Lee Hotz: Inside an Antarctic time machine

28,440 views ・ 2010-08-24

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Prevoditelj: Zrinka Gattin Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG
00:15
Come with me to the bottom of the world,
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Pođite sa mnom na dno svjeta,
00:18
Antarctica,
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Antarktiku,
00:20
the highest, driest, windiest,
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najviše, najsuhlje, najvjetrovitije,
00:22
and yes, coldest region on Earth --
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i da, najhladnije područje na Zemlji --
00:25
more arid than the Sahara
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sušnije od Sahare
00:27
and, in parts, colder than Mars.
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i, u dijelovima, hladnije od Marsa.
00:29
The ice of Antarctica glows
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Led Antarktike svijetli
00:31
with a light so dazzling,
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sa svjetlom, tako sjajnim,
00:33
it blinds the unprotected eye.
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da zasljepljuje nezaštićeno oko.
00:35
Early explorers rubbed cocaine in their eyes
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Rani istraživači su utrljavali kokaina u oči
00:37
to kill the pain of it.
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kako bi potisnuli bol izazvanu svjetlom.
00:39
The weight of the ice is such that the entire continent
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Težina leda je takva da se cijeli kontinent
00:42
sags below sea level, beneath its weight.
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objesio ispod morske razine, pod njegovom težinom.
00:45
Yet, the ice of Antarctica
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Ipak, led Antarktike
00:47
is a calendar of climate change.
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je kalendar klimatskih promjena.
00:49
It records the annual rise and fall
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On bilježi godišnji uspon i pad
00:51
of greenhouse gases and temperatures
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stakleničkih plinova i temperatura
00:53
going back before the onset of the last ice ages.
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koje sežu natrag do prije početka posljednjeg ledenog doba.
00:56
Nowhere on Earth
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Nigdje na svijetu
00:58
offers us such a perfect record.
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nam se ne nudi tako savršen zapis.
01:01
And here, scientists are drilling
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Ovdje, znanstvenici buše
01:03
into the past of our planet
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u prošlost našeg planeta
01:05
to find clues to the future
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kako bi pronašli indikacije o budućnosti
01:07
of climate change.
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klimatskih promjena.
01:09
This past January,
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Prošlog siječnja,
01:11
I traveled to a place called WAIS Divide,
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putovao sam do mjesta WAIS Divide,
01:13
about 600 miles from the South Pole.
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oko 965 kilometara od Južnog pola.
01:15
It is the best place on the planet, many say,
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To je najbolje mjesto na planeti, mnogi kažu,
01:18
to study the history of climate change.
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za proučavanje povijesti klimatskih promjena.
01:20
There, about 45 scientists from the University of Wisconsin,
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Ovdje, oko 45 znanstvenika sa Sveučilišta u Wisconsinu,
01:23
the Desert Research Institute in Nevada and others
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Desert Research Instituta u Nevadi i drugi,
01:26
have been working to answer a central question
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rade kako bi odgovorili na bitno pitanje
01:28
about global warming.
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o globalnom zatopljenju.
01:30
What is the exact relationship
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Koji je točan odnos
01:32
between levels of greenhouse gases
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između razine stakleničkih plinova
01:35
and planetary temperatures?
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i planetarnih temperatura?
01:37
It's urgent work. We know that temperatures are rising.
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To je hitan posao. Mi znamo da temperature rastu.
01:40
This past May was the warmest worldwide on record.
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Prošli svibanj je bio najtopliji u svijetu od početka mjerenja.
01:43
And we know that levels of greenhouse gases are rising too.
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I znamo kako razine stakleničkih plinova također rastu.
01:46
What we don't know
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Ono što ne znamo
01:48
is the exact, precise, immediate
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jest točan, precizan, izravan
01:50
impact of these changes
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utjecaj ovih promjena
01:52
on natural climate patterns --
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na prirodne klimatske uzorke --
01:54
winds, ocean currents,
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vjetrove, morske struje,
01:56
precipitation rates, cloud formation,
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količine oborina, stvaranje oblaka,
01:59
things that bear on the health and well-being
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stvari koje utječu na zdravlje i dobrobit
02:01
of billions of people.
