You have no idea where camels really come from | Latif Nasser

798,248 views ใƒป 2016-04-14

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
So, this is a story
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
00:14
about how we know what we know.
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ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
00:17
It's a story about this woman,
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช,
00:20
Natalia Rybczynski.
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ื ื˜ืœื™ื” ืจื™ื‘ืฆ'ื™ื ืกืงื™.
00:22
She's a paleobiologist,
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ื”ื™ื ืคืœื™ืื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
00:24
which means she specializes in digging up really old dead stuff.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
00:28
(Audio) Natalia Rybczynski: Yeah, I had someone call me "Dr. Dead Things."
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(ื”ืงืœื˜ื”) ื ื˜ืœื™ื” ืจื™ื‘ืฆ'ื™ื ืกืงื™: ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ "ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื".
00:32
Latif Nasser: And I think she's particularly interesting
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ืœื˜ื™ืฃ ื ืืกืจ: ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
00:35
because of where she digs that stuff up,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืจืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:36
way above the Arctic Circle in the remote Canadian tundra.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืœ ืœื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™, ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจื” ื”ืงื ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช.
00:41
Now, one summer day in 2006,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ื•ื ืงื™ืฅ ืื—ื“ ื‘2006,
00:44
she was at a dig site called the Fyles Leaf Bed,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื Fyles Leaf Bed,
00:48
which is less than 10 degrees latitude away from the magnetic north pole.
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›10 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืžื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
00:52
(Audio) NR: Really, it's not going to sound very exciting,
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(ืงื•ืœ) ื .ืจ: ื‘ืืžืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื’ืฉ,
00:55
because it was a day of walking with your backpack and your GPS
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขื ืชืจืžื™ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ื•ืขื ื”GPS ืฉืœืš
00:59
and notebook and just picking up anything that might be a fossil.
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ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ.
01:03
LN: And at some point, she noticed something.
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ืœ.ื : ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉื”ื•.
01:06
(Audio) NR: Rusty, kind of rust-colored,
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(ืงื•ืœ) ื .ืจ: ื—ืœื•ื“ ื›ื–ื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื—ืœื•ื“ื”.
01:08
about the size of the palm of my hand.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™.
01:10
It was just lying on the surface.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
01:12
LN: And at first she thought it was just a splinter of wood,
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ืœ.ื : ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื‘ื‘ ืขืฅ,
01:16
because that's the sort of thing people had found
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื ืงื•ื“ื
01:18
at the Fyles Leaf Bed before -- prehistoric plant parts.
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ื‘-Fyles Leaf Bed -- ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
01:22
But that night, back at camp ...
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื—ื ื” --
01:24
(Audio) NR: ... I get out the hand lens,
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(ืงื•ืœ) ื .ืจ: ... ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœืช
01:26
I'm looking a little bit more closely and realizing
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ื•ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื”
01:29
it doesn't quite look like this has tree rings.
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ืฉืœื ืžืžืฉ ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฆื™ื.
01:31
Maybe it's a preservation thing,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื”,
01:33
but it looks really like ...
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื•..
01:35
bone.
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ืขืฆื.
01:36
LN: Huh. So over the next four years,
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ืœ.ื : ื”ื. ืื– ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
01:39
she went to that spot over and over,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
01:42
and eventually collected 30 fragments of that exact same bone,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกืคื” 30 ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง,
01:48
most of them really tiny.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
01:50
(Audio) NR: It's not a whole lot. It fits in a small Ziploc bag.
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(ืงื•ืœ) ื .ืจ: ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืœืฉืงื™ืช ืจื™ืฆ'ืจืฅ'.
01:54
LN: And she tried to piece them together like a jigsaw puzzle.
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ืœ.ื : ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคืื–ืœ.
01:58
But it was challenging.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืืชื’ืจ.
