Jane Poynter: Life in Biosphere 2

314,498 views ใƒป 2009-06-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Rafi Taglicht ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
I have had the distinct pleasure
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื’
00:15
of living inside two biospheres.
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช.
00:18
Of course we all here in this room live in Biosphere 1.
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ื‘ื•ื“ืื™, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคืจื” 1.
00:22
I've also lived in Biosphere 2.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคืจื” 2.
00:26
And the wonderful thing about that is that I get to compare biospheres.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืคืœื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช
00:30
And hopefully from that I get to learn something.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•.
00:33
So what did I learn? Well,
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ืื– ืžื” ืœืžื“ืชื™? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
00:35
here I am inside Biosphere 2, making a pizza.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคืจื” 2, ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืฆื”.
00:38
So I am harvesting the wheat, in order to make the dough.
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืฆืง.
00:41
And then of course I have to milk the goats
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื–ื™ื
00:43
and feed the goats in order to make the cheese.
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ื•ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื–ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”.
00:46
It took me four months in Biosphere 2 to make a pizza.
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ืœืงื— ืœื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคืจื” 2 ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื”.
00:48
Here in Biosphere 1, well it takes me about two minutes,
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ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคืจื” 1 , ื–ื” ื™ืงื— ืœื™ ื›2 ื“ืงื•ืช.
00:51
because I pick up the phone and I call and say,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื•ืื’ื™ื“,
00:53
"Hey, can you deliver the pizza?"
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"ื”ื™, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื™ ืžื’ืฉ ืคื™ืฆื”?"
00:55
So Biosphere 2
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ืื–, ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคืจื” 2
00:58
was essentially a three-acre,
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ื”ื™ืชื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 12 ื“ื•ื ื
01:00
entirely sealed, miniature world
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ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื–ืขื™ืจ ืื ืคื™ืŸ
01:02
that I lived in for two years and 20 minutes.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื“ืงื•ืช.
01:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:08
Over the top it was sealed with steel and glass,
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ืžืœืžืขืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืชื›ืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
01:10
underneath it was sealed with a pan of steel --
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ืžืชื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืื˜ืžื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ื” ืžืชื›ืช.
01:13
essentially entirely sealed.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืชื•ืžื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:15
So we had our own miniature rainforest,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉืœื ื•,
01:17
a private beach with a coral reef.
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ื—ื•ืฃ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืขื ืจื™ืฃ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
01:19
We had a savanna, a marsh, a desert.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืกื•ื•ืื ื”, ื‘ื™ืฆื”, ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
01:22
We had our own half-acre farm that we had to grow everything.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ื” ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ื”ื›ืœ.
01:25
And of course we had our human habitat, where we lived.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื—ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
01:28
Back in the mid-'80s when we were designing Biosphere 2,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื›ื ื ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” 2,
01:31
we had to ask ourselves some pretty basic questions.
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
01:33
I mean, what is a biosphere?
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”?
01:35
Back then, yes, I guess we all know now
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืื–,ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
01:37
that it is essentially the sphere of life around the Earth, right?
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ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:40
Well, you have to get a little more specific than that if you're going to build one.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื—ืช.
01:43
And so we decided that what it really is
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”
01:46
is that it is entirely materially closed --
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ื”ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช,
01:49
that is, nothing goes in or out at all, no material --
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ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื” ืื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ,
01:52
and energetically open,
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ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื”.
01:54
which is essentially what planet Earth is.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ื•.
01:56
This is a chamber that was 1/400th the size of Biosphere 2
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 1/400 ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” 2
01:59
that we called our Test Module.
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ืงืจืื ื• ืœืชื ื–ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
02:01
And the very first day that this fellow, John Allen,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืืœืŸ,
02:03
walked in, to spend a couple of days in there
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ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ื›ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื,
02:05
with all the plants and animals and bacteria that we'd put in there
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืฉืžื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”
02:07
to hopefully keep him alive,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:09
the doctors were incredibly concerned
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ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื
02:11
that he was going to succumb to some dreadful toxin,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืขืœืŸ ื ื•ืจืื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
02:13
or that his lungs were going to get choked with bacteria or something, fungus.
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ืื• ืฉื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื™ื—ื ืงื• ืžื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืื• ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
02:17
But of course none of that happened.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”.
02:20
And over the ensuing few years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
02:22
there were great sagas about designing Biosphere 2.
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” 2.
