How to tame your wandering mind | Amishi Jha

359,774 views ใƒป 2018-04-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: yael ring ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:14
Consider the following statement:
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื:
00:16
human beings only use 10 percent of their brain capacity.
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืจืง ื‘10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื
00:21
Well, as a neuroscientist, I can tell you
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืžื•ื—, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
00:23
that while Morgan Freeman delivered this line
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื”
00:25
with the gravitas that makes him a great actor,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
00:28
this statement is entirely false.
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ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
00:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:32
The truth is, human beings use 100 percent of their brain capacity.
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘100 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื.
00:37
The brain is a highly efficient, energy-demanding organ
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“, ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืจื‘ื”
00:40
that gets fully utilized
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ืฉืžื ื•ืฆืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื
00:43
and even though it is at full capacity being used,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืฆืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื
00:47
it suffers from a problem of information overload.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข
00:50
There's far too much in the environment than it can fully process.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื.
00:53
So to solve this problem of overload,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข,
00:56
evolution devised a solution,
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ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ,
00:58
which is the brain's attention system.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:01
Attention allows us
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ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื•
01:03
to notice, select and direct the brain's computational resources
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ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘, ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
01:07
to a subset of all that's available.
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ืœืชืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื•.
01:10
We can think of attention as the leader of the brain.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:13
Wherever attention goes, the rest of the brain follows.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื•ืงื‘.
01:16
In some sense, it's your brain's boss.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื.
01:19
And over the last 15 years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:21
I've been studying the human brain's attention system.
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ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:24
In all of our studies, I've been very interested in one question.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช.
01:28
If it is indeed the case that our attention is the brain's boss,
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ืื ืื›ืŸ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
01:32
is it a good boss?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืก ื˜ื•ื‘?
01:33
Does it actually guide us well?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”?
01:36
And to dig in on this big question, I wanted to know three things.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:39
First, how does attention control our perception?
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ื•?
01:44
Second, why does it fail us,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื ื•,
01:46
often leaving us feeling foggy and distracted?
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ืกื—ืช ื“ืขืช?
01:50
And third, can we do anything about this fogginess,
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ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืจืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
01:53
can we train our brain to pay better attention?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?
01:57
To have more strong and stable attention in the work that we do in our lives.
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ืœืฉืžืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?
02:03
So I wanted to give you a brief glimpse
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ืื– ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื”ืฆืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื”
02:07
into how we're going to look at this.
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ืœืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
02:09
A very poignant example
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืžืื•ื“
02:11
of how our attention ends up getting utilized.
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ืœืื™ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉืžืช.
02:15
And I want to do it using the example of somebody that I know quite well.
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:20
He ends up being part of a very large group of people that we work with,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืชื,
02:24
for whom attention is a matter of life and death.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช.
02:27
Think of medical professionals
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื”
02:29
or firefighters
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ืื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืืฉ
02:31
or soldiers or marines.
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ืื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื.
02:34
This is the story of a marine captain, Captain Jeff Davis.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ ืžื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื, ื’'ืฃ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก.
02:38
And the scene that I'm going to share with you, as you can see,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช,
02:41
is not about his time in the battlefield.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘.
02:43
He was actually on a bridge, in Florida.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ, ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
02:46
But instead of looking at the scenery around him,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•,
02:49
seeing the beautiful vistas
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ืœื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื
02:50
and noticing the cool ocean breezes,
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ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ืจื•ืช,
02:53
he was driving fast and contemplating driving off that bridge.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืงืœ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ื’ืฉืจ.
02:58
And he would later tell me that it took all of everything he had not to do so.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื–ืงืง ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
03:03
You see, he'd just returned from Iraq.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ื–ืจ ืžืขื™ืจืง.
03:06
And while his body was on that bridge,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ,
03:08
his mind, his attention, was thousands of miles away.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื•, ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื™ืชื” ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืฉื.
03:11
He was gripped with suffering.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ืกื‘ืœ.
03:13
His mind was worried and preoccupied
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืื’ ื•ืขืกื•ืง
03:16
and had stressful memories and, really, dread for his future.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืœ ืžื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื“ื•.
03:20
And I'm really glad that he didn't take his life.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.
03:25
Because he, as a leader, knew that he wasn't the only one
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื, ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’, ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
03:28
that was probably suffering;
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ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ;
03:29
many of his fellow marines probably were, too.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืกื‘ืœื• ื’ื ื”ื.