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milijarda ljudi.
02:04
Their entire camp, every item of gear,
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Cijeli njihov logor, svaki element opreme,
02:07
was ferried 885 miles
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je bio prevezen 1,424 kilometara
02:09
from McMurdo Station,
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od McMurdo Station,
02:11
the main U.S. supply base
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glavne američke opskrbne baze
02:13
on the coast of Antarctica.
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na obali Antarktike.
02:15
WAIS Divide itself though,
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WAIS Divide je međutim
02:17
is a circle of tents in the snow.
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krug šatora u snijegu.
02:20
In blizzard winds, the crew sling ropes between the tents
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Tijekom mećave, posada upre užad između šatora,
02:23
so that people can feel their way safely
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kako bi ljudi mogli napipati svoj put
02:26
to the nearest ice house
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do najbliže ledene kuće
02:28
and to the nearest outhouse.
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i do najbližeg poljskog zahoda.
02:30
It snows so heavily there,
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Tamo snježi tako jako,
02:32
the installation was almost immediately buried.
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da je instalacija bila gotovo odmah zakopana.
02:34
Indeed, the researchers picked this site
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Zapravo, istraživači su izabrali ovo mjesto
02:37
because ice and snow accumulates here
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jer se led i snijeg akumulira ovdje
02:39
10 times faster than anywhere else in Antarctica.
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10 puta brže nego bilo gdje drugdje na Antarktici.
02:42
They have to dig themselves out every day.
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Oni se moraju iskopavati svaki dan.
02:45
It makes for an exotic
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To sve čini egzotičan
02:47
and chilly commute.
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i hladan put na posao.
02:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:51
But under the surface
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Ali ispod površine,
02:53
is a hive of industrial activity
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je košnica industrijske aktivnosti
02:56
centered around an eight-million-dollar drill assembly.
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centrirana oko sklopa bušilice od osam milijuna dolara.
02:59
Periodically, this drill, like a biopsy needle,
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Periodično, ta bušilica, kao biopsijska igla,
03:02
plunges thousands of feet deep into the ice
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uranja tisuće metara duboko u led
03:05
to extract a marrow of gases
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kako bi izvukla srž plinova
03:07
and isotopes for analysis.
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i izotopa za analizu.
03:10
Ten times a day, they extract
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10 puta na dan, oni ekstrahiraju
03:12
the 10-foot long cylinder of compressed ice crystals
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cilindar dugačkog 3 metra od komprimiranih kristala leda
03:14
that contain the unsullied air and trace chemicals
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koji sadrže netaknut zrak i tragove kemikalija
03:17
laid down by snow,
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polegnutih sa snijegom,
03:19
season after season for thousands of years.
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sezonu za sezonom tisućama godina.
03:24
It's really a time machine.
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To je zapravo vremenski stroj.
03:26
At the peak of activity earlier this year,
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Na vrhunacu aktivnosti ranije ove godine,
03:29
the researchers lowered the drill
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istraživači su spuštali bušilicu
03:32
an extra hundred feet deeper into the ice every day
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dodatnih 30 metara dublje u led svakog dana,
03:35
and another 365 years
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i slijedećih 365 godina
03:37
deeper into the past.
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dublje u prošlosti.
03:40
Periodically, they remove
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Periodično, oni vade
03:42
a cylinder of ice,
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cilindar leda,
03:44
like gamekeepers popping a spent shotgun shell
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poput lovaca koji izbacuju iskorištenu čahuru sačmarice,
03:46
from the barrel of a drill.
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iz cijevi bušilice.
03:50
They inspect it, they check it for cracks,
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Oni ga pregledaju, provjere ima li pukotine,
03:52
for drill damage, for spalls, for chips.
