How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts | Gregory Heyworth

95,720 views ใƒป 2016-03-02

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
On January 26, 2013,
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ื‘ 26 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, 2013,
00:15
a band of al-Qaeda militants entered the ancient city of Timbuktu
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ ืืœ ืงืขื™ื“ื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื˜ื™ืžื‘ื•ืงื˜ื•
00:19
on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert.
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ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื”ืจื”.
00:21
There, they set fire to a medieval library of 30,000 manuscripts
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ืฉื, ื”ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื• ืกืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืช 30,000 ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
00:26
written in Arabic and several African languages
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ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืคื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช
00:29
and ranging in subject from astronomy to geography, history to medicine,
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ื•ื ืขื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืœื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืจืคื•ืื”,
00:34
including one book which records
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืชืขื“
00:36
perhaps the first treatment for male erectile dysfunction.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช.
00:41
Unknown in the West,
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ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžืขืจื‘,
00:43
this was the collected wisdom of an entire continent,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืฉืœืžื”,
00:46
the voice of Africa at a time when Africa was thought not to have a voice at all.
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ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœ ืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
00:51
The mayor of Bamako, who witnessed the event,
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ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืงื•, ืฉืฆืคื” ื‘ืืจื•ืข,
00:54
called the burning of the manuscripts
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ืงืจื ืœืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื
00:55
"a crime against world cultural heritage."
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"ืคืฉืข ื ื’ื“ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื."
00:58
And he was right --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง --
01:00
or he would have been, if it weren't for the fact that he was also lying.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”, ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉื™ืงืจ.
01:04
In fact, just before,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
01:07
African scholars had collected a random assortment of old books
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ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืืกืคื• ืื•ืกืฃ ืืงืจืื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื
01:11
and left them out for the terrorists to burn.
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ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ.
01:14
Today, the collection lies hidden in Bamako,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื ืžืฆื ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ืžืงื•,
01:16
the capital of Mali,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืืœื™,
01:18
moldering in the high humidity.
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ืžืขืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืœื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
01:20
What was rescued by ruse
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืœ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื”
01:22
is now once again in jeopardy,
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ื ืžืฆื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:24
this time by climate.
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ื”ืคืขื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
01:26
But Africa, and the far-flung corners of the world,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:28
are not the only places, or even the main places
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื
01:30
in which manuscripts that could change the history of world culture
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ื‘ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
01:35
are in jeopardy.
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ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
01:37
Several years ago, I conducted a survey of European research libraries
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช
01:42
and discovered that, at the barest minimum,
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™, ืฉื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื,
01:44
there are 60,000 manuscripts
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ื™ืฉ 60,000 ื›ืชื‘ื™ื
01:48
pre-1500
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ืžืœืคื ื™ 1500
01:49
that are illegible because of water damage,
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ืฉืœื ืงืจื™ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืžื™ื,
01:52
fading, mold and chemical reagents.
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ื“ื”ื™ื™ื”, ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื.
01:56
The real number is likely double that,
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื–ื”,
01:59
and that doesn't even count
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ื•ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
02:02
Renaissance manuscripts and modern manuscripts
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ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืจื ืกื ืก ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื
02:04
and cultural heritage objects such as maps.
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ื•ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืคื•ืช.
02:09
What if there were a technology
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
02:12
that could recover these lost and unknown works?
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช?
02:17
Imagine worldwide how a trove of hundreds of thousands
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืื™ืš ืชื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™
02:22
of previously unknown texts
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ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื
02:25
could radically transform our knowledge of the past.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
02:30
Imagine what unknown classics we would discover
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืงืœืกื™ืงื•ืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื’ืœื”
02:34
which would rewrite the canons of literature, history,
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ืฉื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
02:37
philosophy, music --
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” --
02:39
or, more provocatively, that could rewrite our cultural identities,
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ืื•, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
02:43
building new bridges between people and culture.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:47
These are the questions that transformed me
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ืืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™
02:50
from a medieval scholar, a reader of texts,
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ืžืžืœื•ืžื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืงื•ืจื ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื,
02:52
into a textual scientist.