03:31
And in the year 2008, he partnered with me in the first-of-its-kind project
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008, ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืžืกื•ื’ื•
03:36
that actually allowed us to test and offer something called mindfulness training
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
03:41
to active-duty military personnel.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœ.
03:44
But before I tell you about what mindfulness training is,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
03:47
or the results of that study,
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ืื• ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื•ื,
03:49
I think it's important to understand how attention works in the brain.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—.
03:54
So what we do in the laboratory
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
03:56
is that many of our studies of attention involve brain-wave recordings.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ืžื•ื—.
04:00
In these brain wave recordings, people wear funny-looking caps
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ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ืžื•ื—, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื
04:04
that are sort of like swimming caps, that have electrodes embedded in them.
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ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื—ื™ื”, ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช.
04:07
These electrodes pick up the ongoing brain electrical activity.
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช.
04:12
And they do it with millisecond temporal precision.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™-ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
04:15
So we can see these small yet detectable voltage fluctuations over time.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืขื“ ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื— ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
04:20
And doing this, we can very precisely plot the timing of the brain's activity.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช.
04:26
About 170 milliseconds
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ื‘ืขืจืš 170 ืžื™ืœื™-ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
04:29
after we show our research participants a face on the screen,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
04:33
we see a very reliable, detectable brain signature.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืจืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
04:37
It happens right at the back of the scalp,
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ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืจืงืคืช,
04:39
above the regions of the brain that are involved in face processing.
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ืžืขืœ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืคื ื™ื.
04:43
Now, this happens so reliably and so on cue,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื“ื•ืข,
04:47
as the brain's face detector,
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ื›ืžืื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
04:49
that we've even given this brain-wave component a name.
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ืฉื”ืขื ืงื ื• ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ ื’ืœ- ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืฉื.
04:51
We call it the N170 component.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืจื›ื™ื‘ N170.
04:54
And we use this component in many of our studies.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:57
It allows us to see the impact that attention may have on our perception.
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ื•.
05:03
I'm going to give you a sense of the kind of experiments
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
05:05
that we actually do in the lab.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
05:07
We would show participants images like this one.
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ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
05:09
You should see a face and a scene overlaid on each other.
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ืืชื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื•ืชืžื•ื ืช ื ื•ืฃ ื–ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื•.
05:14
And what we do is we ask our participants
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
05:16
as they're viewing a series of these types of overlaid images,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช,
05:19
to do something with their attention.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื.
05:22
On some trials, we'll ask them to pay attention to the face.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื.
05:25
And to make sure they're doing that,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”,
05:27
we ask them to tell us, by pressing a button,
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ,
05:30
if the face appeared to be male or female.
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ืื ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ืื• ื ืงื‘ื”.
05:33
On other trials,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:34
we ask them to tell what the scene was -- was it indoor or outdoor?
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” -- ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ?
05:38
And in this way, we can manipulate attention
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘
05:40
and confirm that the participants were actually doing what we said.
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ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื.
05:45
Our hypotheses about attention were as follows:
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ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื•:
05:49
if attention is indeed doing its job and affecting perception,
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ืื ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืื›ืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื”,
05:53
maybe it works like an amplifier.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื‘ืจ.
05:56
And what I mean by this
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช
05:57
is that when we direct attention to the face,
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ื–ื” ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคื ื™ื,
05:59
it becomes clearer and more salient,
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื,
06:02
it's easier to see.
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ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
06:03
But when we direct it to the scene, the face becomes barely perceptible
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื”, ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ืชืคืก
06:07
as we process the scene information.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
06:10
So what we wanted to do
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
06:12
is look at this brain-wave component of face detection, the N170,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื’ืœ-ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื, ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”N170,
06:16
and see if it changed at all
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ
06:18
as a function of where our participants were paying attention --
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื•ืฉื ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• --
06:21
to the scene or the face.
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ืœืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื.
06:23
And here's what we found.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื•.
06:24
We found that when they paid attention to the face,
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคื ื™ื,
06:27
the N170 was larger.
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ื”-N170 ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:29
And when they paid attention to the scene, as you can see in red, it was smaller.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื•ืฃ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:33
And that gap you see between the blue and red lines
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ื•ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืื“ื•ื
06:35
is pretty powerful.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืง.
