Lee Hotz: Inside an Antarctic time machine

28,510 views ใƒป 2010-08-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Come with me to the bottom of the world,
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ ืืœ ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:18
Antarctica,
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ืื ื˜ืืจื˜ื™ืงื”,
00:20
the highest, driest, windiest,
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ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:22
and yes, coldest region on Earth --
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ื”ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ, ื”ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” --
00:25
more arid than the Sahara
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ืฆื—ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืกื”ืจื”,
00:27
and, in parts, colder than Mars.
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ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื“ื™ื.
00:29
The ice of Antarctica glows
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ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ืืจื˜ื™ืงื” ื–ื•ื”ืจ
00:31
with a light so dazzling,
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ื‘ืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื ื•ื•ืจ,
00:33
it blinds the unprotected eye.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช.
00:35
Early explorers rubbed cocaine in their eyes
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคืฉืคื• ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ื ื™ื”ื
00:37
to kill the pain of it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘.
00:39
The weight of the ice is such that the entire continent
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ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืงืจื— ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ื›ื•ืœื”
00:42
sags below sea level, beneath its weight.
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ืœืฉืงื•ืข ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืคืœืก ื”ื™ื.
00:45
Yet, the ice of Antarctica
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจื˜ื™ืงื”
00:47
is a calendar of climate change.
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
00:49
It records the annual rise and fall
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช
00:51
of greenhouse gases and temperatures
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ื‘ืจืžืชื ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช
00:53
going back before the onset of the last ice ages.
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ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ื ื™ ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
00:56
Nowhere on Earth
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”
00:58
offers us such a perfect record.
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ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ืœื ื• ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉื›ื–ื”.
01:01
And here, scientists are drilling
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื—ื™ื
01:03
into the past of our planet
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ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:05
to find clues to the future
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
01:07
of climate change.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื.
01:09
This past January,
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ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
01:11
I traveled to a place called WAIS Divide,
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ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืงืจื WAIS Divide,
01:13
about 600 miles from the South Pole.
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ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื›ืืœืฃ ืง"ืž ืžื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
01:15
It is the best place on the planet, many say,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:18
to study the history of climate change.
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ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื.
01:20
There, about 45 scientists from the University of Wisconsin,
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ื›-45 ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื™ืกืงื•ื ืกื™ืŸ,
01:23
the Desert Research Institute in Nevada and others
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ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื
01:26
have been working to answer a central question
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ืขื‘ื“ื• ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช
01:28
about global warming.
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ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
01:30
What is the exact relationship
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ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง
01:32
between levels of greenhouse gases
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”
01:35
and planetary temperatures?
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ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
01:37
It's urgent work. We know that temperatures are rising.
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื—ื•ืคื”. ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช.
01:40
This past May was the warmest worldwide on record.
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ืžืื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:43
And we know that levels of greenhouse gases are rising too.
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื’ื ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ืขื•ืœื•ืช.
01:46
What we don't know
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
01:48
is the exact, precise, immediate
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ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช, ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช
01:50
impact of these changes
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:52
on natural climate patterns --
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื --
01:54
winds, ocean currents,
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ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
01:56
precipitation rates, cloud formation,
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ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืขื ื ื™ื,
01:59
things that bear on the health and well-being
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”
02:01
of billions of people.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:04
Their entire camp, every item of gear,
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ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื•, ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื•ื“,
02:07
was ferried 885 miles
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ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 1,400 ืง"ืž
02:09
from McMurdo Station,
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ืžืชื—ื ืช ืžืงืžื•ืจื“ื•,
02:11
the main U.S. supply base
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ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
02:13
on the coast of Antarctica.
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ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืื ื˜ืืจื˜ื™ืงื”.
02:15
WAIS Divide itself though,
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WAIS Divide ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื
02:17
is a circle of tents in the snow.
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ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื’.
02:20
In blizzard winds, the crew sling ropes between the tents
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื’, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืชื•ืœื” ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื
02:23
so that people can feel their way safely
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฉืฉ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื”
02:26
to the nearest ice house
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ืืœ ื”ืื™ื’ืœื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:28
and to the nearest outhouse.
