How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts | Gregory Heyworth

95,720 views ใƒป 2016-03-02

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Bill Kil ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
On January 26, 2013,
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2013๋…„ 1์›” 26์ผ,
00:15
a band of al-Qaeda militants entered the ancient city of Timbuktu
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ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•Œ์นด์—๋‹ค ๋ฌด์žฅ์›๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ๋‚จ๋‹จ
00:19
on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert.
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ํŒ€๋ถํˆฌ์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
There, they set fire to a medieval library of 30,000 manuscripts
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ 3๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ค‘์„ธ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์›๋ณธ๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ์‚ด๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
written in Arabic and several African languages
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์•„๋ž์–ด๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์–ด๋“ค๋กœ ์“ฐ์˜€๊ณ ,
00:29
and ranging in subject from astronomy to geography, history to medicine,
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์ฃผ์ œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™, ์ง€์งˆํ•™, ์—ญ์‚ฌ, ์˜ํ•™๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:34
including one book which records
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์—” ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
00:36
perhaps the first treatment for male erectile dysfunction.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์ฑ…๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:41
Unknown in the West,
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์„œ๊ตฌ์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€
00:43
this was the collected wisdom of an entire continent,
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์ด ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ์ง€ํ˜œ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
00:46
the voice of Africa at a time when Africa was thought not to have a voice at all.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž€ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์ฆ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
The mayor of Bamako, who witnessed the event,
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๋ฐ”๋งˆ์ฝ”์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋‘๊ณ 
00:54
called the burning of the manuscripts
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์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆํƒœ์šด ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ
00:55
"a crime against world cultural heritage."
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โ€œ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌธํ™”์œ ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„โ€ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
And he was right --
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์ง€๋‹นํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
or he would have been, if it weren't for the fact that he was also lying.
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ํ˜น์€ ์ง€๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ . ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:04
In fact, just before,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ „
01:07
African scholars had collected a random assortment of old books
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์„œ์ ์„ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ์ถ”๋ ค๋‚ด์–ด
01:11
and left them out for the terrorists to burn.
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ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒ”๋“ค์ด ํƒœ์šฐ๋„๋ก ๋ฐฉ์น˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
Today, the collection lies hidden in Bamako,
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๋ถˆํƒ€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„œ์ ๋“ค์€ ๋ง๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„์ธ ๋ฐ”๋งˆ์ฝ”์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ,
01:16
the capital of Mali,
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01:18
moldering in the high humidity.
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๊ณ ์Šต๋„์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
What was rescued by ruse
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ํž˜๊ฒน๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋‚ธ ์„œ์ ๋“ค์ด
01:22
is now once again in jeopardy,
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
this time by climate.
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01:26
But Africa, and the far-flung corners of the world,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ค์ง€๋“ค๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„,
01:28
are not the only places, or even the main places
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค์—์„œ๋„
01:30
in which manuscripts that could change the history of world culture
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
are in jeopardy.
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01:37
Several years ago, I conducted a survey of European research libraries
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํ•™์ˆ ๋„์„œ๊ด€๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ,
01:42
and discovered that, at the barest minimum,
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ 1500๋…„ ์ด์ „ 6๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ์ •๋„๋กœ
01:44
there are 60,000 manuscripts
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01:48
pre-1500
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01:49
that are illegible because of water damage,
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์ˆ˜๋ถ„, ๋ฐ”๋žจ, ๊ณฐํŒก์ด, ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
fading, mold and chemical reagents.
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01:56
The real number is likely double that,
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์‹ค์ œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 2๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ
01:59
and that doesn't even count
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์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค๋‚˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ,
02:02
Renaissance manuscripts and modern manuscripts
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02:04
and cultural heritage objects such as maps.
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์ง€๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์œ ์‚ฐ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
What if there were a technology
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„
02:12
that could recover these lost and unknown works?
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๋ณต๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
02:17
Imagine worldwide how a trove of hundreds of thousands
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ ์‹ญ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜
02:22
of previously unknown texts
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์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด
02:25
could radically transform our knowledge of the past.