06:37
What it tells us is that attention,
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘,
06:39
which is really the only thing that changed,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื”,
06:41
since the images they viewed were identical in both cases --
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื --
06:43
attention changes perception.
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ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื”.
06:45
And it does so very fast.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
06:47
Within 170 milliseconds of actually seeing a face.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš 170 ืžื™ืœื™-ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื.
06:51
In our follow-up studies, we wanted to see what would happen,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”,
06:54
how could we perturb or diminish this effect.
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ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืื• ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:57
And our hunch was that if you put people in a very stressful environment,
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ื•ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืื ื ืฉื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืžืื•ื“,
07:02
if you distract them with disturbing, negative images,
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ืื ื ืคืจื™ืข ืœื”ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื–ืขื–ืขื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื•ืช,
07:05
images of suffering and violence --
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืœ ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช --
07:07
sort of like what you might see on the news, unfortunately --
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ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืœืฆืขืจื™ --
07:10
that doing this might actually affect their attention.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื.
07:13
And that's indeed what we found.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื•.
07:15
If we present stressful images while they're doing this experiment,
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ืื ื ืฆื™ื’ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
07:18
this gap of attention shrinks, its power diminishes.
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ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ, ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื• ืงื˜ืŸ.
07:22
So in some of our other studies,
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ืื– ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
07:24
we wanted to see, OK, great --
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช, ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื™ื•ืคื™ --
07:26
not great, actually, bad news that stress does this to the brain --
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ืœื ื™ื•ืคื™, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช, ืฉืžืชื— ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื•ื— --
07:29
but if it is the case that stress has this powerful influence on attention
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืžืชื— ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘
07:33
through external distraction,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื—ืช ื“ืขืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
07:35
what if we don't need external distraction,
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ืžื” ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืกื—ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
07:37
what if we distract ourselves?
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ืžื” ืื ื ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•?
07:39
And to do this,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
07:40
we had to basically come up with an experiment
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™
07:42
in which we could have people generate their own mind-wandering.
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ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜- ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
07:46
This is having off-task thoughts
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื”
07:48
while we're engaged in an ongoing task of some sort.
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
07:52
And the trick to mind-wandering is that essentially, you bore people.
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ื•ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืืชื” ืžืฉืขืžื ืื ืฉื™ื.
07:56
So hopefully there's not a lot of mind-wandering happening right now.
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ืจื’ืข.
08:00
When we bore people,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื,
08:01
people happily generate all kinds of internal content to occupy themselves.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
08:06
So we devised what might be considered
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ืื– ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ื•ืช
08:08
one of the world's most boring experiments.
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ื›ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:10
All the participants saw were a series of faces on the screen,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
08:13
one after another.
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ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:14
They pressed the button every time they saw the face.
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ื”ื ืœื—ืฆื• ืขืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ.
08:17
That was pretty much it.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:18
Well, one trick was that sometimes, the face would be upside down,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื˜ืจื™ืง ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืš,
08:21
and it would happen very infrequently.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื™ืฃ.
08:23
On those trials they were told just to withhold the response.
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืจืง ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
08:26
Pretty soon, we could tell that they were successfully mind-wandering,
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—,
08:30
because they pressed the button when that face was upside down.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืœื—ืฆื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื›ืฉื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืš.
08:33
Even though it's quite plain to see that it was upside down.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื”ืคื•ืš.
08:35
So we wanted to know what happens when people have mind-wandering.
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ืื– ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™.
08:39
And what we found was that,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื–ื”
08:41
very similar to external stress
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ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืชื— ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™
08:43
and external distraction in the environment,
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ื•ื”ืกื—ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
08:45
internal distraction, our own mind wandering,
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ื”ืกื—ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
08:48
also shrinks the gap of attention.
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ื’ื ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘.
08:50
It diminishes attention's power.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘.
08:54
So what do all of these studies tell us?
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ืื– ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
08:56
They tell us that attention is very powerful
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ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“
08:59
in terms of affecting our perception.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ื•.
09:02
Even though it's so powerful, it's also fragile and vulnerable.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“, ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ืช ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
09:06
And things like stress and mind-wandering diminish its power.
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืชื— ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื”.
09:10
But that's all in the context of these very controlled laboratory settings.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
09:13
What about in the real world?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™?
09:15
What about in our actual day-to-day life?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•?