02:00
(Audio) NR: It's broken up into so many little tiny pieces,
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(ืงื•ืœ) ื .ืจ: ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืคืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:03
I'm trying to use sand and putty, and it's not looking good.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืžึถืจึถืง ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:07
So finally, we used a 3D surface scanner.
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ืื– ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืจืง ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืชืœืช ืžืžื“ื™.
02:12
LN: Ooh! NR: Yeah, right?
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ืœ.ื : ืื•ื•ื•! ื .ืจ: ื›ืŸ, ืื”?
02:14
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:15
LN: It turns out it was way easier to do it virtually.
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ืœ.ื : ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™.
02:18
(Audio) NR: It's kind of magical when it all fits together.
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(ืงื•ืœ) ื .ืจ: ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืงืกื, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“.
02:21
LN: How certain were you that you had it right,
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ืœ.ื : ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
02:23
that you had put it together in the right way?
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ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”?
02:25
Was there a potential that you'd put it together a different way
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”
02:28
and have, like, a parakeet or something?
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ื•ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืชื•ื›ื™ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•?
02:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:32
(Audio) NR: (Laughs) Um, no. No, we got this.
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•)ื .ืจ:(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืืž, ืœื. ืœื. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
02:36
LN: What she had, she discovered, was a tibia, a leg bone,
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ืœ.ื : ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืชื”, ื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื ื™ืจืš, ืขืฆื ืจื’ืœ,
02:40
and specifically, one that belonged to a cloven-hoofed mammal,
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ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช, ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืง ืขื ืคืจืกื” ืฉืกื•ืขื”,
02:44
so something like a cow or a sheep.
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ืื– ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืคืจื” ืื• ื›ื‘ืฉื”.
02:47
But it couldn't have been either of those.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืืœื”.
02:49
It was just too big.
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ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™.
02:51
(Audio) NR: The size of this thing, it was huge. It's a really big animal.
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•) ื .ืจ: ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ื. ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
02:55
LN: So what animal could it be?
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ืœ.ื : ืื– ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื™ื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?
02:59
Having hit a wall, she showed one of the fragments
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืงื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืชื” ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื
03:01
to some colleagues of hers in Colorado,
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ืœื›ืžื” ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื•,
03:04
and they had an idea.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
03:06
(Audio) NR: We took a saw, and we nicked just the edge of it,
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•)ื .ืจ: ืœืงื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ืจ, ื•ืฉืจื˜ื ื• ืจืง ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ืฉืœื”,
03:11
and there was this really interesting smell that comes from it.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืจื™ื— ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื”.
03:18
LN: It smelled kind of like singed flesh.
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ืœ.ื : ื–ื” ื”ืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื—ืจื•ืš.
03:21
It was a smell that Natalia recognized
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื™ื— ืฉื ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืจื”
03:23
from cutting up skulls in her gross anatomy lab:
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ืžื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื”:
03:27
collagen.
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ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ.
03:29
Collagen is what gives structure to our bones.
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ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืžื‘ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:31
And usually, after so many years,
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื,
03:33
it breaks down.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืจืง.
03:35
But in this case, the Arctic had acted like a natural freezer and preserved it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืง ื›ืžื• ืžืงืคื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉื™ืžืจ ืื•ืชื•.
03:40
Then a year or two later, Natalia was at a conference in Bristol,
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ืื– ืฉื ื” ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืœ,
03:43
and she saw that a colleague of hers named Mike Buckley
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ื•ืจืืชื” ืฉืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื™ืง ื‘ืืงืœื™
03:47
was demoing this new process that he called "collagen fingerprinting."
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืงืจื "ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ."
03:53
It turns out that different species have slightly different structures
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ืžืกืคื‘ืจ ืฉืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื˜
03:56
of collagen,
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ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ,
03:58
so if you get a collagen profile of an unknown bone,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื”,
04:00
you can compare it to those of known species,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื,
04:03
and, who knows, maybe you get a match.
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ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืชืืžื”.
04:06
So she shipped him one of the fragments,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœื• ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื,
04:09
FedEx.