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ง‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
02:30
Imagine what unknown classics we would discover
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์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณ ์ „๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด
02:34
which would rewrite the canons of literature, history,
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๊ณ ์ „ ๋ฌธํ•™, ์—ญ์‚ฌ, ์ฒ ํ•™, ์Œ์•…์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
02:37
philosophy, music --
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02:39
or, more provocatively, that could rewrite our cultural identities,
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๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ํ”๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:43
building new bridges between people and culture.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข…๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ฐ„ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
02:47
These are the questions that transformed me
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ์ €๋ฅผ ์ค‘์„ธ ํ•™์ž, ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ
02:50
from a medieval scholar, a reader of texts,
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02:52
into a textual scientist.
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๋ฌธ์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
What an unsatisfying word "reader" is.
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โ€œ์ฝ๋Š” ์žโ€๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”.
02:58
For me, it conjures up images of passivity,
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์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
of someone sitting idly in an armchair
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์•ˆ๋ฝ์˜์ž์— ํŽธ์•ˆํžˆ ์•‰์•„์„œ
03:03
waiting for knowledge to come to him
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์ง€์‹์ด ๊ตด๋Ÿฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
in a neat little parcel.
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03:07
How much better to be a participant in the past,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— "์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž"๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„๊ฐ€์š”.
03:10
an adventurer in an undiscovered country,
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ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
03:13
searching for the hidden text.
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์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
As an academic, I was a mere reader.
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ํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ฝ๋Š” ์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
I read and taught the same classics
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „๋“ค์€
03:23
that people had been reading and teaching for hundreds of years --
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฝ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นœ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
Virgil, Ovid, Chaucer, Petrarch --
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๋ฒ ๋ฅด์งˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค, ์˜ค๋น„๋””์šฐ์Šค, ์ดˆ์„œ, ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ๋ฅด์นด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:29
and with every scholarly article that I published
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ธ€๋“ค๋„
03:31
I added to human knowledge in ever-diminishing slivers of insight.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ง„๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
What I wanted to be
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
03:38
was an archaeologist of the past,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋น„๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž์ด์ž
03:40
a discoverer of literature,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ž๋กœ์„œ,
03:42
an Indiana Jones without the whip --
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์ฑ„์ฐ ์—†๋Š” ์ธ๋””์•„๋‚˜ ์กด์Šค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
or, actually, with the whip.
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์•„๋‹ˆ, ์ฑ„์ฐ๋„ ์ข‹๊ตฌ์š”.
03:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:46
And I wanted it not just for myself but I wanted it for my students as well.
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์ด ์†Œ๋ง์€ ์ € ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
And so six years ago, I changed the direction of my career.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 6๋…„ ์ „, ์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์ง„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
At the time, I was working on "The Chess of Love,"
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ €๋Š” โ€œ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ์ฒด์Šคโ€๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ํŽธ์ง‘๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š”
03:57
the last important long poem of the European Middle Ages
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์ค‘์„ธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
never to have been edited.
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04:01
And it wasn't edited because it existed in only one manuscript
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์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํŽธ์ง‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์›๋ณธ์ด
04:05
which was so badly damaged during the firebombing of Dresden
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์„ธ๊ณ„ 2์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „, ๋“œ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ด ํญ๊ฒฉ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†์ƒ๋˜์–ด
04:08
in World War II
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04:09
that generations of scholars had pronounced it lost.
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ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
For five years, I had been working with an ultraviolet lamp
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5๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์ €๋Š” ์ž์™ธ์„ ๋žจํ”„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
04:16
trying to recover traces of the writing
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๊ธ€์”จ์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
04:18
and I'd gone about as far as technology at the time
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๋™์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
could actually take me.
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04:22
And so I did what many people do.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
I went online,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”,
04:26
and there I learned about
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๋‹ค์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
04:28
how multispectral imaging had been used to recover two lost treatises
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค์˜ ์œ ์‹ค๋œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„
04:33
of the famed Greek mathematician Archimedes
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13์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ณต๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ณต์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
from a 13th-century palimpsest.
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04:37
A palimpsest is a manuscript which has been erased and overwritten.
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๋ณต๊ธฐ์ง€๋Š” ์›๋ฌธ์„ ์ง€์šฐ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
And so, out of the blue,
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์•„๋ฌด ์‚ฌ์ „์ •๋ณด๋„ ์—†์ด
04:43
I decided to write to the lead imaging scientist
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์ €๋Š” ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค ๋ณต๊ธฐ์ง€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ธ
04:46
on the Archimedes palimpsest project,
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04:48
Professor Roger Easton,
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๋กœ์ € ์ด์Šคํ„ด ๊ต์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”์ผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„์›€์„ ์ฒญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
with a plan and a plea.