02:24
But by 1991
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ืื•ืœื ืขื“ 1991
02:26
we finally had this thing built.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:28
And it was time for us to go in
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก
02:30
and give it a go.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืื•ืชื”.
02:32
We needed to know,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื“ืขืช,
02:34
is life this malleable?
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื?
02:36
Can you take this biosphere,
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ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:38
that has evolved on a planetary scale,
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ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:40
and jam it into a little bottle,
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ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืงื˜ืŸ,
02:42
and will it survive?
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืฉืจื•ื“?
02:44
Big questions.
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
02:46
And we wanted to know this both for being able to go somewhere else
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ื–ืืช ื”ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ
02:49
in the universe -- if we were going to go to Mars, for instance,
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ื, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืื“ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ,
02:52
would we take a biosphere with us, to live in it?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืื™ืชื ื•, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”?
02:54
We also wanted to know so we can understand more about
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช
02:56
the Earth that we all live in.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:58
Well, in 1991 it was finally time for us to go in
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘1991 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”
03:01
and try out this baby.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:03
Let's take it on a maiden voyage.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืกืข ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”.
03:05
Will it work? Or will something happen
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืคืขืœ? ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”
03:07
that we can't understand and we can't fix,
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ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ?
03:11
thereby negating the concept of man-made biospheres?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื.
03:15
So eight of us went in: four men and four women.
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ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื• ืคื ื™ืžื”. ืืจื‘ืขื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื ืฉื™ื.
03:18
More on that later.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
03:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:22
And this is the world that we lived in.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
03:25
So, on the top, we had
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ืื ื›ืš, ืœืžืขืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื•
03:27
these beautiful rainforests and an ocean,
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ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื ื•ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื.
03:29
and underneath we had all this technosphere, we called it,
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ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืจืื ื• ืœื”.
03:33
which is where all the pumps and the valves
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•
03:35
and the water tanks and the air handlers, and all of that.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
03:38
One of the Biospherians called it "garden of Eden
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ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืงืจื ืœื–ื” "ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ
03:40
on top of an aircraft carrier."
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ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื".
03:42
And then also we had the human habitat of course,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
03:44
with the laboratories, and all of that.
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ืฉื›ืœืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
03:46
This is the agriculture.
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ื–ื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
03:48
It was essentially an organic farm.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช.
03:51
The day I walked into Biosphere 2,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืกืคื™ืจื” 2,
03:53
I was, for the first time,
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ื”ืคื›ืชื™, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
03:55
breathing a completely different atmosphere
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ืœืื“ื ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
03:58
than everybody else in the world,
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ืžื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
04:00
except seven other people.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:02
At that moment I became part of that biosphere.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
04:06
And I don't mean that in an abstract sense;
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื›ืš ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜.
04:09
I mean it rather literally.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
04:11
When I breathed out, my CO2
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืคืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฉืœื™
04:14
fed the sweet potatoes that I was growing.
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ื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืฉื’ื™ื“ืœืชื™.
04:18
And we ate an awful lot of the sweet potatoes.
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ื•ืื›ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ืžืชื•ืงื™ื.
04:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:23
And those sweet potatoes
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ื•ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืืœื•
04:25
became part of me.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื™.
04:27
In fact, we ate so many sweet potatoes
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื›ืœื ื• ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
04:29
I became orange with sweet potato.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ืชื™ ื›ืชื•ืžื” ืžืจื•ื‘ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”.
04:31
I literally was eating the same carbon over and over again.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื• ืื›ืœืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
04:35
I was eating myself in some strange sort of bizarre way.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืื›ืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
04:39
When it came to our atmosphere, however,
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ืื•ืœื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:41
it wasn't that much of a joke over the long term,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
04:45
because it turned out that we were losing oxygen, quite a lot of oxygen.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื›ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
04:49
And we knew that we were losing CO2.
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ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
04:51
And so we were working to sequester carbon.
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ื•ื›ืš ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ.
04:54
Good lord -- we know that term now.
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ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:56
We were growing plants like crazy.
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ื’ื™ื“ืœื ื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื.
04:58
We were taking their biomass, storing them in the basement,
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืžืกื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืื›ืกื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ,
05:00
growing plants, going around, around, around,
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ื’ื™ื“ืœื ื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืกื‘ื™ื‘,
05:02
trying to take all of that carbon out of the atmosphere.
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
05:04
We were trying to stop carbon from going into the atmosphere.
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
05:07
We stopped irrigating our soil, as much as we could.