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ืœืžื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™.
02:56
What an unsatisfying word "reader" is.
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ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ืœื” ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช ื–ื• "ืงื•ืจื".
02:58
For me, it conjures up images of passivity,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื–ื” ื”ืขืœื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
03:01
of someone sitting idly in an armchair
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืขืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื ื•ื—
03:03
waiting for knowledge to come to him
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ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•
03:05
in a neat little parcel.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช.
03:07
How much better to be a participant in the past,
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ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
03:10
an adventurer in an undiscovered country,
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœืชื”,
03:13
searching for the hidden text.
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื.
03:17
As an academic, I was a mere reader.
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ื›ืืงื“ืžืื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจืง ืงื•ืจื,
03:20
I read and taught the same classics
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ืงืจืืชื™ ื•ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืงืœืกื™ืงื•ืช
03:23
that people had been reading and teaching for hundreds of years --
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืงืจืื• ื•ืœื™ืžื“ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื --
03:26
Virgil, Ovid, Chaucer, Petrarch --
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ื•ื™ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืื•ื‘ื™ื“, ืฉื•ืกืจ, ืคื˜ืจืืš --
03:29
and with every scholarly article that I published
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ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ืžืืžืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืฉืคืจืกืžืชื™
03:31
I added to human knowledge in ever-diminishing slivers of insight.
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ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ืœื™ื“ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื”.
03:36
What I wanted to be
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ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
03:38
was an archaeologist of the past,
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ื”ื™ื” ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
03:40
a discoverer of literature,
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ืžื’ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช,
03:42
an Indiana Jones without the whip --
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ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื” ื’'ื•ื ืก ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ --
03:44
or, actually, with the whip.
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ืื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื˜.
03:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:46
And I wanted it not just for myself but I wanted it for my students as well.
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
03:50
And so six years ago, I changed the direction of my career.
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ื•ื›ืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”.
03:54
At the time, I was working on "The Chess of Love,"
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ "ื”ืฉื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”,"
03:57
the last important long poem of the European Middle Ages
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ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
04:00
never to have been edited.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืขืจื›ื”.
04:01
And it wasn't edited because it existed in only one manuscript
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืขืจื›ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
04:05
which was so badly damaged during the firebombing of Dresden
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ืฉื ืคื’ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืจื–ื“ืŸ
04:08
in World War II
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
04:09
that generations of scholars had pronounced it lost.
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ืฉื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืื‘ื•ื“ื”.
04:13
For five years, I had been working with an ultraviolet lamp
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ืžื ื•ืจื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื”
04:16
trying to recover traces of the writing
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘
04:18
and I'd gone about as far as technology at the time
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ื•ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื•
04:21
could actually take me.
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ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื™.
04:22
And so I did what many people do.
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ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•.
04:24
I went online,
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืจืฉืช,
04:26
and there I learned about
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ื•ืฉื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœ
04:28
how multispectral imaging had been used to recover two lost treatises
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ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช
04:33
of the famed Greek mathematician Archimedes
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก
04:36
from a 13th-century palimpsest.
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ืžื”ืคืœื™ืžืคืกืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 13.
04:37
A palimpsest is a manuscript which has been erased and overwritten.
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ืคืœื™ืžืคืกืกื˜ ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืฉื ืžื—ืง ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
04:42
And so, out of the blue,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืคืชืื•ื,
04:43
I decided to write to the lead imaging scientist
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ
04:46
on the Archimedes palimpsest project,
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ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืคืœื™ืžืคืกืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก,
04:48
Professor Roger Easton,
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจ ืื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
04:50
with a plan and a plea.
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ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืชื—ื™ื ื”.
04:52
And to my surprise, he actually wrote back.
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ื•ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืชื‘ ื—ื–ืจื”.