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04:52
And to my surprise, he actually wrote back.
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ถ„์€ ํšŒ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
With his help, I was able to win a grant from the US government
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๊ทธ๋ถ„์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ
04:59
to build a transportable, multispectral imaging lab,
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์ด๋™ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™” ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
And with this lab, I transformed what was a charred and faded mess
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์ด ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ๋ ค์ง„ ์ข…์ด์—์„œ
05:08
into a new medieval classic.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ค‘์„ธ ๊ณ ์ „์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
So how does multispectral imaging actually work?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์ค‘์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™”๋ž€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
05:14
Well, the idea behind multispectral imaging
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๋‹ค์ค‘์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™”์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š”
05:16
is something that anyone who is familiar with infrared night vision goggles
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์ ์™ธ์„  ์•ผ๊ฐ„ํˆฌ์‹œ๊ฒฝ์„ ์•„์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
will immediately appreciate:
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05:22
that what we can see in the visible spectrum of light
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์ €ํฌ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„ ์€
05:24
is only a tiny fraction of what's actually there.
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๋น› ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
The same is true with invisible writing.
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์•ˆ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ธ€์”จ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
Our system uses 12 wavelengths of light
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์ €ํฌ ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ์ž์™ธ์„ ๊ณผ ์ ์™ธ์„  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
05:35
between the ultraviolet and the infrared,
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12๊ฐœ ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ๋น›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
and these are shown down onto the manuscript from above
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์ด ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ๋น›๋“ค์„ ์œ„์— ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ LED ์žฅ์น˜์—์„œ
05:41
from banks of LEDs,
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๋ฐ‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ๋กœ ํˆฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:42
and another multispectral light source
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๊ด‘์›์„
05:44
which comes up through the individual leaves of the manuscript.
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๋ฌธ์„œ ๋‚ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐ‘์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„๋กœ ํˆฌ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
Up to 35 images per sequence per leaf are imaged this way
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ๊ฐ ๋‚ฑ์žฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„ 35์žฅ์„
05:52
using a high-powered digital camera equipped with a lens
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์ˆ˜์ • ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ ๊ณ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
which is made out of quartz.
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05:56
There are about five of these in the world.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์— 5๋Œ€๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
And once we capture these images,
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์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์€ ์ดํ›„์—
06:00
we feed them through statistical algorithms
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ
06:02
to further enhance and clarify them,
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๋” ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
using software which was originally designed for satellite images
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์ด ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์œ„์„ฑ์‚ฌ์ง„ ํŽธ์ง‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ 
06:08
and used by people like geospatial scientists
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์™€ CIA๊ฐ€ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
and the CIA.
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06:14
The results can be spectacular.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์€ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
You may already have heard of what's been done
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๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์€ ์ ์  ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•ด๋ฌธ์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
06:18
for the Dead Sea Scrolls,
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06:19
which are slowly gelatinizing.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
Using infrared, we've been able to read even the darkest corners
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์ ์™ธ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•ด๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์„
06:26
of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
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๋ชจ์กฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
You may not be aware, however,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์ด
06:30
of other Biblical texts that are in jeopardy.
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์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
Here, for example, is a leaf from a manuscript
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ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š”
06:36
that we imaged,
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06:38
which is perhaps the most valuable Christian Bible in the world.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ•œ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
The Codex Vercellensis is the oldest translation of the Gospels into Latin,
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๋ฒ ๋ฅด์ฒผ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์€ ๋ณต์Œ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ณธ์ด๋ฉฐ,
06:48
and it dates from the first half of the fourth century.
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4์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์“ฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
This is the closest we can come
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ ์ค‘์—์„œ
06:54
to the Bible at the time of the foundation of Christendom
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๊ธฐ๋…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํ‹ด ๋Œ€์ œ ํ†ต์น˜๊ธฐ์™€
06:58
under Emperor Constantine,
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๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ์กฐ๋“ค์ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๋‹ˆ์ผ€์•„ ํšŒ์˜์—
07:00
and at the time also of the Council of Nicaea,
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07:03
when the basic creed of Christianity was being agreed upon.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋•Œ์— ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
This manuscript, unfortunately, has been very badly damaged,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์€ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ๋ณด์กด ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
and it's damaged because for centuries
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์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตํšŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์†๊ธธ์„ ํƒ”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:12
it had been used and handled
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07:14
in swearing in ceremonies in the church.