09:17
What about now?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
09:18
Where is your attention right now?
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ืื™ืคื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
09:21
To kind of bring it back,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ,
09:22
I'd like to make a prediction about your attention
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื
09:24
for the remainder of my talk.
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ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื™.
09:26
Are you up for it?
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื?
09:27
Here's the prediction.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช.
09:29
You will be unaware of what I'm saying for four out of the next eight minutes.
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ืืชื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
09:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:34
It's a challenge, so pay attention, please.
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ื–ื”ื• ืืชื’ืจ, ืื– ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
09:37
Now, why am I saying this?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ื–ื”?
09:40
I'm surely going to assume that you're going to remain seated
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืืชื ืชืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื›ืกืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
09:44
and, you know, graciously keep your eyes on me as I speak.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืชืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืŸ ืืชื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช.
09:47
But a growing body of literature suggests that we mind-wander,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
09:52
we take our mind away from the task at hand,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื,
09:54
about 50 percent of our waking moments.
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ื›50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:57
These might be small, little trips that we take away,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื,
10:00
private thoughts that we have.
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
10:02
And when this mind-wandering happens,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ,
10:05
it can be problematic.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™.
10:06
Now I don't think there will be any dire consequences
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™
10:09
with you all sitting here today,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื,
10:10
but imagine a military leader missing four minutes of a military briefing,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืžืคืกืคืก ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื“ืจื™ืš ืฆื‘ืื™,
10:14
or a judge missing four minutes of testimony.
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ืื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืžืคืกืคืก ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ื•ืช.
10:18
Or a surgeon or firefighter missing any time.
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ืื• ืžื ืชื— ืื• ืœื•ื—ื ืืฉ ืฉืžืคืกืคืก ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
10:20
The consequences in those cases could be dire.
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ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
10:24
So we might ask why do we do this?
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10:25
Why do we mind-wander so much?
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ืœืžื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”?
10:27
Well, part of the answer is that our mind is an exquisite time-traveling master.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
10:34
It can actually time travel very easily.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
10:36
If we think of the mind as the metaphor of the music player, we see this.
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ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื’ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื”.
10:39
We can rewind the mind to the past
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืขื‘ืจ
10:41
to reflect on events that have already happened, right?
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:44
Or we can go and fast-future, to plan for the next thing that we want to do.
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ืื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื•ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืขืชื™ื“, ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
10:49
And we land in this mental time-travel mode of the past or the future
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ "ืžืกืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ" ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
10:53
very frequently.
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ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“.
10:54
And we land there often without our awareness,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš,
10:57
most times without our awareness,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื–ื”,
10:58
even if we want to be paying attention.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื–ื”.
11:00
Think of just the last time you were trying to read a book,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื ื™ืกื™ืชื ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจ,
11:03
got to the bottom of the page with no idea what the words were saying.
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ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืงืจืืชื.
11:06
This happens to us.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื•.
11:08
And when this happens, when we mind-wander without an awareness that we're doing it,
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื•, ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ืœืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืš,
11:14
there are consequences.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช.
11:16
We make errors.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
11:18
We miss critical information, sometimes.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืคืขืžื™ื.
11:20
And we have difficulty making decisions.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
11:24
What's worse is when we experience stress.
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ื–ื” ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื—.
11:28
When we're in a moment of overwhelm.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืคื”.
11:30
We don't just reflect on the past when we rewind,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
11:33
we end up being in the past ruminating, reliving or regretting
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืจื”ืจื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืื• ืžืชื—ืจื˜ื™ื
11:38
events that have already happened.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•.
11:40
Or under stress, we fast-forward the mind.
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ืื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืฅ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
11:43
Not just to productively plan.
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ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ.
11:45
But we end up catastrophizing or worrying
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ืืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืกื•ืŸ ืื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื
11:47
about events that haven't happened yet
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ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•
11:49
and frankly may never happen.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืงืจื•.
11:51
So at this point, you might be thinking to yourself, OK,
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ืื– ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืงื™ื™,
11:54
mind-wandering's happening a lot.
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ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืงื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื”.
11:57
Often, it happens without our awareness.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
11:59
And under stress, it's even worse --
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ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืฅ, ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ --
12:01
we mind-wander more powerfully and more often.
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืชื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:04
Is there anything we can possibly do about this?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”?