04:56
With his help, I was able to win a grant from the US government
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ืขื ืขื–ืจืชื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื ืง ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
04:59
to build a transportable, multispectral imaging lab,
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ืช ื ื™ื™ื“ืช,
05:03
And with this lab, I transformed what was a charred and faded mess
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ื•ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื—ืจื•ืš ื•ื“ื”ื•ื™
05:08
into a new medieval classic.
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ืœืงืœืกื™ืงืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื”.
05:11
So how does multispectral imaging actually work?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžืขืฉื”?
05:14
Well, the idea behind multispectral imaging
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™
05:16
is something that anyone who is familiar with infrared night vision goggles
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืจืื™ื™ืช ืœื™ืœื” ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ืžื”
05:20
will immediately appreciate:
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ื™ืขืจื™ืš ืžื™ื™ื“:
05:22
that what we can see in the visible spectrum of light
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ
05:24
is only a tiny fraction of what's actually there.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง ื–ืขื™ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื”.
05:27
The same is true with invisible writing.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”.
05:31
Our system uses 12 wavelengths of light
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ 12 ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
05:35
between the ultraviolet and the infrared,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื,
05:38
and these are shown down onto the manuscript from above
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ื•ืืœื” ืžื•ืืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืžืœืžืขืœื”
05:41
from banks of LEDs,
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ืžืžืื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื•ืช LED,
05:42
and another multispectral light source
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ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ืื• ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ
05:44
which comes up through the individual leaves of the manuscript.
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ืฉืžืื™ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“.
05:47
Up to 35 images per sequence per leaf are imaged this way
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ืขื“ ืœ 35 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืจืฆืฃ ืœื“ืฃ ืžื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•
05:52
using a high-powered digital camera equipped with a lens
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ืช ื‘ืขื“ืฉื”
05:54
which is made out of quartz.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื•ืืจืฅ.
05:56
There are about five of these in the world.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืžืฉ ืžืืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:58
And once we capture these images,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
06:00
we feed them through statistical algorithms
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื˜ืžื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื
06:02
to further enhance and clarify them,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
06:05
using software which was originally designed for satellite images
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ
06:08
and used by people like geospatial scientists
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ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื’ืื•ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื™ื
06:12
and the CIA.
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ื•ืืช ื” CIA.
06:14
The results can be spectacular.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
06:16
You may already have heard of what's been done
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื”
06:18
for the Dead Sea Scrolls,
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ืœืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—,
06:19
which are slowly gelatinizing.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื’ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
06:22
Using infrared, we've been able to read even the darkest corners
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื›ื•ืช
06:26
of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
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ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.
06:28
You may not be aware, however,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืขื ื–ืืช,
06:30
of other Biblical texts that are in jeopardy.
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ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืžืงืจืื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
06:33
Here, for example, is a leaf from a manuscript
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ืคื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื–ื” ื“ืฃ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“
06:36
that we imaged,
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ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื ื•,
06:38
which is perhaps the most valuable Christian Bible in the world.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื ืš ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:42
The Codex Vercellensis is the oldest translation of the Gospels into Latin,
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ื”ืงื•ื“ืงืก ื•ืจืงืœื ืกื™ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืœืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
06:48
and it dates from the first half of the fourth century.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช.
06:52
This is the closest we can come
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
06:54
to the Bible at the time of the foundation of Christendom
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ืœืชื "ืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช
06:58
under Emperor Constantine,
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ,
07:00
and at the time also of the Council of Nicaea,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื ื™ื™ืกื™ืื”,
07:03
when the basic creed of Christianity was being agreed upon.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช.
07:06
This manuscript, unfortunately, has been very badly damaged,
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ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื ื™ื–ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”,
07:09
and it's damaged because for centuries
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื–ื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช
07:12
it had been used and handled
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื˜ื•ืคืœ
07:14
in swearing in ceremonies in the church.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื”.