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ื•ืืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:30
It snows so heavily there,
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ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื’ื™ื ืขื–ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš
02:32
the installation was almost immediately buried.
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ืฉื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
02:34
Indeed, the researchers picked this site
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืืช ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื–ื”
02:37
because ice and snow accumulates here
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืจื— ื•ืฉืœื’ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื
02:39
10 times faster than anywhere else in Antarctica.
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ืคื™ 10 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจื˜ื™ืงื”.
02:42
They have to dig themselves out every day.
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ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
02:45
It makes for an exotic
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
02:47
and chilly commute.
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ืœืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืงืคื•ืื”.
02:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:51
But under the surface
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
02:53
is a hive of industrial activity
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ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
02:56
centered around an eight-million-dollar drill assembly.
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ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืชืงืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ื— ืฉืœ 8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
02:59
Periodically, this drill, like a biopsy needle,
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ืื—ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ืžืงื“ื— ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื—ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืคืกื™ื”
03:02
plunges thousands of feet deep into the ice
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ืžื•ื—ื“ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจื—
03:05
to extract a marrow of gases
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืžื— ืขืฆื ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ื
03:07
and isotopes for analysis.
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ื•ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—.
03:10
Ten times a day, they extract
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10 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื
03:12
the 10-foot long cylinder of compressed ice crystals
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ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 3 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงืจื— ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื
03:14
that contain the unsullied air and trace chemicals
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
03:17
laid down by snow,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉืœื’,
03:19
season after season for thousands of years.
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ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:24
It's really a time machine.
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ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
03:26
At the peak of activity earlier this year,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื”,
03:29
the researchers lowered the drill
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื“ื—
03:32
an extra hundred feet deeper into the ice every day
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30 ืžื˜ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื— ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
03:35
and another 365 years
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ื•ืขื•ื“ 365 ืฉื ื™ื
03:37
deeper into the past.
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ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
03:40
Periodically, they remove
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ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื
03:42
a cylinder of ice,
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ื’ืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืงืจื—,
03:44
like gamekeepers popping a spent shotgun shell
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืชืจืžื™ืœ ืจื™ืง ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื”
03:46
from the barrel of a drill.
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ืžืœื•ืข ื”ืžืงื“ื—.
03:50
They inspect it, they check it for cracks,
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืกื“ืงื™ื,
03:52
for drill damage, for spalls, for chips.
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ืœืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื“ื—, ืœืงืžื˜ื™ื, ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื.
03:56
More importantly,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:58
they prepare it for inspection and analysis
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ื”ื ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—
04:00
by 27 independent laboratories
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 27 ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช
04:02
in the United States and Europe,
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
04:04
who will examine it for 40 different trace chemicals
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ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœ40 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
04:06
related to climate,
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืืงืœื™ื,
04:08
some in parts per quadrillion.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืงื•ืื“ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
04:11
Yes, I said that with a Q, quadrillion.
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ื›ืŸ, ืืžืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื• ืขื ื”"ืง"
04:14
They cut the cylinders up into three-foot sections
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ
04:16
for easier handling and shipment
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ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”
04:18
back to these labs,
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ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
04:20
some 8,000 miles from the drill site.
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ืžืจื—ืง 12500 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืืชืจ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื—.
04:23
Each cylinder
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ื›ืœ ื’ืœื™ืœ
04:25
is a parfait of time.
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
04:28
This ice formed as snow
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ื”ืงืจื— ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉืœื’
04:31
15,800 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 15800 ืฉื ื™ื,
04:34
when our ancestors were daubing themselves with paint
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ื›ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžืจื—ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข
04:37
and considering the radical new technology
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ื•ืฉืงืœื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช
04:40
of the alphabet.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
04:43
Bathed in polarized light
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ืžื•ืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘
04:45
and cut in cross-section,
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ื•ื—ืชื•ื›ื™ื ืœืžืงื˜ืขื™ื,
04:47
this ancient ice reveals itself
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ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
04:49
as a mosaic of colors,
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ื›ืžื•ื–ืื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื,
04:51
each one showing how conditions at depth in the ice
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืจืื” ืื™ืš ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืงืจื—
04:54
have affected this material
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ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”
04:57
at depths where pressures can reach
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ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
05:00
a ton per square inch.