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07:17
In fact, that purple splotch that you see in the upper left hand corner
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๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ ์œ„ ๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž์ฃผ์ƒ‰ ์–ผ๋ฃฉ์€
07:21
is Aspergillus, which is a fungus
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์•„์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฅด๊ธธ๋ฃจ์Šค ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
07:26
which originates in the unwashed hands
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๊ฒฐํ•ต์„ ์•“๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์†์„ ์”ป์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
of a person with tuberculosis.
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07:32
Our imaging has enabled me to make the first transcription
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 250๋…„ ๋งŒ์—
07:35
of this manuscript in 250 years.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์ฒซ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
Having a lab that can travel to collections where it's needed, however,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™” ์žฅ๋น„๋Š”
07:43
is only part of the solution.
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๋‹จํŽธ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
The technology is expensive and very rare,
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ,
07:48
and the imaging and image processing skills are esoteric.
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์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋‚œํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
That means that mounting recoveries
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์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌธ์„œ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
07:53
is beyond the reach of most researchers and all but the wealthiest institutions.
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
That's why I founded the Lazarus Project,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์—…์ธ ๋‚˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
08:01
a not-for-profit initiative
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08:02
to bring multispectral imaging to individual researchers
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๋‹ค์ค‘์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด๋‚˜
08:06
and smaller institutions at little or no cost whatsoever.
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์˜์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์— ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์— ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
Over the past five years,
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ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€๋‚œ 5๋…„๊ฐ„
08:13
our team of imaging scientists, scholars and students
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์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค, ํ•™์ž๋“ค, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด
08:17
has travelled to seven different countries
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7๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด
08:19
and have recovered some of the world's most valuable damaged manuscripts,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ํŒŒ์†๋œ ๊ท€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
included the Vercelli Book, which is the oldest book of English,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์˜์–ด ์„œ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์ฒผ๋ฆฌ ์„œ์ ,
08:26
the Black Book of Carmarthen, the oldest book of Welsh,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์›จ์ผ์ฆˆ์–ด ์„œ์ ์ธ ์นด๋งˆ๋ด์˜ ๊ฒ€์€ ์ฑ…,
08:28
and some of the most valuable earliest Gospels
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์ง€์•ผ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ
08:32
located in what is now the former Soviet Georgia.
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๊ท€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ๋“ค๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:36
So, spectral imaging can recover lost texts.
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์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์œ ์‹ค๋œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
More subtly, though, it can recover a second story behind every object,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
the story of how, when and by whom a text was created,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ, ์–ธ์ œ, ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€
08:50
and, sometimes, what the author was thinking at the time he wrote.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:54
Take, for example, a draft of the Declaration of Independence
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ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „ ์˜ํšŒ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์—์„œ
08:57
written in Thomas Jefferson's own hand,
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ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์ œํผ์Šจ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์“ด
09:00
which some colleagues of mine imaged a few years ago
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๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์–ธ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
at the Library of Congress.
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09:04
Curators had noticed that one word throughout
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ํ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ฐฉ์„  ํ›„์—
09:07
had been scratched out and overwritten.
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๋ฎ์–ด์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
The word overwritten was "citizens."
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์ƒˆ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” โ€œ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“คโ€์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
Perhaps you can guess what the word underneath was.
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๊ทธ ์•„๋ž˜ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:15
"Subjects."
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โ€œํ”ผํ†ต์น˜์ž๋“คโ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
There, ladies and gentlemen, is American democracy
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์ œํผ์Šจ์ด
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง„๋ณด์‹œํ‚จ ํ˜„์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
evolving under the hand of Thomas Jefferson.
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09:23
Or consider the 1491 Martellus Map,
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š”, ์˜ˆ์ผ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋„ค์ผ€ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์—์„œ
09:27
which we imaged at Yale's Beinecke Library.
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1491๋…„๋ณธ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ…”๋ฃจ์Šค ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
This was the map that Columbus likely consulted
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์ด ์ง€๋„๋Š” ์ฝœ๋Ÿผ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ
09:32
before he traveled to the New World
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09:33
and which gave him his idea of what Asia looked like
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์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•˜์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
and where Japan was located.
