How to tame your wandering mind | Amishi Jha

348,268 views ใƒป 2018-04-18

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yoonyoung Chang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:14
Consider the following statement:
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์ด ๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
00:16
human beings only use 10 percent of their brain capacity.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋‡Œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 10%๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
Well, as a neuroscientist, I can tell you
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
that while Morgan Freeman delivered this line
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๋ชจ๊ฑด ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋จผ์ด ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ํŠน์œ ์˜
00:25
with the gravitas that makes him a great actor,
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์ง„์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:28
this statement is entirely false.
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์ด ๋ง์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:32
The truth is, human beings use 100 percent of their brain capacity.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋‡Œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ 100%๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
The brain is a highly efficient, energy-demanding organ
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ
00:40
that gets fully utilized
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ 
00:43
and even though it is at full capacity being used,
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์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„
00:47
it suffers from a problem of information overload.
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์ •๋ณด ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
There's far too much in the environment than it can fully process.
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์ฃผ์œ„์— ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:53
So to solve this problem of overload,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
00:56
evolution devised a solution,
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์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:58
which is the brain's attention system.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
Attention allows us
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์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋ฉด
01:03
to notice, select and direct the brain's computational resources
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๋‡Œ์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ์ž์›์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ„๊ณ , ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์‹œํ•ด์„œ
01:07
to a subset of all that's available.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ง‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ž์›์„ ์ธ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
We can think of attention as the leader of the brain.
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์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
Wherever attention goes, the rest of the brain follows.
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์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€์ฃ .
01:16
In some sense, it's your brain's boss.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
And over the last 15 years,
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์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ €๋Š”
01:21
I've been studying the human brain's attention system.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
In all of our studies, I've been very interested in one question.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ, ์ €๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
If it is indeed the case that our attention is the brain's boss,
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์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋ฉด
01:32
is it a good boss?
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์ข‹์€ ์ƒ์‚ฌ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:33
Does it actually guide us well?
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์ด๋Œ๊นŒ์š”?
01:36
And to dig in on this big question, I wanted to know three things.
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ, ์ €๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
First, how does attention control our perception?
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
01:44
Second, why does it fail us,
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๋‘˜์งธ, ์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
01:46
often leaving us feeling foggy and distracted?
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๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‘์–ด ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
01:50
And third, can we do anything about this fogginess,
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์…‹์งธ, ์ด ํ˜ผ๋ž€ํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
01:53
can we train our brain to pay better attention?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ฃผ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ต์œกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
01:57
To have more strong and stable attention in the work that we do in our lives.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ผ๊ณผ ์‚ถ์—์„œ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:03
So I wanted to give you a brief glimpse
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ด์•ผํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ
02:07
into how we're going to look at this.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
A very poignant example
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์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
02:11
of how our attention ends up getting utilized.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€์Šด ์•„ํ”ˆ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
02:15
And I want to do it using the example of somebody that I know quite well.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
He ends up being part of a very large group of people that we work with,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
for whom attention is a matter of life and death.
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์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
02:27
Think of medical professionals
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์ „๋ฌธ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„
02:29
or firefighters
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ํ˜น์€ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€
02:31
or soldiers or marines.
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ตฐ์ธ ํ˜น์€ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:34
This is the story of a marine captain, Captain Jeff Davis.
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ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ๋Œ€์œ„, ์ œํ”„ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„์Šค ๋Œ€์œ„์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
And the scene that I'm going to share with you, as you can see,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
02:41
is not about his time in the battlefield.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ „์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
He was actually on a bridge, in Florida.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์œ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
But instead of looking at the scenery around him,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
02:49
seeing the beautiful vistas
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ 
02:50
and noticing the cool ocean breezes,
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์‹œ์›ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
02:53
he was driving fast and contemplating driving off that bridge.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
And he would later tell me that it took all of everything he had not to do so.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•ˆํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ์Ÿ์•„๋ถ€์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
You see, he'd just returned from Iraq.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ง‰ ์ด๋ผํฌ์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์™”์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
And while his body was on that bridge,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์œ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
03:08
his mind, his attention, was thousands of miles away.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋งˆ์ผ ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
He was gripped with suffering.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์— ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜€์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
His mind was worried and preoccupied
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์€ ๊ฑฑ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ •์‹ ์ด ํŒ”๋ ธ๊ณ 
03:16
and had stressful memories and, really, dread for his future.