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ื‘ืคื“ืงืก.
04:11
(Audio) NR: Yeah, you want to track it. It's kind of important.
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•)ื "ืจ: ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”. ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
04:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:16
LN: And he processed it,
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ืœ.ื : ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื–ื”,
04:17
and compared it to 37 known and modern-day mammal species.
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœ 37 ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
04:22
And he found a match.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื”ืชืืžื”.
04:24
It turns out that the 3.5 million-year-old bone
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืขืฆื ื‘ืช 3.5 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื
04:29
that Natalia had dug out of the High Arctic
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ืฉื ื˜ืœื™ื” ื—ืคืจื” ื‘ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”
04:33
belonged to ...
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ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœ...
04:36
a camel.
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ื’ืžืœ.
04:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:39
(Audio) NR: And I'm thinking, what? That's amazing -- if it's true.
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•)ื .ืจ: ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืžื”? ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื -- ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:43
LN: So they tested a bunch of the fragments,
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ืœ.ื : ืื– ื”ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื,
04:45
and they got the same result for each one.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
04:48
However, based on the size of the bone that they found,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื•,
04:53
it meant that this camel was 30 percent larger than modern-day camels.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื’ืžืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ 30 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื’ืžืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
05:00
So this camel would have been about nine feet tall,
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ืื– ื”ื’ืžืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
05:03
weighed around a ton.
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ื•ืฉืงืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ื˜ื•ืŸ.
05:04
(Audience reacts)
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(ืงื”ืœ ืžื’ื™ื‘)
05:05
Yeah.
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ื›ืŸ.
05:06
Natalia had found a Giant Arctic camel.
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ื ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžืฆืื” ื’ืžืœ ืืจืงื˜ื™ ืขื ืง.
05:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:14
Now, when you hear the word "camel,"
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื’ืžืœ,"
05:16
what may come to mind is one of these,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”,
05:21
the Bactrian camel of East and Central Asia.
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ื”ื’ืžืœ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”.
05:24
But chances are the postcard image you have in your brain
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
05:28
is one of these, the dromedary,
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืืœื”, ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื“ืจื™,
05:31
quintessential desert creature --
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• --
05:34
hangs out in sandy, hot places like the Middle East and the Sahara,
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ืžื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื”ืจื”,
05:38
has a big old hump on its back
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ื‘ืฉืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘
05:40
for storing water for those long desert treks,
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ืœืื’ื™ืจืช ืžื™ื ืœื˜ืจืงื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
05:42
has big, broad feet to help it tromp over sand dunes.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจื’ืœื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื“ืฉื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ.
05:46
So how on earth would one of these guys end up in the High Arctic?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”?
05:53
Well, scientists have known for a long time, turns out,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ,
05:56
even before Natalia's discovery,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื˜ืœื™ื”,
05:59
that camels are actually originally American.
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ืฉื’ืžืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
06:04
(Music: The Star-Spangled Banner)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™)
06:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:11
They started here.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืคื”.
06:13
For nearly 40 of the 45 million years that camels have been around,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ 40 ืž 45 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื’ืžืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
06:18
you could only find them in North America,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ืจืง ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
06:21
around 20 different species, maybe more.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 20 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:24
(Audio) LN: If I put them all in a lineup, would they look different?
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•)ืœ.ื : ืื ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืกื“ืจ, ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ืจืื• ืฉื•ื ื”?
06:28
NR: Yeah, you're going to have different body sizes.
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ื .ืจ: ื›ืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ื’ื“ืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
06:30
You'll have some with really long necks,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืžืžืฉ ืืจื•ืš,
06:32
so they're actually functionally like giraffes.
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ืื– ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’'ื™ืจืคื•ืช.
06:35
LN: Some had snouts, like crocodiles.
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ืœ.ื : ืœื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื˜ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืงืจื•ืงื•ื“ื™ืœ.
06:38
(Audio) NR: The really primitive, early ones would have been really small,
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•)ื .ืจ: ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
06:42
almost like rabbits.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช.