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ื”ืคืกืงื ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
05:09
We stopped tilling, so that we could prevent greenhouse gasses from going into the air.
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ื”ืคืกืงื ื• ืœื—ืจื•ืฉ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ื™ืจ.
05:13
But our oxygen was going down faster
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ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืจื“ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:15
than our CO2 was going up, which was quite unexpected,
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ื•ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืขืœื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™.
05:18
because we had seen them going in tandem in the test module.
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ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื ืขื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
05:21
And it was like playing atomic hide-and-seek.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื—ื‘ื•ืื™ื ืขื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
05:24
We had lost seven tons of oxygen.
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
05:26
And we had no clue where it was.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ืจืžื– ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืฆืื.
05:28
And I tell you, when you lose a lot of oxygen --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ --
05:31
and our oxygen went down quite far;
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ื•ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืจื“ ืœืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืœืžื“ื™,
05:33
it went from 21 percent down to 14.2 percent --
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื“ ืž21 ืื—ื•ื– ืœ14.2 ืื—ื•ื– --
05:36
my goodness, do you feel dreadful.
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ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ, ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ื•ืžื”.
05:39
I mean we were dragging ourselves around the Biosphere.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื’ืจืจื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
05:42
And we had sleep apnea at night.
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ืกื‘ืœื ื• ืžื“ื•ื ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
05:44
So you'd wake up gasping with breath,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื ื• ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืžืฉืชื ืงืช.
05:47
because your blood chemistry has changed.
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ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”.
05:49
And that you literally do that. You stop breathing and then you -- (Gasps) --
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืš. ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื ืคืกืงืช ื•ืื– ืืชื” -- (ืžืฉืชื ืงืช) --
05:52
take a breath and it wakes you up. And it's very irritating.
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ืœื•ืงื— ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ. ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขืฆื‘ืŸ.
05:54
And everybody outside thought we were dying.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช.
05:56
I mean, the media was making it sound like were were dying.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื’ืจืžื” ืœื›ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช.
05:58
And I had to call up my mother every other day saying, "No, Mum, it's fine, fine.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืืžื ืฉืœื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœืืžืจ ืœื”, "ืœื ืืžื, ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
06:01
We're not dead. We're fine. We're fine."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืชื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ."
06:03
And the doctor was, in fact, checking us
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ื”ืจื•ืคื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื“ืง ืื•ืชื ื•
06:05
to make sure we were, in fact, fine.
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ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
06:07
But in fact he was the person who was most susceptible to the oxygen.
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ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ
06:11
And one day he couldn't add up a line of figures.
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืจืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
06:13
And it was time for us to put oxygen in.
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
06:17
And you might think, well,
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ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘,
06:19
"Boy, your life support system
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"ื”ื™ื™, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš
06:21
was failing you. Wasn't that dreadful?"
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ื ื›ืฉืœืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื”. ื”ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ื•ืจื?"
06:23
Yes. In a sense it was terrifying.
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ื›ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“.
06:27
Except that I knew I could walk out the airlock door
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ืื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆืืช ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื“ืœืช ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ื™ืจ
06:30
at any time, if it really got bad,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืกืง ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืจืข ื‘ืืžืช.
06:32
though who was going to say, "I can't take it anymore!"?
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ืจืง ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“, "ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืืช ื–ืืช ืขื•ื“!"?
06:35
Not me, that was for sure.
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ืœื ืื ื™, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
06:37
But on the other hand, it was the scientific gold of the project,
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ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜.
06:41
because we could really crank this baby up,
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ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
06:43
as a scientific tool,
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ื›ื›ืœื™ ืžื“ืขื™,
06:45
and see if we could, in fact, find
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืžืฆื•ื
06:47
where those seven tons of oxygen had gone.
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ืœืืŸ ื ืขืœืžื• ืื•ืชื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
06:50
And we did indeed find it.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื.
06:52
And we found it in the concrete.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ.
06:54
Essentially it had done something very simple.
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ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
06:56
We had put too much carbon in the soil in the form of compost.
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ืฉืžื ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื›ื“ืฉืŸ.
06:59
It broke down; it took oxygen out of the air;
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืจืง ื•ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
07:01
it put CO2 into the air; and it went into the concrete.
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื ืคืœื˜ ืœืื•ื™ืจ. ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ.
07:04
Pretty straightforward really.
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ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื”.
07:06
So at the end of the two years
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ื›ืš ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
07:08
when we came out, we were elated,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฆืื ื•, ื—ืฉื ื• ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช.
