How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts | Gregory Heyworth

On January 26, 2013,

a band of al-Qaeda militants entered the ancient city of Timbuktu

on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert.

There, they set fire to a medieval library of 30,000 manuscripts

written in Arabic and several African languages

and ranging in subject from astronomy to geography, history to medicine,

including one book which records

perhaps the first treatment for male erectile dysfunction.

Unknown in the West,

this was the collected wisdom of an entire continent,

the voice of Africa at a time when Africa was thought not to have a voice at all.

The mayor of Bamako, who witnessed the event,

called the burning of the manuscripts

"a crime against world cultural heritage."

And he was right --

or he would have been, if it weren't for the fact that he was also lying.

In fact, just before,

African scholars had collected a random assortment of old books

and left them out for the terrorists to burn.

Today, the collection lies hidden in Bamako,

the capital of Mali,

moldering in the high humidity.

What was rescued by ruse

is now once again in jeopardy,

this time by climate.

But Africa, and the far-flung corners of the world,

are not the only places, or even the main places

in which manuscripts that could change the history of world culture

are in jeopardy.

Several years ago, I conducted a survey of European research libraries

and discovered that, at the barest minimum,

there are 60,000 manuscripts

pre-1500

that are illegible because of water damage,

fading, mold and chemical reagents.

The real number is likely double that,

and that doesn't even count

Renaissance manuscripts and modern manuscripts

and cultural heritage objects such as maps.

What if there were a technology

that could recover these lost and unknown works?

Imagine worldwide how a trove of hundreds of thousands

of previously unknown texts

could radically transform our knowledge of the past.

Imagine what unknown classics we would discover

which would rewrite the canons of literature, history,

philosophy, music --

or, more provocatively, that could rewrite our cultural identities,

building new bridges between people and culture.

These are the questions that transformed me

from a medieval scholar, a reader of texts,

into a textual scientist.

What an unsatisfying word "reader" is.

For me, it conjures up images of passivity,

of someone sitting idly in an armchair

waiting for knowledge to come to him

in a neat little parcel.

How much better to be a participant in the past,

an adventurer in an undiscovered country,

searching for the hidden text.

As an academic, I was a mere reader.

I read and taught the same classics

that people had been reading and teaching for hundreds of years --

Virgil, Ovid, Chaucer, Petrarch --

and with every scholarly article that I published

I added to human knowledge in ever-diminishing slivers of insight.

What I wanted to be

was an archaeologist of the past,

a discoverer of literature,

an Indiana Jones without the whip --

or, actually, with the whip.

(Laughter)

And I wanted it not just for myself but I wanted it for my students as well.

And so six years ago, I changed the direction of my career.

At the time, I was working on "The Chess of Love,"

the last important long poem of the European Middle Ages

never to have been edited.

And it wasn't edited because it existed in only one manuscript

which was so badly damaged during the firebombing of Dresden

in World War II

that generations of scholars had pronounced it lost.

For five years, I had been working with an ultraviolet lamp

trying to recover traces of the writing

and I'd gone about as far as technology at the time

could actually take me.

And so I did what many people do.

I went online,

and there I learned about

how multispectral imaging had been used to recover two lost treatises

of the famed Greek mathematician Archimedes

from a 13th-century palimpsest.

A palimpsest is a manuscript which has been erased and overwritten.

And so, out of the blue,

I decided to write to the lead imaging scientist

on the Archimedes palimpsest project,

Professor Roger Easton,

with a plan and a plea.

And to my surprise, he actually wrote back.

With his help, I was able to win a grant from the US government

to build a transportable, multispectral imaging lab,

And with this lab, I transformed what was a charred and faded mess

into a new medieval classic.

So how does multispectral imaging actually work?

Well, the idea behind multispectral imaging

is something that anyone who is familiar with infrared night vision goggles

will immediately appreciate:

that what we can see in the visible spectrum of light

is only a tiny fraction of what's actually there.

The same is true with invisible writing.

Our system uses 12 wavelengths of light

between the ultraviolet and the infrared,

and these are shown down onto the manuscript from above

from banks of LEDs,

and another multispectral light source

which comes up through the individual leaves of the manuscript.

Up to 35 images per sequence per leaf are imaged this way

using a high-powered digital camera equipped with a lens

which is made out of quartz.

There are about five of these in the world.

And once we capture these images,

we feed them through statistical algorithms

to further enhance and clarify them,

using software which was originally designed for satellite images

and used by people like geospatial scientists

and the CIA.