06:44
LN: What? Rabbit-sized camels?
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ืœ.ื : ืžื”? ื’ืžืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช?
06:47
(Audio) NR: The earliest ones.
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•) ื .ืœ: ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:48
So those ones you probably would not recognize.
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ืื– ืืช ืืœื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื–ื”ื™ื.
06:51
LN: Oh my God, I want a pet rabbit-camel.
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ืœ.ื : ืื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืืจื ื‘-ื’ืžืœ ืžื—ืžื“.
06:53
(Audio) NR: I know, wouldn't that be great?
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•)ื .ืจ: ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”?
06:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:56
LN: And then about three to seven million years ago,
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ืœ.ื : ื•ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
06:59
one branch of camels went down to South America,
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ืขื ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืžืœื™ื ื™ืจื“ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
07:02
where they became llamas and alpacas,
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ืฉื ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืœืืžื•ืช ื•ืืœืคืงื•ืช,
07:05
and another branch crossed over the Bering Land Bridge
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ื•ืขื ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื” ืืช ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ื ื’
07:08
into Asia and Africa.
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ืœืชื•ืš ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
07:09
And then around the end of the last ice age,
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ื•ืื– ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื•ืฃ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
07:11
North American camels went extinct.
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ื”ื’ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื•.
07:15
So, scientists knew all of that already,
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ืื–, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
07:18
but it still doesn't fully explain how Natalia found one so far north.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื™ืš ื ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžืฆืื” ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช.
07:24
Like, this is, temperature-wise, the polar opposite of the Sahara.
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื–ื”, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ืœืกื”ืจื”.
07:29
Now to be fair,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื,
07:31
three and a half million years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
07:33
it was on average 22 degrees Celsius warmer than it is now.
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ 22 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
07:37
So it would have been boreal forest,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขืจ ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
07:40
so more like the Yukon or Siberia today.
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ืื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื•ืงื•ืŸ ืื• ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:44
But still, like, they would have six-month-long winters
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”
07:48
where the ponds would freeze over.
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ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืคืื•ืช.
07:50
You'd have blizzards.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื’ื™ื.
07:52
You'd have 24 hours a day of straight darkness.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืš ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
07:55
Like, how ... How?
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืื™ืš.... ืื™ืš?
07:58
How is it that one of these Saharan superstars
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื•ืคืจืกื˜ืืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื”ืจื”
08:03
could ever have survived those arctic conditions?
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื?
08:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:09
Natalia and her colleagues think they have an answer.
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ื ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
08:13
And it's kind of brilliant.
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ื•ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื ื™.
08:16
What if the very features that we imagine make the camel so well-suited
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ืžื” ืื ื›ืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื’ืžืœ ืžืชืื™ื
08:23
to places like the Sahara,
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ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื”ืจื”,
08:25
actually evolved to help it get through the winter?
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ?
08:29
What if those broad feet were meant to tromp not over sand,
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื“ืจื•ืš ืœื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœ,
08:34
but over snow, like a pair of snowshoes?
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืฉืœื’, ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ื ืขืœื™ ืฉืœื’?
08:37
What if that hump -- which, huge news to me,
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืฉืช -- ืฉื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
08:40
does not contain water, it contains fat --
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ืœื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืฉื•ืžืŸ --
08:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:44
was there to help the camel get through that six-month-long winter,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ืžืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
08:48
when food was scarce?
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ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ?
08:49
And then, only later, long after it crossed over the land bridge
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ื•ืื–, ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฆื” ืืช ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืื“ืžื”
08:53
did it retrofit those winter features for a hot desert environment?
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืืœื• ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืžื”?
08:58
Like, for instance, the hump may be helpful to camels in hotter climes
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืฉืช ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื’ืžืœ ื‘ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:02
because having all your fat in one place,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“,
09:04
like a, you know, fat backpack,
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ื›ืžื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืชื™ืง ื’ื‘ ืฉื•ืžื ื™,
09:07
means that you don't have to have that insulation
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“
09:10
all over the rest of your body.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื’ื•ืคื›ื.