07:10
because, in fact, although you might say
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ื›ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืžืจ
07:13
we had discovered something that was quite "uhh,"
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ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ "ืื™ื—ืก",
07:16
when your oxygen is going down,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“,
07:18
stopped working, essentially, in your life support system,
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ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœืชืคืงื“, ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš,
07:21
that's a very bad failure.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ.
07:23
Except that we knew what it was. And we knew how to fix it.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืžื” ืงืจื” ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืชืงืŸ ื–ืืช.
07:26
And nothing else emerged
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ื•ืœื ืขืœื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ
07:28
that really was as serious as that.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
07:30
And we proved the concept, more or less.
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ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื”, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:32
People, on the other hand, was a different subject.
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ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ.
07:35
We were -- yeah I don't know that we were fixable.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• -- ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.
07:38
We all went quite nuts, I will say.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช.
07:40
And the day I came out of Biosphere 2,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืกืคื™ืจื” 2
07:42
I was thrilled I was going to see all my family and my friends.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ืจื’ืฉืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™.
07:46
For two years I'd been seeing people through the glass.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
07:49
And everybody ran up to me.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืืœื™.
07:51
And I recoiled. They stank!
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ืจืชืขืชื™. ื”ื ื”ืกืจื™ื—ื•!
07:55
People stink!
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื—ื™ื!
07:57
We stink of hairspray and underarm deodorant,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืจื™ื—ื™ื ืžืชืจืกื™ืก ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจื ื˜,
08:00
and all kinds of stuff.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:02
Now we had stuff inside Biosphere to keep ourselves clean,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” 2 ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื ืงื™ื™ื.
08:05
but nothing with perfume.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืœ ื‘ื•ืฉื.
08:07
And boy do we stink out here.
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ื•ืื•ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืจื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
08:10
Not only that,
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ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”,
08:12
but I lost touch of where my food came from.
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ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
08:16
I had been growing all my own food.
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ื’ื™ื“ืœืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™.
08:19
I had no idea what was in my food, where it came from.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืฉืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื.
08:22
I didn't even recognize half the names in most of the food that I was eating.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื›ืจืชื™ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื›ืœืชื™.
08:25
In fact, I would stand for hours in the aisles of shops,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
08:28
reading all the names on all of the things.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:30
People must have thought I was nuts.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืฉืชื’ืขืชื™.
08:32
It was really quite astonishing.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
08:38
And I slowly lost track
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ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ
08:41
of where I was in this big biosphere, in this big biosphere that we all live in.
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ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:45
In Biosphere 2 I totally understood
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” 2 ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
08:48
that I had a huge impact on my biosphere, everyday,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™, ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
08:52
and it had an impact on me,
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ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœื™,
08:54
very viscerally, very literally.
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ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“.
08:56
So I went about my business:
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ืžืื– ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื™.
08:58
Paragon Space Development Corporation,
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ืคืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืœ,
09:00
a little firm I started with people while I was in the Biosphere,
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื”ืงืžืชื™ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
09:02
because I had nothing else to do.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
09:04
And one of the things we did was
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื”
09:06
try to figure out: how small can you make these biospheres,
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
09:08
and what can you do with them?
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ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชืŸ?
09:10
And so we sent one onto the Mir Space Station.
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ื•ื›ืš ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืื—ืช ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืžื™ืจ.
09:13
We had one on the shuttle and one on the International Space Station,
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ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืขื ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ืื—ืช ืขืœ ืชื—ื ืช ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
09:16
for 16 months, where we managed to produce
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ืœืžืฉืš 16 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
09:18
the first organisms to go through
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ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื•
09:20
complete multiple life cycles in space --
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
09:22
really pushing the envelope
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื“ื—ืคื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช
09:24
of understanding how malleable
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ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืขืžื™ื“ื”
09:26
our life systems are.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
09:29
And I'm also proud to announce
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื ื™ ื’ืื” ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื–,
09:31
that you're getting a sneak preview -- on Friday we're going to announce
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ืฉืืชื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืฆื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” -- ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื–
09:34
that we're actually forming a team
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ืฉืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืช
09:36
to develop a system to grow plants on the Moon,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืชื— ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
09:39
which is going to be pretty fun.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืขืฉืข ืœืžื“ื™.
09:41
And the legacy of that is a system that we were designing:
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ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื,
09:44
an entirely sealed system to grow plants to grow on Mars.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ืชื•ืžื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
09:48
And part of that is that we had to model
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ
09:50
very rapid circulation of CO2
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
09:54
and oxygen and water through this plant system.