07:17
In fact, that purple splotch that you see in the upper left hand corner
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื›ืชื ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
07:21
is Aspergillus, which is a fungus
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ื”ื•ื ืืกืคืจื’ื™ืœื•ืก, ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื”
07:26
which originates in the unwashed hands
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ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื ืจื—ื•ืฆื•ืช
07:29
of a person with tuberculosis.
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ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื—ืคืช.
07:32
Our imaging has enabled me to make the first transcription
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ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
07:35
of this manuscript in 250 years.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ื‘ 250 ืฉื ื”.
07:39
Having a lab that can travel to collections where it's needed, however,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉืช, ืขื ื–ืืช,
07:43
is only part of the solution.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
07:45
The technology is expensive and very rare,
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืงืจื” ื•ืžืื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื”,
07:48
and the imaging and image processing skills are esoteric.
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ืื–ื•ื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
07:51
That means that mounting recoveries
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืขืจืžื™ื
07:53
is beyond the reach of most researchers and all but the wealthiest institutions.
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ื”ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื’ืขื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืจืง ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:58
That's why I founded the Lazarus Project,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืกื“ืชื™ ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœื–ืจื•ืก,
08:01
a not-for-profit initiative
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ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—
08:02
to bring multispectral imaging to individual researchers
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
08:06
and smaller institutions at little or no cost whatsoever.
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ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
08:11
Over the past five years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
08:13
our team of imaging scientists, scholars and students
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื™ืคื•ื™, ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
08:17
has travelled to seven different countries
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ื ืกืข ืœืฉื‘ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
08:19
and have recovered some of the world's most valuable damaged manuscripts,
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ื•ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
08:23
included the Vercelli Book, which is the oldest book of English,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืคืจ ื•ื•ืจืกืœื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
08:26
the Black Book of Carmarthen, the oldest book of Welsh,
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ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจืžืจื˜ืŸ, ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื•ื•ืœืฉื™ืช,
08:28
and some of the most valuable earliest Gospels
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช
08:32
located in what is now the former Soviet Georgia.
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ืฉืžืžื•ืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
08:36
So, spectral imaging can recover lost texts.
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ืื–, ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื.
08:40
More subtly, though, it can recover a second story behind every object,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืขืฆื,
08:45
the story of how, when and by whom a text was created,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืš, ืžืชื™ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื ื•ืฆืจ,
08:50
and, sometimes, what the author was thinking at the time he wrote.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื•.
08:54
Take, for example, a draft of the Declaration of Independence
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช
08:57
written in Thomas Jefferson's own hand,
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ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ,
09:00
which some colleagues of mine imaged a few years ago
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ืฉื›ืžื” ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื“ื™ืžืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
09:02
at the Library of Congress.
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ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก.
09:04
Curators had noticed that one word throughout
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ื”ืื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจืš
09:07
had been scratched out and overwritten.
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ื ืžื—ืงื” ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืขืœื™ื”.
09:09
The word overwritten was "citizens."
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืฉื•ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” "ืื–ืจื—ื™ื."
09:12
Perhaps you can guess what the word underneath was.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื—ืชื™ื”.
09:15
"Subjects."
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"ื ืชื™ื ื™ื."
09:17
There, ladies and gentlemen, is American democracy
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ืฉื, ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
09:20
evolving under the hand of Thomas Jefferson.
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ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ.
09:23
Or consider the 1491 Martellus Map,
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ืื• ืฉื™ืงืœื• ืืช ืžืคืช ืžืจื˜ืœื•ืก ืž 1491,
09:27
which we imaged at Yale's Beinecke Library.
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ืฉื“ื™ืžืชื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื ืงื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืœ.
09:29
This was the map that Columbus likely consulted
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ื‘ื”
09:32
before he traveled to the New World
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
09:33
and which gave him his idea of what Asia looked like
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ื•ืฉื ืชื ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืืกื™ื” ื ืจืืชื”
09:36
and where Japan was located.
