The Future of Early Cancer Detection? | Jorge Soto | TED Talks

135,883 views ใƒป 2014-10-15

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Gichung Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Park Jung Bin
00:12
Almost a year ago,
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์•ฝ ์ผ ๋…„ ์ „์—
00:14
my aunt started suffering back pains.
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์ €ํฌ ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋Š” ์š”ํ†ต์„ ์•“๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
She went to see the doctor
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๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ฐ”๋”๋‹ˆ
00:18
and they told her it was a normal injury
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์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ
00:20
for someone who had been playing tennis
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30๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์นœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
00:22
for almost 30 years.
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ํ”ํžˆ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:24
They recommended that she do some therapy,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ถŒํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:26
but after a while she wasn't feeling better,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋„ ๋‚˜์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ž
00:29
so the doctors decided to do further tests.
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ง„์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
They did an x-ray
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X-ray ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
00:33
and discovered an injury in her lungs,
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ํ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
00:35
and at the time they thought that the injury
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๋‹น์‹œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€
00:37
was a strain in the muscles and tendons
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๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ทผ์œก๊ณผ ํž˜์ค„์˜
00:38
between her ribs,
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์—ผ์ขŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
00:39
but after a few weeks of treatment,
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„์—๋„
00:41
again her health wasn't getting any better.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
So finally, they decided to do a biopsy,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์กฐ์ง ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
00:49
and two weeks later,
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2์ฃผ ํ›„์—,
00:50
the results of the biopsy came back.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
It was stage 3 lung cancer.
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ํ์•” 3๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
Her lifestyle was almost free of risk.
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ƒํ™œํŒจํ„ด์€ ์•” ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
She never smoked a cigarette,
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๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ํ”ผ์šด ์ ๋„ ์—†๊ณ ,
01:02
she never drank alcohol,
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์ˆ ๋„ ๋งˆ์‹  ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
01:04
and she had been playing sports
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜ํ‰์ƒ์„
01:05
for almost half her life.
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์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณด๋‚ด์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
Perhaps, that is why it took them almost six months
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์•„๋งˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:11
to get her properly diagnosed.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 6๊ฐœ์›”์ด ์†Œ์š”๋œ ์ด์œ ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
My story might be, unfortunately,
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์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”, ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„
01:16
familiar to most of you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
One out of three people sitting in this audience
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๊ด€์ค‘ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์€
01:21
will be diagnosed with some type of cancer,
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•” ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
01:24
and one out of four
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4๋ถ„์˜ 1์€
01:25
will die because of it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
Not only did that cancer diagnosis
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์ €ํฌ ๊ณ ๋ชจ์˜ ์•”์ง„๋‹จ์€
01:30
change the life of our family,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋†“์•˜์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
01:32
but that process of going
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๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋“ค,
01:34
back and forth with new tests,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ
01:37
different doctors describing symptoms,
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์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค,
01:39
discarding diseases over and over,
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๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ๋ณ‘๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
01:42
was stressful and frustrating,
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜€๊ณ  ์ขŒ์ ˆ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
01:44
especially for my aunt.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ €ํฌ ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋‹˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”์š”.
01:46
And that is the way cancer diagnosis has been done
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์ ธ ์˜จ
01:49
since the beginning of history.
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๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
We have 21st-century medical treatments and drugs
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•”์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•๋“ค๊ณผ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ๋“ค์„
01:54
to treat cancer,
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:56
but we still have 20th-century procedures
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์ง„๋‹จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€
01:58
and processes for diagnosis, if any.
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๊ณผ์ •(๋งŒ์•ฝ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ )์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
Today, most of us have to wait for symptoms
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์˜ค๋Š˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
02:05
to indicate that something is wrong.
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๊ทธ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
Today, the majority of people still don't have access
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
02:10
to early cancer detection methods,
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์•”์˜ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
even though we know
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๋น„๋ก ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
02:14
that catching cancer early
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์•”์˜ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด
02:16
is basically the closest thing we have
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์•”์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌ˜์ฑ…์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ
02:17
to a silver bullet cure against it.
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์•Œ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
We know that we can change this in our lifetime,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์•  ์ค‘์— ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ์—
02:23
and that is why my team and I
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์ œ ํŒ€๊ณผ ์ €๋Š”
02:25
have decided to begin this journey,
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์ด ์—ฌ์ •์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
this journey to try to make cancer detection
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์•”์˜ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
02:29
at the early stages
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02:31
and monitoring the appropriate response at the molecular level
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๋ถ„์ž ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„
02:34
easier, cheaper, smarter
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ณ , ๋” ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ,
02:38
and more accessible than ever before.