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ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืžื™ื,
09:57
As a result of that modeling
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”
09:59
I ended up in all places,
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
10:01
in Eritrea, in the Horn of Africa.
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ื‘ืืจื™ืชืจื™ืื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืจืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
10:04
Eritrea, formerly part of Ethiopia,
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ืืจื™ืชืจื™ืื”, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”,
10:07
is one of those places that is astonishingly beautiful,
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ื”ื™ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
10:12
incredibly stark, and I have no understanding
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ืฉื•ืžืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืŸ, ื•ืื™ื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื”
10:16
of how people eke out a living there.
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ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื” ืžื—ื™ื”.
10:18
It is so dry.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
10:20
This is what I saw.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™.
10:22
But this is also what I saw.
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ืืš ืจืื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืืช ื–ื”.
10:24
I saw a company that had
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”
10:27
taken seawater
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ืฉืœืงื—ื” ืžื™ ื™ื,
10:30
and sand, and they were growing
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ื•ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ืœื•
10:33
a kind of crop that will grow on pure salt water without having to treat it.
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืžืœื— ืฉืœื ื˜ื•ืคืœื•.
10:37
And it will produce a food crop.
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ื•ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
10:39
In this case it was oilseed.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉืžืŸ ื–ืจืขื™ื.
10:41
It was astonishing. They were also producing mangroves
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื
10:44
in a plantation.
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ื‘ืžื˜ืข.
10:46
And the mangroves were providing wood
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ื”ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœืืกืคืงืช ืขืฅ
10:48
and honey and leaves for the animals,
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ื“ื‘ืฉ ื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
10:50
so that they could produce milk and whatnot,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
10:52
like we had in the Biosphere.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
10:54
And all of it was coming from this: shrimp farms.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ืžื–ื”, ื—ื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื.
10:58
Shrimp farms are a scourge on the earth,
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
11:00
frankly, from an environmental point of view.
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ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช.
11:02
They pour huge amounts of pollutants into the ocean.
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
11:05
They also pollute their next-door neighbors.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื–ื”ืžื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช.
11:08
So they're all shitting each other's ponds, quite literally.
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืื—ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื”. ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
11:11
And what this project was doing
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื” ืขืฉื”,
11:14
was taking the effluent of these,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื‘ืข ืžื”ืŸ
11:16
and turning them into all of this food.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
11:18
They were literally turning pollution into abundance for a desert people.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืคืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
11:23
They had created an industrial ecosystem, of a sense.
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
11:27
I was there because I was actually modeling the mangrove portion
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื
11:31
for a carbon credit program, under the U.N.
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืฉืจืื™ ืœืคื—ืžืŸ, ืชื—ืช
11:33
Kyoto Protocol system.
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ืคืจื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืงื™ื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื.
11:35
And as I was modeling this mangrove swamp,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆืช ื”ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ื•,
11:37
I was thinking to myself, "How do you put a box around this?"
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, "ืื™ืš ืฉืžื™ื ืงื•ืคืกื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื”?"
11:40
When I'm modeling a plant in a box, literally,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืฆืžื— ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื, ืžืžืฉ,
11:43
I know where to draw the boundary.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืžืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ.
11:45
In a mangrove forest like this I have no idea.
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ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’.
11:48
Well, of course you have to draw the boundary around the whole of the Earth.
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ื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
11:51
And understand its interactions with the entire Earth.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
11:54
And put your project in that context.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.
11:59
Around the world today we're seeing an incredible transformation,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืฆื•ื.
12:04
from what I would call a biocidal species,
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ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื• ืžื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื— ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:08
one that -- whether we intentionally or unintentionally --
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ื›ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืื• ืฉืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”
12:11
have designed our systems to kill life, a lot of the time.
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ืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœื”ืจื’ ื—ื™ื™ื.
12:15
This is in fact, this beautiful photograph,
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื™ืคื™ืคื” ื–ื”,
12:19
is in fact over the Amazon.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขืœ ืœืืžื–ื•ื ืก.
12:21
And here the light green are areas of massive deforestation.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ื ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืก ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™.
12:26
And those beautiful wispy clouds
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ื•ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
12:28
are, in fact, fires, human-made fires.
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ื”ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื.
12:32
We're in the process of transforming from this,
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ืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืžื–ื”,
12:35
to what I would call a biophilic society,
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ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:39
one where we learn to nurture society.