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štetu od bušenja, lomove, krhotine.
03:56
More importantly,
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Što je još važnije,
03:58
they prepare it for inspection and analysis
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oni ga pripremaju za inspekciju i analizu
04:00
by 27 independent laboratories
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u 27 neovisna laboratorija
04:02
in the United States and Europe,
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u Sjedinjenim Državama i Europi,
04:04
who will examine it for 40 different trace chemicals
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koji će ga ispitati na 40 različitih kemikalija u tragovima
04:06
related to climate,
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vezanih uz klimu,
04:08
some in parts per quadrillion.
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neke i u dijelovima po kvadrilionu.
04:11
Yes, I said that with a Q, quadrillion.
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Da, rekao sam da je s K, kvadrilion.
04:14
They cut the cylinders up into three-foot sections
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Oni režu taj cilindar na djelove od jednog metra
04:16
for easier handling and shipment
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radi lakšeg rukovanja i transporta
04:18
back to these labs,
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u te laboratorije,
04:20
some 8,000 miles from the drill site.
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od kojih su neki udaljeni čak oko 12,875 km od mjesta bušenja.
04:23
Each cylinder
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Svaki cilindar
04:25
is a parfait of time.
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je parfe vremena.
04:28
This ice formed as snow
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Taj se led formirao kao snijeg
04:31
15,800 years ago,
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prije 15,800 godina,
04:34
when our ancestors were daubing themselves with paint
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kada su se još naši preci mazali bojom
04:37
and considering the radical new technology
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te uzimali u obzirom radikalnu novi tehnologiju
04:40
of the alphabet.
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abecede.
04:43
Bathed in polarized light
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Okupan u polariziranom svjetlu
04:45
and cut in cross-section,
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i izrezan u presjeke,
04:47
this ancient ice reveals itself
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ovaj drevni led se prikazuje
04:49
as a mosaic of colors,
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kao mozaik boja,
04:51
each one showing how conditions at depth in the ice
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od kojih svaka pokazuje kako su uvjeti na dubini u ledu
04:54
have affected this material
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utjecali na ovaj materijal
04:57
at depths where pressures can reach
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na dubinama gdje tlak može doseći vrijednosti
05:00
a ton per square inch.
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od tisuću tona po kvadratnom metru.
05:03
Every year, it begins with a snowflake,
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Svake godine, sve započinje sa pahuljicom,
05:06
and by digging into fresh snow,
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i kopajući u svježem snijegu,
05:08
we can see how this process is ongoing today.
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možemo vidjeti kako je taj proces u tijeku i danas.
05:11
This wall of undisturbed snow,
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Ovaj zid netaknutog snijega,
05:13
back-lit by sunlight,
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odostraga osvijetljen sunčevim svijetlom,
05:15
shows the striations of winter and summer snow,
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pokazuje linije zimskog i ljetnog snijega,
05:18
layer upon layer.
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sloj za slojem.
05:22
Each storm scours the atmosphere,
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Svaka oluja čisti atmosferu,
05:25
washing out dust, soot,
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ispire ju od prašine, čađe,
05:28
trace chemicals,
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kemikalija u tragovima,
05:30
and depositing them on the snow pack
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te ih taloži u sniježne nanose
05:33
year after year,
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godinu za godinom,
05:35
millennia after millennia,
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tisućljeće za tisućljećem,
05:37
creating a kind of periodic table of elements
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stvarajući neku vrstu periodičnog sustavu elemenata
05:39
that at this point
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koji je u ovom trenutku
05:41
is more than 11,000 feet thick.
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debeo više od 3,350 metara.
05:44
From this, we can detect an extraordinary number of things.
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U njemu, možemo detektirati izvanredan broj stvari.