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๋” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ •์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
The context, of course,
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก 
02:43
is that we're living at a time
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด
02:45
where technology is disrupting our present
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ๋ฅผ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์†๋„๋กœ
02:46
at exponential rates,
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๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
02:48
and the biological realm is no exception.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์˜์—ญ๋„ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:51
It is said today that biotech is advancing
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™์€
02:53
at least six times faster than the growth rate
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์˜
02:55
of the processing power of computers.
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์ ์–ด๋„ 6๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
But progress in biotech
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™์˜ ์ง„๋ณด๋Š”
02:59
is not only being accelerated,
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๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:01
it is also being democratized.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
Just as personal computers or the Internet
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท
03:06
or smartphones leveled the playing field
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์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์ด
๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ , ์ •์น˜๋‚˜ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‹ฆ์•„์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
03:08
for entrepreneurship, politics or education,
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03:11
recent advances have leveled it up for biotech progress as well,
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์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ง„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
03:15
and that is allowing
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์ €ํฌ ๊ฐ™์€
03:16
multidisciplinary teams like ours
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๋‹คํ•™๋ฌธ์  ํŒ€์ด
03:18
to try to tackle and look at these problems
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
with new approaches.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
We are a team of scientists and technologists
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์ž๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํŒ€์ธ๋ฐ
03:26
from Chile, Panama,
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์น ๋ ˆ, ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ,
03:29
Mexico, Israel and Greece,
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๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์™”๊ณ ,
03:32
and based on recent scientific discoveries,
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์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด
03:35
we believe that we have found
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์‹ ๋น™์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
03:36
a reliable and accurate way
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03:39
of detecting several types of cancer
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•”์„
03:41
at the very early stages through a blood sample.
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
We do it by detecting a set of very small molecules
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ”ผ ์†์—์„œ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š”
03:47
that circulate freely in our blood
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์ž‘์€ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค,
03:48
called microRNAs.
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA(๋ฆฌ๋ณดํ—ฅ์‚ฐ)์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
To explain what microRNAs are
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA์™€
03:53
and their important role in cancer,
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์•”์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทธ ์—ญํ• ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด,
03:56
I need to start with proteins,
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
because when cancer is present in our body,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•”์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
04:00
protein modification is observed
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๋ชจ๋“  ์•”์„ธํฌ์—์„œ
04:01
in all cancerous cells.
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
As you might know,
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ,
04:04
proteins are large biological molecules
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ํฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค๋กœ์„œ
04:06
that perform different functions within our body,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
like catalyzing metabolic reactions
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์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:11
or responding to stimuli
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์ž๊ทน์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:13
or replicating DNA,
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DNA๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:14
but before a protein is expressed or produced,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
04:17
relevant parts of its genetic code
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๊ทธ DNA์— ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ ์œ ์ „์ฝ”๋“œ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
04:19
present in the DNA
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04:21
are copied into the messenger RNA,
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๋ฉ”์‹ ์ € RNA์— ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
so this messenger RNA
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์ด ๋ฉ”์‹ ์ € RNA๊ฐ€
04:27
has instructions on how to build a specific protein,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
04:31
and potentially it can build hundreds of proteins,
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:33
but the one that tells them when to build them
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์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์ œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
04:36
and how many to build
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:38
are microRNAs.
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
So microRNAs are small molecules
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์ฆ‰ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋Š”
04:42
that regulate gene expression.
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์œ ์ „์  ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ„์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:45
Unlike DNA, which is mainly fixed,
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์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ DNA์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
04:47
microRNAs can vary depending on internal
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
04:49
and environmental conditions at any given time,
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š”
04:52
telling us which genes are actively expressed at that particular moment.
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์–ด๋–ค ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋•Œ์— ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
And that is what makes microRNAs
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๊ฐ€
04:57
such a promising biomarker for cancer,
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์•”์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๋งํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ง€ํ‘œ์ธ ์ด์œ ์ธ๋ฐ,
04:59
because as you know,
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์•”์€ ์œ ์ „ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜์–ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
cancer is a disease of altered gene expression.
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05:05
It is the uncontrolled regulation of genes.
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์œ ์ „์ž ์–ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ด์ฃ .