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
And I'm really glad that he didn't take his life.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ถ์„ ๋๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
Because he, as a leader, knew that he wasn't the only one
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋”๋กœ์„œ ๊ณ ํ†ต๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
03:28
that was probably suffering;
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์ž์‹  ํ˜ผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
many of his fellow marines probably were, too.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํž˜๋“ค์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
And in the year 2008, he partnered with me in the first-of-its-kind project
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2008๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
that actually allowed us to test and offer something called mindfulness training
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๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ๊ต์œก์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
to active-duty military personnel.
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ํ˜„์—ญ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:44
But before I tell you about what mindfulness training is,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ๊ต์œก์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€
03:47
or the results of that study,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์—
03:49
I think it's important to understand how attention works in the brain.
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๋‡Œ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
So what we do in the laboratory
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š”
03:56
is that many of our studies of attention involve brain-wave recordings.
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์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‡ŒํŒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
In these brain wave recordings, people wear funny-looking caps
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์ด ๋‡ŒํŒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ• ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ์Šค๊ฝ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
that are sort of like swimming caps, that have electrodes embedded in them.
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์ˆ˜์˜๋ชจ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ „๊ทน์ด ๋‚ด์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
These electrodes pick up the ongoing brain electrical activity.
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์ด๋“ค ์ „๊ทน์€ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
And they do it with millisecond temporal precision.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ 0.001์ดˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
So we can see these small yet detectable voltage fluctuations over time.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ ํƒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ „์•• ํŒŒ๋™์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
And doing this, we can very precisely plot the timing of the brain's activity.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋งค์šฐ ์ž์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋„ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
About 170 milliseconds
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0.17์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ
04:29
after we show our research participants a face on the screen,
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ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ํ›„
04:33
we see a very reliable, detectable brain signature.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ํƒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‡Œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
It happens right at the back of the scalp,
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๋‘ํ”ผ์˜ ๋’ค์ชฝ ์˜ค๋ฅธํŽธ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:39
above the regions of the brain that are involved in face processing.
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์–ผ๊ตด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‡Œ ์˜์—ญ ์œ„์ชฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
Now, this happens so reliably and so on cue,
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ๋•Œ
04:47
as the brain's face detector,
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๋งค์šฐ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ
04:49
that we've even given this brain-wave component a name.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‡ŒํŒŒ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ง€์–ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
We call it the N170 component.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” N170 ์š”์†Œ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
And we use this component in many of our studies.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
It allows us to see the impact that attention may have on our perception.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์— ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
I'm going to give you a sense of the kind of experiments
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋Š๊ปด๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
that we actually do in the lab.
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์‹ค์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:07
We would show participants images like this one.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
You should see a face and a scene overlaid on each other.
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์–ผ๊ตด๊ณผ ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฒน์ณ์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
And what we do is we ask our participants
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ
05:16
as they're viewing a series of these types of overlaid images,
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๊ฒน์ณ์ง„ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
to do something with their attention.
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05:22
On some trials, we'll ask them to pay attention to the face.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ์–ผ๊ตด์— ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜๋ผ ์š”์ฒญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
And to make sure they're doing that,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:27
we ask them to tell us, by pressing a button,
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์–ผ๊ตด์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
05:30
if the face appeared to be male or female.
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๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
On other trials,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š”
05:34
we ask them to tell what the scene was -- was it indoor or outdoor?
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์‹ค๋‚ด์˜€๋Š”์ง€, ์‹ค์™ธ์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ํ’๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
And in this way, we can manipulate attention
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:40
and confirm that the participants were actually doing what we said.
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์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
Our hypotheses about attention were as follows:
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์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
if attention is indeed doing its job and affecting perception,
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์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:53
maybe it works like an amplifier.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ฆํญ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
And what I mean by this
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:57
is that when we direct attention to the face,
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์–ผ๊ตด์— ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹œํ•  ๋•Œ
05:59
it becomes clearer and more salient,
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
06:02
it's easier to see.