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09:39
The problem with this map is that its inks and pigments
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ง€๋„์— ์“ฐ์ธ ์ž‰ํฌ์™€ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€
09:42
had so degraded over time
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์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:44
that this large, nearly seven-foot map,
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์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ 7 ํ”ผํŠธ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
09:46
made the world look like a giant desert.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
Until now, we had very little idea, detailed idea, that is,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋Ÿผ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€
09:53
of what Columbus knew of the world
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์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€
09:54
and how world cultures were represented.
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๊ทธ ๋‚ด์—ญ์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
The main legend of the map was entirely illegible under normal light.
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์ง€๋„์˜ ๋ฒ”๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ๊ด‘์—์„œ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
Ultraviolet did very little for it.
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์ž์™ธ์„ ์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
Multispectral gave us everything.
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๋‹ค์ค‘์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์€ ์ „๋ถ€ ์•Œ๋ ค์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
In Asia, we learned of monsters with ears so long
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์•„์‹œ์•„์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์–ด์„œ ๋ชธํ†ต์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฎ๋Š”
10:10
that they could cover the creature's entire body.
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๊ดด๋ฌผ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
In Africa, about a snake who could cause the ground to smoke.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—๋Š” ๋•…์— ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฑ€์ด ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
Like starlight, which can convey images
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๋จผ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ณ„๋น›์ด
10:20
of the way the Universe looked in the distant past,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ๋จผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
10:23
so multispectral light can take us back to the first stuttering moments
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๋‹ค์ค‘์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๋ถˆ๋น›์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ
์ˆจ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
of an object's creation.
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10:29
Through this lens, we witness the mistakes, the changes of mind,
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์ด ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์กฐ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜, ์‹ฌ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”,
10:33
the naรฏvetรฉs, the uncensored thoughts,
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์ˆœ์ง„ํ•จ, ์†”์งํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ,
10:36
the imperfections of the human imagination
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๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
10:38
that allow these hallowed objects and their authors
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ์™€ ๊ทธ ์ €์ž๋ฅผ ๋” ์ƒ๋™๊ฐ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ 
10:41
to become more real,
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10:43
that make history closer to us.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
What about the future?
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
10:48
There's so much of the past,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ„์† ์Œ“์ด๊ณ 
10:50
and so few people with the skills to rescue it
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์˜์›ํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
10:53
before these objects disappear forever.
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๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
That's why I have begun to teach this new hybrid discipline
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œตํ•ฉ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ธ โ€œ๋ฌธ์„œ ๊ณผํ•™โ€์„
11:01
that I call "textual science."
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๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
Textual science is a marriage
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๋ฌธ์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž์  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค,
11:05
of the traditional skills of a literary scholar --
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11:07
the ability to read old languages and old handwriting,
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์ฆ‰, ์˜› ์–ธ์–ด, ํ•„๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ
11:10
the knowledge of how texts are made
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๋ฌธ์ž์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์•Ž์œผ๋กœ์จ
๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์ž‘์„ฑ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹๊ณผ
11:12
in order to be able to place and date them --
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค, ์ฆ‰ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ
11:14
with new techniques like imaging science,
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11:16
the chemistry of inks and pigments,
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์ž‰ํฌ์™€ ๋„๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ถ„์„,
11:19
computer-aided optical character recognition.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ฌธ์ž์ธ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
Last year, a student in my class,
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์ž‘๋…„์— ์ œ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋“ค์€
11:25
a freshman,
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๋ผํ‹ด์–ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด ์ง€์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ์‹ ์ž…์ƒ์ด
11:26
with a background in Latin and Greek,
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11:28
was image-processing a palimpsest
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๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์—์„œ
11:30
that we had photographed at a famous library in Rome.
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๋ณต๊ธฐ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
As he worked, tiny Greek writing began to appear from behind the text.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์›๋ฌธ ๋’ค์— ์ž‘์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
Everyone gathered around,
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ 
11:41
and he read a line from a lost work
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ํ•™์ƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ํฌ๊ทน์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”๋‚œ๋“œ๋กœ์Šค์˜
11:44
of the Greek comic dramatist Menander.
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์žŠํ˜€์ง„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์„ ์ฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
This was the first time in well over a thousand years
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ฒœ ๋…„๋งŒ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ
11:50
that those words had been pronounced aloud.
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์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋‚ด์–ด ์ฝํžŒ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
In that moment, he became a scholar.
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๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ํ•™์ƒ์€ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
Ladies and gentlemen, that is the future of the past.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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