05:08
Another important thing to consider
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๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€
05:10
is that no two cancers are the same,
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์•”๋„ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์€๋ฐ,
05:12
but at the microRNA level, there are patterns.
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
Several scientific studies have shown
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€
05:18
that abnormal microRNA expression levels
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๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ ,
05:21
varies and creates a unique, specific pattern
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๊ฐ ์•”์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
05:24
for each type of cancer,
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ„์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
even at the early stages,
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
05:27
reflecting the progression of the disease,
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ 
05:29
and whether it's responding to medication
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๋ณ‘์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ์ฐจ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:31
or in remission,
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05:32
making microRNAs a perfect,
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:35
highly sensitive biomarker.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ‘œ์‹œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
However, the problem with microRNAs
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€
05:41
is that we cannot use existing DNA-based technology
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ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” DNA ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
05:43
to detect them in a reliable way,
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ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•”์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
05:46
because they are very short sequences of nucleotides,
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๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํ‹ฐ๋“œ ๋ฐฐ์—ด ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์•„
05:49
much smaller than DNA.
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DNA๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ž‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
And also, all microRNAs are very similar to each other,
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๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ํก์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:54
with just tiny differences.
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์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
So imagine trying to differentiate two molecules,
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๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ๋‘ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:59
extremely similar, extremely small.
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06:02
We believe that we have found a way to do so,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ ,
06:05
and this is the first time that we've shown it in public.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
Let me do a demonstration.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฒ”์„ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
06:10
Imagine that next time you go to your doctor
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€
06:12
and do your next standard blood test,
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ํ‘œ์ค€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:14
a lab technician extracts a total RNA,
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๊ฐ€ RNA ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด์„œ,
06:17
which is quite simple today,
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-ํ˜„๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์ด์ฃ .
06:19
and puts it in a standard 96-well plate like this one.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ 96 ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ์šฉ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ด์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
Each well of these plates
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์ด ์šฉ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด
06:23
has specific biochemistry that we assign,
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์ง€์ •๋œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
06:26
that is looking for a specific microRNA,
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ํŠน์ • ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ๊ฐ€๋‘๋Š” ๋ซ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ด์„œ
06:28
acting like a trap that closes
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์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์— ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋งŒ
06:30
only when the microRNA is present in the sample,
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06:32
and when it does, it will shine with green color.
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์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋น›๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
To run the reaction,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ ค๋ฉด
06:36
you put the plate inside a device like this one,
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์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ ,
06:40
and then you can put your smartphone on top of it.
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๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
If we can have a camera here
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์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•ด์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฉด
06:46
so you can see my screen.
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์ œ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
A smartphone is a connected computer
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์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์ด๊ณ 
06:51
and it's also a camera,
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์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์–ด์„œ,
06:53
good enough for our purpose.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
The smartphone is taking pictures,
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์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ๊ณ ,
07:01
and when the reaction is over,
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๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๋๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ,
07:02
it will send the pictures
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์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„
07:03
to our online database for processing
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ๋ณด๋‚ด
07:06
and interpretation.
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ํ•ด๋…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
This entire process lasts around 60 minutes,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 60๋ถ„ ์ •๋„ ์†Œ์š”๋˜์ง€๋งŒ,
07:10
but when the process is over,
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด,
07:12
wells that shine are matched with the specific microRNAs
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๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ • ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA์ด๊ณ 
07:15
and analyzed in terms of how much and how fast
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ
07:17
they shine.
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๋น›๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„์„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
And then, when this entire process is over,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ,
07:23
this is what happens.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
This chart is showing the specific microRNAs
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์ด ์ฐจํŠธ๋Š” ์ด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
07:28
present in this sample
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ํŠน์ • ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ 
07:29
and how they reacted over time.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
Then, if we take this specific pattern of microRNA
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์—์„œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ
07:34
of this person's samples
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ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋ฅผ
07:36
and compare it with existing scientific documentation
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฒ•
07:39
that correlates microRNA patterns
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์ฆ‰, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNAํŒจํ„ด์„
07:41
with a specific presence of a disease,
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
07:46
this is how pancreatic cancer looks like.
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์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
This inside is a real sample
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์ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ฐ€
07:52
where we just detected pancreatic cancer.