The results can be spectacular.

You may already have heard of what's been done

for the Dead Sea Scrolls,

which are slowly gelatinizing.

Using infrared, we've been able to read even the darkest corners

of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

You may not be aware, however,

of other Biblical texts that are in jeopardy.

Here, for example, is a leaf from a manuscript

that we imaged,

which is perhaps the most valuable Christian Bible in the world.

The Codex Vercellensis is the oldest translation of the Gospels into Latin,

and it dates from the first half of the fourth century.

This is the closest we can come

to the Bible at the time of the foundation of Christendom

under Emperor Constantine,

and at the time also of the Council of Nicaea,

when the basic creed of Christianity was being agreed upon.

This manuscript, unfortunately, has been very badly damaged,

and it's damaged because for centuries

it had been used and handled

in swearing in ceremonies in the church.

In fact, that purple splotch that you see in the upper left hand corner

is Aspergillus, which is a fungus

which originates in the unwashed hands

of a person with tuberculosis.

Our imaging has enabled me to make the first transcription

of this manuscript in 250 years.

Having a lab that can travel to collections where it's needed, however,

is only part of the solution.

The technology is expensive and very rare,

and the imaging and image processing skills are esoteric.

That means that mounting recoveries

is beyond the reach of most researchers and all but the wealthiest institutions.

That's why I founded the Lazarus Project,

a not-for-profit initiative

to bring multispectral imaging to individual researchers

and smaller institutions at little or no cost whatsoever.

Over the past five years,

our team of imaging scientists, scholars and students

has travelled to seven different countries

and have recovered some of the world's most valuable damaged manuscripts,

included the Vercelli Book, which is the oldest book of English,

the Black Book of Carmarthen, the oldest book of Welsh,

and some of the most valuable earliest Gospels

located in what is now the former Soviet Georgia.

So, spectral imaging can recover lost texts.

More subtly, though, it can recover a second story behind every object,

the story of how, when and by whom a text was created,

and, sometimes, what the author was thinking at the time he wrote.

Take, for example, a draft of the Declaration of Independence

written in Thomas Jefferson's own hand,

which some colleagues of mine imaged a few years ago

at the Library of Congress.

Curators had noticed that one word throughout

had been scratched out and overwritten.

The word overwritten was "citizens."

Perhaps you can guess what the word underneath was.

"Subjects."

There, ladies and gentlemen, is American democracy

evolving under the hand of Thomas Jefferson.

Or consider the 1491 Martellus Map,

which we imaged at Yale's Beinecke Library.

This was the map that Columbus likely consulted

before he traveled to the New World

and which gave him his idea of what Asia looked like

and where Japan was located.

The problem with this map is that its inks and pigments

had so degraded over time

that this large, nearly seven-foot map,

made the world look like a giant desert.

Until now, we had very little idea, detailed idea, that is,

of what Columbus knew of the world

and how world cultures were represented.

The main legend of the map was entirely illegible under normal light.

Ultraviolet did very little for it.

Multispectral gave us everything.

In Asia, we learned of monsters with ears so long

that they could cover the creature's entire body.

In Africa, about a snake who could cause the ground to smoke.

Like starlight, which can convey images

of the way the Universe looked in the distant past,

so multispectral light can take us back to the first stuttering moments

of an object's creation.

Through this lens, we witness the mistakes, the changes of mind,

the naïvetés, the uncensored thoughts,

the imperfections of the human imagination

that allow these hallowed objects and their authors

to become more real,

that make history closer to us.

What about the future?

There's so much of the past,

and so few people with the skills to rescue it

before these objects disappear forever.

That's why I have begun to teach this new hybrid discipline

that I call "textual science."

Textual science is a marriage

of the traditional skills of a literary scholar --

the ability to read old languages and old handwriting,

the knowledge of how texts are made

in order to be able to place and date them --

with new techniques like imaging science,

the chemistry of inks and pigments,

computer-aided optical character recognition.

Last year, a student in my class,

a freshman,

with a background in Latin and Greek,

was image-processing a palimpsest

that we had photographed at a famous library in Rome.

As he worked, tiny Greek writing began to appear from behind the text.

Everyone gathered around,

and he read a line from a lost work

of the Greek comic dramatist Menander.

This was the first time in well over a thousand years

that those words had been pronounced aloud.

In that moment, he became a scholar.

Ladies and gentlemen, that is the future of the past.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)