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๋” ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
But when we direct it to the scene, the face becomes barely perceptible
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ’๊ฒฝ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด ํ’๊ฒฝ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
06:07
as we process the scene information.
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์–ผ๊ตด์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
So what we wanted to do
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:12
is look at this brain-wave component of face detection, the N170,
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์–ผ๊ตด ๊ฐ์ง€ ์‹œ, N170 ๋‡ŒํŒŒ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ 
06:16
and see if it changed at all
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์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์—
06:18
as a function of where our participants were paying attention --
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์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‡ŒํŒŒ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
to the scene or the face.
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06:23
And here's what we found.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
We found that when they paid attention to the face,
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์–ผ๊ตด์— ์ฃผ์˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ N170๊ฐ€
06:27
the N170 was larger.
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๋” ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
And when they paid attention to the scene, as you can see in red, it was smaller.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ’๊ฒฝ์— ์ฃผ์˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์„ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋” ์ž‘์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
And that gap you see between the blue and red lines
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ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์„ ๊ณผ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์„  ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋งค์šฐ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
is pretty powerful.
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06:37
What it tells us is that attention,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
06:39
which is really the only thing that changed,
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06:41
since the images they viewed were identical in both cases --
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:43
attention changes perception.
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์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
And it does so very fast.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
Within 170 milliseconds of actually seeing a face.
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์‹ค์ œ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ณด๋Š” 0.17์ดˆ ๋‚ด์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:51
In our follow-up studies, we wanted to see what would happen,
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ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
06:54
how could we perturb or diminish this effect.
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์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
And our hunch was that if you put people in a very stressful environment,
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์ €ํฌ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋‘๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:02
if you distract them with disturbing, negative images,
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๋ถˆํŽธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
07:05
images of suffering and violence --
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๊ณ ํ†ต๊ณผ ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑด๋ฐ
07:07
sort of like what you might see on the news, unfortunately --
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๋‰ด์Šค์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋ฒ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
07:10
that doing this might actually affect their attention.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฃผ์˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ง์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:13
And that's indeed what we found.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
If we present stressful images while they're doing this experiment,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด
07:18
this gap of attention shrinks, its power diminishes.
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์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ค„๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฐ•๋„๋„ ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
So in some of our other studies,
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
07:24
we wanted to see, OK, great --
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ฒŒ
07:26
not great, actually, bad news that stress does this to the brain --
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์•„๋‹ˆ ํฐ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‚˜์œ ๋‰ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:29
but if it is the case that stress has this powerful influence on attention
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
07:33
through external distraction,
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์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:35
what if we don't need external distraction,
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์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ์ง€
07:37
what if we distract ourselves?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
And to do this,
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:40
we had to basically come up with an experiment
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
07:42
in which we could have people generate their own mind-wandering.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
This is having off-task thoughts
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด์— ๊ด€์—ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
07:48
while we're engaged in an ongoing task of some sort.
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์—…๋ฌด์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
And the trick to mind-wandering is that essentially, you bore people.
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๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌ˜์ฑ…์€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
So hopefully there's not a lot of mind-wandering happening right now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
When we bore people,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๋•Œ
08:01
people happily generate all kinds of internal content to occupy themselves.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
So we devised what might be considered
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:08
one of the world's most boring experiments.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
All the participants saw were a series of faces on the screen,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ํ™”๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
one after another.
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08:14
They pressed the button every time they saw the face.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
That was pretty much it.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
Well, one trick was that sometimes, the face would be upside down,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฌ˜์ฑ…์€ ์ข…์ข…, ์–ผ๊ตด์˜ ์œ„์•„๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
08:21
and it would happen very infrequently.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
On those trials they were told just to withhold the response.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
Pretty soon, we could tell that they were successfully mind-wandering,
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๋งค์šฐ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ, ๊ทธ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
because they pressed the button when that face was upside down.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ์œ„์•„๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด๋„ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋ €๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
Even though it's quite plain to see that it was upside down.