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ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข.
05:03
Every year, it begins with a snowflake,
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืคืชื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื’,
05:06
and by digging into fresh snow,
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ื•ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื’ ื—ื“ืฉ,
05:08
we can see how this process is ongoing today.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:11
This wall of undisturbed snow,
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ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื’ ืœื ืžื•ืคืจืข,
05:13
back-lit by sunlight,
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ืžื•ืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžืฉ,
05:15
shows the striations of winter and summer snow,
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ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื’ ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ืงื™ืฅ,
05:18
layer upon layer.
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ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืžืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื”.
05:22
Each storm scours the atmosphere,
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ื›ืœ ืกืขืจื” ืžืงืจืฆืคืช ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”,
05:25
washing out dust, soot,
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ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืื‘ืง, ืคื™ื—,
05:28
trace chemicals,
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ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื,
05:30
and depositing them on the snow pack
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ื•ืžืคืงื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืขืจืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื’
05:33
year after year,
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ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื”,
05:35
millennia after millennia,
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ืืœืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืืœืฃ,
05:37
creating a kind of periodic table of elements
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช
05:39
that at this point
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ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”
05:41
is more than 11,000 feet thick.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž3350 ืžื˜ืจ.
05:44
From this, we can detect an extraordinary number of things.
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ืžื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:49
We can see the calcium
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ
05:51
from the world's deserts,
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ืžื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
05:53
soot from distant wildfires,
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ืคื™ื— ืžืฉืจืคื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช,
05:55
methane as an indicator of the strength of a Pacific monsoon,
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ืžืชืืŸ ื›ืกืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืคืกื™ืคื™,
05:58
all wafted on winds from warmer latitudes
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ื”ื›ืœ ื ื™ืฉื ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื™ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:01
to this remote and very cold place.
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ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื•ื”ืงืคื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
06:04
Most importantly,
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
06:06
these cylinders and this snow
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ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื’ ื”ื–ื”
06:08
trap air.
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ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืจ.
06:10
Each cylinder is about 10 percent ancient air,
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ื›ืœ ื’ืœื™ืœ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืจ ืขืชื™ืง,
06:13
a pristine time capsule
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ืงืคืกื•ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”
06:15
of greenhouse gases -- carbon dioxide,
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ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” -- ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
06:17
methane, nitrous oxide --
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ืžืชืืŸ, ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื—ื ืงืŸ --
06:19
all unchanged from the day that snow formed
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืœื’ ื ื•ืฆืจ
06:22
and first fell.
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ื•ื ืคืœ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
06:24
And this is the object of their scrutiny.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื.
06:27
But don't we already know
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ
06:29
what we need to know about greenhouse gases?
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”?
06:31
Why do we need to study this anymore?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื–ื”?
06:33
Don't we already know how they affect temperatures?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช?
06:35
Don't we already know the consequences
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช
06:38
of a changing climate on our settled civilization?
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ืฉืœ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•?
06:41
The truth is, we only know the outlines,
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืจืง ืืช ืงื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ,
06:44
and what we don't completely understand,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื,
06:46
we can't properly fix.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœืชืงืŸ.
06:48
Indeed, we run the risk of making things worse.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ.
06:51
Consider, the single most successful
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ืชืฉืงืœื•, ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—
06:54
international environmental effort of the 20th century,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”20,
06:57
the Montreal Protocol,
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ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจืื•ืœ,
06:59
in which the nations of Earth banded together to protect the planet
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
07:02
from the harmful effects of ozone-destroying chemicals
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ืžื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ื ืžื—ืกืœื™ ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ
07:05
used at that time
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
07:07
in air conditioners, refrigerators and other cooling devices.
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ื‘ืžื–ื’ื ื™ื, ืžืงืจืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:10
We banned those chemicals,
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ืืกืจื ื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
07:13
and we replaced them, unknowingly,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืคื ื• ืื•ืชื, ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขื”,
07:15
with other substances
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ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
07:17
that, molecule per molecule,
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ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืžื•ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”,
07:19
are a hundred times more potent
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ื”ื ืคื™ ืžืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ืฆืžื”
07:21
as heat-trapping, greenhouse gases
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ื‘ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื—ื•ื, ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
07:23
than carbon dioxide.