12:07
And I'm happy to say the answer is yes.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ.
12:10
From our work, we're learning
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื
12:11
that the opposite of a stressed and wandering mind is a mindful one.
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ืฉื”ื”ืคืš ืžืžื•ื— ืœื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื— ืžื•ื“ืข.
12:17
Mindfulness has to do with paying attention
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ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžื•ื“ืขืช
12:20
to our present-moment experience with awareness.
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ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.
12:23
And without any kind of emotional reactivity of what's happening.
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ื•ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
12:27
It's about keeping that button right on play
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื” play ืœื—ื•ืฅ
12:30
to experience the moment-to-moment unfolding of our lives.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:33
And mindfulness is not just a concept.
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ื•ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
12:36
It's more like practice,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืชืจื’ื•ืœ,
12:38
you have to embody this mindful mode of being to have any benefits.
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ืืชืค ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•.
12:42
And a lot of the work that we're doing, we're offering people programs
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ื•ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช
12:46
that give our participants a suite of exercises
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ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
12:49
that they should do daily
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ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื
12:51
in order to cultivate more moments of mindfulness in their life.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
12:55
And for many of the groups that we work with, high-stress groups,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืชื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื— ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
12:59
like I said -- soldiers, medical professionals --
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ - ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื --
13:03
for them, as we know, mind-wandering can be really dire.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
13:08
So we want to make sure we offer them very accessible,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื ืชื ืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื,
13:12
low time constraints to optimize the training,
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ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ,
13:15
so they can benefit from it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื•.
13:17
And when we do this, what we can do is track to see what happens,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”,
13:21
not just in their regular lives
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื
13:22
but in the most demanding circumstances that they may have.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
13:26
Why do we want to do this?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
13:27
Well, we want to, for example, give it to students right around finals season.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื.
13:31
Or we want to give the training to accountants during tax season.
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ืื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื•ืื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืก.
13:34
Or soldiers and marines while they're deploying.
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ืื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
13:37
Why is that?
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ืžื“ื•ืข?
13:38
Because those are the moments
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืœื• ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื
13:40
in which their attention is most likely to be vulnerable,
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ื‘ื”ื ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื”,
13:43
because of stress and mind-wandering.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื— ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™.
13:45
And those are also the moments
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ื•ืืœื• ื’ื ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื
13:47
in which we want their attention to be in peak shape
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ื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืื”
13:49
so they can perform well.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:51
So what we do in our research
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•
13:52
is we have them take a series of attention tests.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘.
13:55
We track their attention at the beginning of some kind of high-stress interval,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืœื—ืฅ,
13:59
and then two months later, we track them again,
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ื•ืื– ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื‘,
14:01
and we want to see if there's a difference.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
14:03
Is there any benefit of offering them mindfulness training?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช?
14:06
Can we protect against the lapses in attention
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘
14:08
that might arise over high stress?
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“?
14:12
So here's what we find.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•.
14:13
Over a high-stress interval,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
14:15
unfortunately, the reality is if we don't do anything at all,
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
14:18
attention declines,
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ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ืช,
14:19
people are worse at the end of this high-stress interval than before.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื–ื• ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื”.
14:22
But if we offer mindfulness training, we can protect against this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื”.
14:27
They stay stable, even though just like the other groups,
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ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช,
14:30
they were experiencing high stress.
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ืฉื—ื”ื ื—ื•ื• ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
14:32
And perhaps even more impressive
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืฉื™ื
14:34
is that if people take our training programs
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
14:36
over, let's say, eight weeks,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš, ื‘ื ื ืืžืจ, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
14:38
and they fully commit to doing the daily mindfulness exercises
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืœืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
14:41
that allow them to learn how to be in the present moment,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”,
14:46
well, they actually get better over time, even though they're in high stress.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
14:50
And this last point is actually important to realize,
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“,
14:52
because of what it suggests to us
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื–ื”
14:54
is that mindfulness exercises are very much like physical exercise:
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ืฉืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜:
14:58
if you don't do it, you don't benefit.
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ืื ืœื ืชืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื, ืœื ืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
15:01
But if you do engage in mindfulness practice,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ืŸ ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
15:03
the more you do, the more you benefit.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื, ื›ืš ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:07
And I want to just bring it back to Captain Jeff Davis.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงืคื˜ืŸ ื’'ืฃ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก.