05:49
We can see the calcium
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Možemo vidjeti kalcij
05:51
from the world's deserts,
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iz svjetskih pustinja,
05:53
soot from distant wildfires,
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čađu iz dalekih požara,
05:55
methane as an indicator of the strength of a Pacific monsoon,
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metan kao pokazatelja tihooceanskog monsuna,
05:58
all wafted on winds from warmer latitudes
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sva strujanja vjetrova od toplijih geografskim širina
06:01
to this remote and very cold place.
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do ovog udaljenog i vrlo hladnog mjesta.
06:04
Most importantly,
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Što je najvažnije,
06:06
these cylinders and this snow
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ovi cilindri i ovaj snijeg
06:08
trap air.
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zarobljavaju zrak.
06:10
Each cylinder is about 10 percent ancient air,
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Svaki cilindar je oko 10 posto drevnog zraka,
06:13
a pristine time capsule
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netaknute vremenske kapsule
06:15
of greenhouse gases -- carbon dioxide,
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stakleničkih plinova - ugljični dioksid,
06:17
methane, nitrous oxide --
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metan, dušikov oksid --
06:19
all unchanged from the day that snow formed
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sve nepromijenjeno od dana kad se taj snijeg formirao
06:22
and first fell.
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i prvi puta pao.
06:24
And this is the object of their scrutiny.
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A to je centar njihovog proučavanja.
06:27
But don't we already know
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Ali, zar mi već ne znamo
06:29
what we need to know about greenhouse gases?
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sve što trebamo znati o stakleničkim plinovima?
06:31
Why do we need to study this anymore?
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Zašto ih trebamo još uvijek proučavati?
06:33
Don't we already know how they affect temperatures?
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Zar već ne znamo kako utječu na temperaturu?
06:35
Don't we already know the consequences
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Zar već ne znamo posljedice
06:38
of a changing climate on our settled civilization?
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klimatskih promjena na naše naseljene civilizacije?
06:41
The truth is, we only know the outlines,
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Istina je, mi znamo samo obrise,
06:44
and what we don't completely understand,
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a što u potpunosti ne razumijemo,
06:46
we can't properly fix.
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ne možemo ispravno popraviti.
06:48
Indeed, we run the risk of making things worse.
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Doista, postoji opasnost kako ćemo samo pogoršati stvar.
06:51
Consider, the single most successful
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Pogledajte, jedini najuspješniji
06:54
international environmental effort of the 20th century,
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međunarodni ekološki napor 20tog stoljeća,
06:57
the Montreal Protocol,
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Montrealski protokol,
06:59
in which the nations of Earth banded together to protect the planet
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u kojem su se narodi Zemlje povezali zajedno kako bi zaštitili Planet
07:02
from the harmful effects of ozone-destroying chemicals
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od štetnih učinaka kemikalija koje uništavaju ozon.
07:05
used at that time
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koje su se u to vrijeme koristile
07:07
in air conditioners, refrigerators and other cooling devices.
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u klima uređajima, hladnjacima, i drugim rashladnim uređajima.
07:10
We banned those chemicals,
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Mi smo zabranili te kemikalije,
07:13
and we replaced them, unknowingly,
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i zamjenili ih, ne znajući,
07:15
with other substances
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s drugim tvarima
07:17
that, molecule per molecule,
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koje, molekulu po molekulu,
07:19
are a hundred times more potent
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su sto puta jače
07:21
as heat-trapping, greenhouse gases
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kao zarobljivaći topline, staklenički plinovi
07:23
than carbon dioxide.
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nego ugljični dioksid.
07:26
This process requires
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Ovaj proces zahtijeva
07:28
extraordinary precautions.
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izvanredne mjere opreza.
07:31
The scientists must insure
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Znanstvenici moraju osigurati
07:33
that the ice is not contaminated.
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da led nije kontaminiran.
07:35
Moreover, in this 8,000-mile journey,
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Štoviše, u tom 12,875 kilometara putovanju,
07:37
they have to insure this ice doesn't melt.