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ืžืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
07:26
This process requires
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืš
07:28
extraordinary precautions.
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ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
07:31
The scientists must insure
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
07:33
that the ice is not contaminated.
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ืฉื”ืงืจื— ืœื ืžื–ื•ื”ื.
07:35
Moreover, in this 8,000-mile journey,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ ื”12500 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
07:37
they have to insure this ice doesn't melt.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืงืจื— ืœื ื™ืžืก.
07:39
Imagine juggling a snowball across the tropics.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื’'ืื’ืœื™ื ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื’ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™.
07:43
They have to, in fact,
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช,
07:45
make sure this ice never gets warmer
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ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืงืจื— ืœื ื™ืชื—ืžื
07:47
than about 20 degrees below zero,
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž20 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคืก,
07:49
otherwise, the key gases inside it will dissipate.
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ืื—ืจืช, ื’ื–ื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืฉืชื—ืจืจื•.
07:52
So, in the coldest place on Earth,
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ืื–, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
07:55
they work inside a refrigerator.
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืงืคื™ื.
07:58
As they handle the ice, in fact,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืงืจื—, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช,
08:00
they keep an extra pair of gloves warming in an oven,
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืกื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืคืคื•ืช ืžืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ,
08:02
so that, when their work gloves freeze
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ื›ืš, ืฉื›ืฉื›ืคืคื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืงื•ืคืื•ืช
08:04
and their fingers stiffen,
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ื•ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชืงืฉื•ืช,
08:06
they can don a fresh pair.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื˜ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ.
08:08
They work against the clock and against the thermometer.
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื•ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ ื”ื—ื•ื.
08:11
So far, they've packed up
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ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ืืจื–ื•
08:13
about 4,500 feet of ice cores
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ื‘ืขืจืš 1370 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื—
08:17
for shipment back to the United States.
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ืœืžืฉืœื•ื— ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
08:19
This past season,
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ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
08:21
they manhandled them across the ice
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ื”ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืจื—
08:23
to waiting aircraft.
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ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžื—ื›ื™ื.
08:25
The 109th Air National Guard
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ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 109 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืื•ื™ืจื™
08:28
flew the most recent shipment of ice
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ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื—
08:30
back to the coast of Antarctica,
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืฃ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”,
08:32
where it was boarded onto a freighter,
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ืฉื ื”ืขืžื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื,
08:35
shipped across the tropics to California,
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
08:38
unloaded, put on a truck,
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ืคืจืงื• ืื•ืชื•, ืฉืžื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืžืฉืื™ืช,
08:40
driven across the desert
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ื”ื•ืกืข ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ
08:42
to the National Ice Core Laboratory in Denver, Colorado,
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ืœืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืœื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ื“ื ื‘ืจ, ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื•,
08:44
where, as we speak,
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ืฉื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
08:46
scientists are now slicing this material up
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”
08:48
for samples, for analysis,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช, ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ,
08:50
to be distributed
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ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืงื”
08:52
to the laboratories around the country
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ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
08:54
and in Europe.
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ื•ื‘ืืจื•ืคื”.
08:57
Antarctica was this planet's
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ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœืง
09:00
last empty quarter --
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ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ --
09:02
the blind spot
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืชื”
09:04
in our expanding vision of the world.
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ื‘ืจืื™ื” ื”ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
09:06
Early explorers
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
09:08
sailed off the edge of the map,
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ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืžืคื”,
09:10
and they found a place
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืงื•ื
09:12
where the normal rules of time and temperature
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
09:14
seem suspended.
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ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื.
09:18
Here, the ice seems a living presence.
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”.
09:21
The wind that rubs against it
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ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืžืชื—ื›ื›ืช ื‘ื•
09:23
gives it voice.
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ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื• ืงื•ืœ.
09:26
It is a voice of experience.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ.
09:29
It is a voice we should heed.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื•.
09:33
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
09:35
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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