15:11
As I mentioned to you at the beginning,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”
15:13
his marines were involved in the very first project
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
15:15
that we ever did, offering mindfulness training.
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ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•, ื‘ื• ื”ืฆืขื ื• ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
15:19
And they showed this exact pattern, which was very heartening.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืจืื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืžืžืฉ ืจื™ื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื•.
15:22
We had offered them the mindfulness training
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ื”ืฆืขื ื• ืœื”ื ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
15:24
right before they were deployed to Iraq.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืขื™ืจืง.
15:27
And upon their return, Captain Davis shared with us
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ืฉื™ืชืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•
15:30
what he was feeling was the benefit of this program.
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
15:34
He said that unlike last time,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช,
15:37
after this deployment, they were much more present.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื
15:40
They were discerning.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืจื ื™ื™ื.
15:42
They were not as reactive.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ื™ื.
15:43
And in some cases, they were really more compassionate
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืคืชื™ื™ื
15:46
with the people they were engaging with and each other.
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ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืชื ื”ื ื‘ืื• ื‘ืžื’ืข ื•ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
15:49
He said in many ways,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
15:50
he felt that the mindfulness training program we offered
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื›ื ื™ืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆืขื ื•
15:53
gave them a really important tool
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ื ืชื ื” ืœื”ื ื›ืœื™ ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
15:54
to protect against developing post-traumatic stress disorder
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ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ืœื ืงืจื‘
15:59
and even allowing it to turn into post-traumatic growth.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.
16:02
To us, this was very compelling.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื›ื ืข.
16:05
And it ended up that Captain Davis and I --
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ื•ืื ื™ --
16:07
you know, this was about a decade ago, in 2008 --
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘-2008 --
16:09
we've kept in touch all these years.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
16:12
And he himself has gone on to continue practicing mindfulness
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
16:16
in a daily way.
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ืžื™.
16:17
He was promoted to major,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืจื‘ ืกืจืŸ,
16:20
he actually then ended up retiring from the Marine Corps.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืฆื‘ื.
16:23
He went on to get a divorce, to get remarried,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื”ืชื’ืจืฉ, ื ื™ืฉื ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
16:27
to have a child, to get an MBA.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ ืœืขื•ืœื, ืกื™ื™ื ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™.
16:29
And through all of these challenges and transitions and joys of his life,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืืชื’ืจ, ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•,
16:34
he kept up with his mindfulness practice.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
16:37
And as fate would have it, just a few months ago,
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ื•ื–ื™ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ, ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
16:41
Captain Davis suffered a massive heart attack, at the age of 46.
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ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 46.
16:46
And he ended up calling me a few weeks ago.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
16:49
And he said, "I want to tell you something.
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ื•ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืžืฉื”ื•.
16:52
I know that the doctors who worked on me, they saved my heart,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื™, ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื™,
16:56
but mindfulness saved my life.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™.
17:00
The presence of mind I had to stop the ambulance
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ืงื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก
17:03
that ended up taking me to the hospital," -- himself,
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื", -- ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
17:07
the clarity of mind he had to notice when there was fear and anxiety happening
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ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ืคื—ื“ ื•ื—ืจื“ื”
17:12
but not be gripped by it --
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื• --
17:14
he said, "For me, these were the gifts of mindfulness."
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช".
17:17
And I was so relieved to hear that he was OK.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื•ื•ื— ืœื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
17:19
But really heartened to see that he had transformed his own attention.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื•.
17:25
He went from having a really bad boss --
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืก ืžืžืฉ ื’ืจื•ืข --
17:28
an attention system that nearly drove him off a bridge --
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื’ืจืžื” ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจืกืง ืžื”ื’ืฉืจ --
17:31
to one that was an exquisite leader and guide,
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ืœืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื ื”ื“ืจ,
17:34
and saved his life.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.
17:37
So I want to actually end by sharing my call to action to all of you.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื.
17:41
And here it is.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื.
17:42
Pay attention to your attention.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื.
17:45
Alright?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
17:46
Pay attention to your attention
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื
17:49
and incorporate mindfulness training as part of your daily wellness toolkit,
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืืจื’ื– ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื›ื,
17:54
in order to tame your own wandering mind
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืกืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ืฉืœื›ื
17:57
and to allow your attention to be a trusted guide in your own life.
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ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
18:01
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
18:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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