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ื›ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื˜ืคื— ื—ื™ื™ื.
12:42
Now it may not seem like it, but we are.
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืš, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื›ืŸ.
12:45
It is happening all across the world,
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
12:48
in every kind of walk of life,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:50
and every kind of career
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”
12:52
and industry that you can think of.
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ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช.
12:56
And I think often times people get lost in that.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
12:59
They go, "But how can I possibly find my way in that?
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ื”?
13:02
It's such a huge subject."
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืขืฆื•ื."
13:04
And I would say that the small stuff counts. It really does.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื.
13:08
This is the story of a rake in my backyard.
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ื”ื ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืคื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
13:13
This was my backyard,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื™,
13:15
very early on, when I bought my property.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื.
13:17
And in Arizona, of course, everybody puts gravel down.
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ื•ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื—ืฆืฅ.
13:20
And they like to keep everything beautifully raked. And they keep all the leaves away.
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื”. ื”ื ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื.
13:24
And on Sunday morning the neighbors leaf blower comes out,
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ืžืคื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
13:27
and I want to throttle them.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื ื•ืง ืื•ืชื.
13:29
It's a certain type of aesthetic.
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ื–ื• ืืกื˜ืชื™ืงื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
13:32
We're very uncomfortable with untidiness.
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ืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื“ืจ.
13:35
And I threw away my rake.
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ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืจืคื” ืฉืœื™.
13:39
And I let all of the leaves fall from the trees that I have on my property.
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ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
13:43
And over time, essentially what have I been doing?
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ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืžืขืฉื”?
13:45
I've been building topsoil.
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ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืื“ืžื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
13:47
And so now all the birds come in. And I have hawks.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื ื™ืฆื™ื.
13:49
And I have an oasis.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื ื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
13:53
This is what happens every spring. For six weeks,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืืฆืœื™ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
13:57
six to eight weeks, I have this flush of green oasis.
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ืฉื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื ื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืฉื•ืคืข.
14:00
This is actually in a riparian area.
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื”ืจ.
14:02
And all of Tucson could be like this
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš
14:04
if everybody would just revolt and throw away the rake.
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ืื ื›ื•ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืžืจื“ื• ื•ื™ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžื’ืจืคื•ืช.
14:07
The small stuff counts.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
14:11
The Industrial Revolution -- and Prometheus --
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืคืจื•ืžื™ืชื™ืื•ืก,
14:14
has given us this, the ability to light up the world.
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ื ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:19
It has also given us this,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ื’ื,
14:21
the ability to look at the world from the outside.
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ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
14:25
Now we may not all have
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ื›ืขืช ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืœื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ
14:27
another biosphere that we can run to,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืืœื™ื”,
14:29
and compare it to this biosphere.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
14:32
But we can look at the world,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
14:34
and try to understand where we are in its context,
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื•,
14:39
and how we choose to interact with it.
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ื•ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืขื™ืžื•.
14:43
And if you lose where you are in your biosphere,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื›ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื,
14:46
or are perhaps having a difficulty connecting
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ
14:48
with where you are in the biosphere,
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ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
14:50
I would say to you,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื,
14:53
take a deep breath.
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ืœืงื—ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื”.
14:56
The yogis had it right.
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ื”ื™ื•ื’ื™ื ืฆื“ืงื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš.
14:58
Breath does, in fact, connect us all
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ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•
15:01
in a very literal way.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืžืื•ื“.
15:03
Take a breath now.
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ืงื—ื• ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืขืช.
15:05
And as you breathe, think
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ื‘ืขืช ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื, ื—ืฉื‘ื•
15:07
about what is in your breath.
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžืชื›ื.
15:11
There perhaps is the CO2 from the person sitting next-door to you.
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืฆื™ื“ื›ื.
15:16
Maybe there is a little bit of oxygen
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืขื˜ ื—ืžืฆืŸ
15:18
from some algae on the beach not far from here.
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ืžืืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ืœื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื›ืืŸ.
15:23
It also connects us in time.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
15:26
There may be some carbon in your breath
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื” ืžืขื˜ ืคื—ืžืŸ
15:30
from the dinosaurs.
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ืžื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
15:33
There could also be carbon that you are exhaling now
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืคื™ื ื›ืขืช,
15:38
that will be in the breath
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ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื”
15:42
of your great-great-great-grandchildren.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ื“ ืฉืœื›ื.
15:45
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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