09:11
So it helps heat dissipate easier.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
09:14
It's this crazy idea,
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ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ื”ื–ื”,
09:17
that what seems like proof of the camel's quintessential desert nature
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืžืœ
09:22
could actually be proof of its High Arctic past.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
09:27
Now, I'm not the first person to tell this story.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
09:31
Others have told it as a way to marvel at evolutionary biology
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืคืœื ืžืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
09:36
or as a keyhole into the future of climate change.
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ืื• ื›ื—ื•ืจ-ืžื ืขื•ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
09:40
But I love it for a totally different reason.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
09:43
For me, it's a story about us,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื•,
09:46
about how we see the world
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
09:48
and about how that changes.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”.
09:51
So I was trained as a historian.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืื•ืžืŸ ื›ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
09:55
And I've learned that, actually, a lot of scientists are historians, too.
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ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™, ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื.
09:59
They make sense of the past.
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ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
10:00
They tell the history of our universe, of our planet, of life on this planet.
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ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:06
And as a historian,
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ื•ื›ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื,
10:08
you start with an idea in your mind of how the story goes.
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ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœืš.
10:13
(Audio) NR: We make up stories and we stick with it,
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•)ื .ืจ: ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื,
10:15
like the camel in the desert, right?
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืžืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:17
That's a great story! It's totally adapted for that.
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื”! ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื•ืชืื ืœื–ื”.
10:19
Clearly, it always lived there.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ ืฉื.
10:22
LN: But at any moment, you could uncover some tiny bit of evidence.
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ืœ.ื : ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื”.
10:26
You could learn some tiny thing
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ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ
10:28
that forces you to reframe everything you thought you knew.
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ืฉืžื›ืจื™ื— ืืชื›ื ืœืžืกื’ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื.
10:32
Like, in this case, this one scientist finds this one shard
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืžื•ืฆืืช ืฉื‘ื‘ ืื—ื“
10:36
of what she thought was wood,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืขืฅ,
10:38
and because of that, science has a totally new and totally counterintuitive theory
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ืœืžื“ืข ื™ืฉ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืื™ื ื˜ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื”
10:43
about why this absurd Dr. Seuss-looking creature
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจ ืกื•ืก
10:46
looks the way it does.
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ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื”.
10:48
And for me, it completely upended the way I think of the camel.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืžืœ.
10:53
It went from being this ridiculously niche creature
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืžืฉ ื ื™ืฉืชื™
10:58
suited only to this one specific environment,
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ืžืชืื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื–ื•,
11:00
to being this world traveler that just happens to be in the Sahara,
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ืœืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื”ืจื”,
11:06
and could end up virtually anywhere.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
11:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:26
This is Azuri.
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ื–ื” ืขื–ื•ืจื™.
11:28
Azuri, hi, how are you doing?
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ืขื–ื•ืจื™, ื”ื™, ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืžืš?
11:31
OK, here, I've got one of these for you here.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ืคื”.
11:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:36
So Azuri is on a break from her regular gig
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ืื– ืขื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”
11:40
at the Radio City Music Hall.
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ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจื“ื™ื• ืกื™ื˜ื™.
11:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:44
That's not even a joke.
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ื–ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื”.
11:46
Anyway --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ --
11:48
But really, Azuri is here as a living reminder
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช, ืขื–ื•ืจื™ ืคื” ื›ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื”
11:52
that the story of our world is a dynamic one.
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ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™.
11:57
It requires our willingness to readjust, to reimagine.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•, ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
12:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:06
Right, Azuri?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืขื–ื•ืจื™?
12:07
And, really, that we're all just one shard of bone away
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื‘ ืขืฆื ืื—ื“
12:14
from seeing the world anew.
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ืžืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
12:16
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
12:18
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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