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ื•ืื™ืคื” ื™ืคืŸ ืžืžื•ืงืžืช.
09:39
The problem with this map is that its inks and pigments
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•
09:42
had so degraded over time
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ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ
09:44
that this large, nearly seven-foot map,
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ืฉื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
09:46
made the world look like a giant desert.
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ื’ืจืžื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืง.
09:49
Until now, we had very little idea, detailed idea, that is,
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ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“, ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืคื•ืจื˜,
09:53
of what Columbus knew of the world
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
09:54
and how world cultures were represented.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆื’ื”.
09:57
The main legend of the map was entirely illegible under normal light.
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ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืงืจื™ื ืชื—ืช ืื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
10:01
Ultraviolet did very little for it.
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ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ืขื–ืจ ืœื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“.
10:03
Multispectral gave us everything.
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ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ื”ื›ืœ.
10:06
In Asia, we learned of monsters with ears so long
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ื‘ืืกื™ื”, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ืขื ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš
10:10
that they could cover the creature's entire body.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื.
10:13
In Africa, about a snake who could cause the ground to smoke.
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืขืœ ื ื—ืฉ ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื“ืžื” ืœืขืฉืŸ.
10:18
Like starlight, which can convey images
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ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
10:20
of the way the Universe looked in the distant past,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง,
10:23
so multispectral light can take us back to the first stuttering moments
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ืื– ืื•ืจ ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืกืกื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
10:27
of an object's creation.
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ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜.
10:29
Through this lens, we witness the mistakes, the changes of mind,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื“ืฉื”, ื—ื–ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืขืช,
10:33
the naรฏvetรฉs, the uncensored thoughts,
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ื‘ื ืื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžืฆื•ื ื–ืจื•ืช,
10:36
the imperfections of the human imagination
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ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
10:38
that allow these hallowed objects and their authors
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื•ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
10:41
to become more real,
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:43
that make history closer to us.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื™ื ื•.
10:46
What about the future?
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ืžื” ืขื ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
10:48
There's so much of the past,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ,
10:50
and so few people with the skills to rescue it
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ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•
10:53
before these objects disappear forever.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื™ืขืœืžื• ืœื ืฆื—.
10:58
That's why I have begun to teach this new hybrid discipline
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืกื™ืคืœื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
11:01
that I call "textual science."
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ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื”ืŸ "ืžื“ืข ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™."
11:03
Textual science is a marriage
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ืžื“ืข ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื
11:05
of the traditional skills of a literary scholar --
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ --
11:07
the ability to read old languages and old handwriting,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืฉืคื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืขืชื™ืง,
11:10
the knowledge of how texts are made
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื
11:12
in order to be able to place and date them --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืงื ื•ืœืชืืจืš ืื•ืชื --
11:14
with new techniques like imaging science,
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ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื“ืข ื“ื™ืžื•ืช,
11:16
the chemistry of inks and pigments,
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ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื• ื•ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื,
11:19
computer-aided optical character recognition.
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘.
11:23
Last year, a student in my class,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™,
11:25
a freshman,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
11:26
with a background in Latin and Greek,
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ืขื ืจืงืข ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
11:28
was image-processing a palimpsest
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ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืžืคืกืกื˜
11:30
that we had photographed at a famous library in Rome.
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ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ืจื•ืžื.
11:34
As he worked, tiny Greek writing began to appear from behind the text.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“, ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื–ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜.
11:40
Everyone gathered around,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืืกืคื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘,
11:41
and he read a line from a lost work
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืฉื•ืจื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”
11:44
of the Greek comic dramatist Menander.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืื™ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืžื ื ื“ืจ.
11:47
This was the first time in well over a thousand years
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”
11:50
that those words had been pronounced aloud.
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ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื•ื˜ืื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ.
11:53
In that moment, he became a scholar.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืžืœื•ืžื“.
11:57
Ladies and gentlemen, that is the future of the past.
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ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื–ื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
12:00
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
12:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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