
I want to see the day
252
633761
1127
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื
10:34
when cancer is treated easily
253
634888
1927
ื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜
10:36
because it can be routinely diagnosed
254
636815
2152
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™
10:38
at the very early stages,
255
638967
1957
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•.
10:40
and I'm certain
256
640924
1092
ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
10:42
that in the very near future,
257
642016
2136
ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“,
10:44
because of this
258
644152
1298
ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื–ื”
10:45
and other breakthroughs that we are seeing
259
645450
1240
ื•ืœืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
10:46
every day in the life sciences,
260
646690
2023
ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
10:48
the way we see cancer
261
648713
1632
ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
10:50
will radically change.
262
650345
1991
ืชืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
10:52
It will give us the chance of detecting it early,
263
652336
2464
ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืงื“ื,
10:54
understanding it better,
264
654800
1765
ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:56
and finding a cure.
265
656565
2236
ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืจื•ืคื”.
10:58
Thank you very much.
266
658801
1679
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
11:00
(Applause)
267
660480
8208
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7