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oni moraju osigurati da se led neće otopiti.
07:39
Imagine juggling a snowball across the tropics.
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Zamislite žongliranje grude snijega preko tropa.
07:43
They have to, in fact,
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Oni, u stvari,
07:45
make sure this ice never gets warmer
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moraju osigurati da taj led nikada neće biti topliji
07:47
than about 20 degrees below zero,
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od oko 20 stupnjeva ispod nule,
07:49
otherwise, the key gases inside it will dissipate.
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inače, će se ključni plinovi raspršiti.
07:52
So, in the coldest place on Earth,
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Dakle, na najhladnijem mjestu na Zemlji,
07:55
they work inside a refrigerator.
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oni rade unutar hladnjaka.
07:58
As they handle the ice, in fact,
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U stvari, dok barataju s ledom,
08:00
they keep an extra pair of gloves warming in an oven,
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drže jedan dodatan par rukavica na grijanju u pećnici,
08:02
so that, when their work gloves freeze
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tako da, kada se njihove radne rukavice smrznu,
08:04
and their fingers stiffen,
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a njihovi prsti ukrutnu,
08:06
they can don a fresh pair.
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oni mogu obući svjež par.
08:08
They work against the clock and against the thermometer.
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Oni rade protiv vremena i protiv termometra.
08:11
So far, they've packed up
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Do sada, oni su zapakirali
08:13
about 4,500 feet of ice cores
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oko 1,370 metara ledene jezgre
08:17
for shipment back to the United States.
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kako bi ih poslali u Sjedinjene Države.
08:19
This past season,
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Prošle sezone,
08:21
they manhandled them across the ice
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oni su ih ručno prenijeli preko leda
08:23
to waiting aircraft.
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do aviona koji ih je čekao.
08:25
The 109th Air National Guard
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109. Air National Guard
08:28
flew the most recent shipment of ice
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je prenijela najnoviju pošiljku leda
08:30
back to the coast of Antarctica,
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natrag do obale Antartike,
08:32
where it was boarded onto a freighter,
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gdje je bio ukrcan na teretni brod,
08:35
shipped across the tropics to California,
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koji je plovio preko tropa prema Kaliforniji,
08:38
unloaded, put on a truck,
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istovaren, prebačen na kamion
08:40
driven across the desert
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prevezen preko pustinje
08:42
to the National Ice Core Laboratory in Denver, Colorado,
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do National Ice Core Laboratory u Denveru, Kolorado
08:44
where, as we speak,
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gdje, dok mi pričamo,
08:46
scientists are now slicing this material up
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znanstvenici sada režu ovaj materijal
08:48
for samples, for analysis,
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na uzorke za analizu,
08:50
to be distributed
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kako bi bili distribuirani
08:52
to the laboratories around the country
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u laboratorije diljem zemlje
08:54
and in Europe.
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i u Europu.
08:57
Antarctica was this planet's
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Antartika je bila
09:00
last empty quarter --
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zadnji prazni kutak na ovom planetu --
09:02
the blind spot
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slijepa točka
09:04
in our expanding vision of the world.
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u širenje naše vizije svijeta.
09:06
Early explorers
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Rani istraživači
09:08
sailed off the edge of the map,
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su plovili s ruba karte,
09:10
and they found a place
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te su našli mjesto
09:12
where the normal rules of time and temperature
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gdje uobičajena pravila vremena i temperatura
09:14
seem suspended.
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izgledaju zaustavljena.
09:18
Here, the ice seems a living presence.
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Evo, led se čini kao živa prisutnost.
09:21
The wind that rubs against it
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vjetar koji se trlja o njega
09:23
gives it voice.
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daje mu glas.
09:26
It is a voice of experience.
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To je glas iskustva.
09:29
It is a voice we should heed.
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To je glas na koji bismo trebali obratiti pozornost.
09:33
Thank you.
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Hvala vam
09:35
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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