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์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
08:04
Another important aspect of this approach
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์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€
08:06
is the gathering and mining of data in the cloud,
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ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„
08:08
so we can get results in real time
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
08:10
and analyze them with our contextual information.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
If we want to better understand
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์•”๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
08:15
and decode diseases like cancer,
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08:17
we need to stop treating them
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ
08:18
as acute, isolated episodes,
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๋‹จ๋…์˜, ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ 
08:20
and consider and measure everything
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š”
08:22
that affects our health on a permanent basis.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธก์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
This entire platform is a working prototype.
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์ด ์ „์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ธ ์›ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
It uses state-of-the-art molecular biology,
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์ด๋Š” ์ตœ์‹  ๋ถ„์ž ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™,
08:34
a low-cost, 3D-printed device,
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์ €๊ฐ€์˜ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ ์ธ์‡„๋ฌผ,
08:37
and data science
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ
08:39
to try to tackle one of humanity's toughest challenges.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
Since we believe early cancer detection
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์กฐ๊ธฐ ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ์ด
08:45
should really be democratized,
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๋Œ€์ค‘ํ™”๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:47
this entire solution costs at least 50 times less
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค
08:49
than current available methods,
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๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ตœ์†Œ 50๋ฐฐ๋Š” ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๊ณ 
08:51
and we know that the community can help us
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—
08:53
accelerate this even more,
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๋”์šฑ ๋ฐ•์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ์—
08:54
so we're making the design of the device
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์„
08:56
open-source.
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์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:07
Let me say very clearly
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
09:09
that we are at the very early stages,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
09:11
but so far, we have been able
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ
09:13
to successfully identify the microRNA pattern
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•”์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
09:15
of pancreatic cancer, lung cancer,
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๊ทธ ์•”๋“ค์€ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”, ํ์•”,
09:19
breast cancer and hepatic cancer.
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”, ๊ฐ„์•” ๋“ฑ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
And currently, we're doing a clinical trial
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์„
09:25
in collaboration with the German Cancer Research Center
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๋…์ผ ์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ผํ„ฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
09:28
with 200 women for breast cancer.
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200๋ช…์˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:35
This is the single non-invasive,
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์ด๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋น„์™ธ๊ณผ์ ์ธ,
09:38
accurate and affordable test
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ
09:40
that has the potential to dramatically change
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์•” ์ง„ํ–‰๊ณผ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ
09:43
how cancer procedures and diagnostics
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:44
have been done.
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์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
Since we're looking for the microRNA patterns
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ
09:48
in your blood at any given time,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ”ผ์—์„œ ๋ถˆํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:50
you don't need to know which cancer you're looking for.
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์–ด๋–ค ์•”์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
You don't need to have any symptoms.
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์ฆ์ƒ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
You only need one milliliter of blood
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๊ทธ์ € 1๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ
09:57
and a relatively simple array of tools.
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๋น„๊ต์  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
Today, cancer detection happens mainly
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ
10:04
when symptoms appear.
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์ฆ์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๋•Œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
That is, at stage 3 or 4,
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์ด ๋•Œ๋Š” 3๊ธฐ๋‚˜ 4๊ธฐ๋กœ,
10:08
and I believe that is too late.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
It is too expensive for our families.
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๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ํฐ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค๊ณ 
10:12
It is too expensive for humanity.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ฐ’์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
We cannot lose the war against cancer.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•”๊ณผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
It not only costs us billions of dollars,
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์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋ถˆ์ด ๋“ค ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:20
but it also costs us the people we love.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์•—์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
Today, my aunt, she's fighting bravely
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ํ˜„์žฌ, ์ œ ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋Š” ์šฉ๊ฐํžˆ ์•”๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋ฉฐ
10:26
and going through this process with a very positive attitude.
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
However, I want fights like this
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ธ์›€๋“ค์ด
10:32
to become very rare.
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๋“œ๋ฌผ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
I want to see the day
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์ €๋Š” ์•”์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜์–ด
10:34
when cancer is treated easily
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10:36
because it can be routinely diagnosed
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
at the very early stages,
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10:40
and I'm certain
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ์ปจ๋ฐ
10:42
that in the very near future,
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—
10:44
because of this
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ
10:45
and other breakthroughs that we are seeing
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณผํ•™์— ์˜ํ•ด
10:46
every day in the life sciences,
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10:48
the way we see cancer
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•”์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์€
10:50
will radically change.
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๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
It will give us the chance of detecting it early,
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์•”์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ง„๋‹จํ•ด
10:54
understanding it better,
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๋”์šฑ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ,
10:56
and finding a cure.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์„ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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