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์–ผ๊ตด์˜ ์œ„์•„๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด๋ฐ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:35
So we wanted to know what happens when people have mind-wandering.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:39
And what we found was that,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:41
very similar to external stress
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์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€
08:43
and external distraction in the environment,
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์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ•ด์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ
08:45
internal distraction, our own mind wandering,
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๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉํ•ด, ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐ์€
08:48
also shrinks the gap of attention.
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์—ญ์‹œ ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
It diminishes attention's power.
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์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
So what do all of these studies tell us?
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:56
They tell us that attention is very powerful
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์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์— ๋งค์šฐ
08:59
in terms of affecting our perception.
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
Even though it's so powerful, it's also fragile and vulnerable.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•จ์—๋„ ์†์ƒ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
And things like stress and mind-wandering diminish its power.
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
But that's all in the context of these very controlled laboratory settings.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์„ค์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
What about in the real world?
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ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
09:15
What about in our actual day-to-day life?
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์‹ค์ œ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
09:17
What about now?
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์–ด๋–ค๊ฐ€์š”?
09:18
Where is your attention right now?
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์— ์–ด๋””์— ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
09:21
To kind of bring it back,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
09:22
I'd like to make a prediction about your attention
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
09:24
for the remainder of my talk.
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์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
Are you up for it?
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํ•ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
09:27
Here's the prediction.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
You will be unaware of what I'm saying for four out of the next eight minutes.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ 8๋ถ„ ์ค‘ 4๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:34
It's a challenge, so pay attention, please.
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์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋‹ˆ, ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
09:37
Now, why am I saying this?
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์ž, ์™œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
09:40
I'm surely going to assume that you're going to remain seated
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณ„์† ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์•‰์•„
09:44
and, you know, graciously keep your eyes on me as I speak.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณ ๋ง™๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
But a growing body of literature suggests that we mind-wander,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
09:52
we take our mind away from the task at hand,
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๊นจ์–ด์žˆ๋Š” 50%์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
09:54
about 50 percent of our waking moments.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
These might be small, little trips that we take away,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์—ฌํ–‰์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
private thoughts that we have.
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10:02
And when this mind-wandering happens,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ
10:05
it can be problematic.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
Now I don't think there will be any dire consequences
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ
10:09
with you all sitting here today,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
10:10
but imagine a military leader missing four minutes of a military briefing,
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๊ตฐ ๋ฆฌ๋”๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ์˜ 4๋ถ„์„ ๋†“์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:14
or a judge missing four minutes of testimony.
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ํ˜น์€ ํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ์–ธ 4๋ถ„์„ ๋†“์นœ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:18
Or a surgeon or firefighter missing any time.
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์™ธ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋†“์นœ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:20
The consequences in those cases could be dire.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋”์ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
So we might ask why do we do this?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
10:25
Why do we mind-wander so much?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:27
Well, part of the answer is that our mind is an exquisite time-traveling master.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋‹ต์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์Œ์€ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
It can actually time travel very easily.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
If we think of the mind as the metaphor of the music player, we see this.
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๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์Œ์•… ์žฌ์ƒ๊ธฐ์˜ ์€์œ ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
We can rewind the mind to the past
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๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:41
to reflect on events that have already happened, right?
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
10:44
Or we can go and fast-future, to plan for the next thing that we want to do.
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ํ˜น์€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋กœ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
And we land in this mental time-travel mode of the past or the future
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ
10:53
very frequently.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
And we land there often without our awareness,
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์ข…์ข… ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋†“๋Š”๋ฐ
10:57
most times without our awareness,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋†“๋Š”๋ฐ
10:58
even if we want to be paying attention.
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์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
Think of just the last time you were trying to read a book,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด,
11:03
got to the bottom of the page with no idea what the words were saying.
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ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ์•„๋ž˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ์“ฐ์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋ฌด ์ƒ๊ฐ ์—†์ด ์ฝ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
This happens to us.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
And when this happens, when we mind-wander without an awareness that we're doing it,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ๋•Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ
11:14
there are consequences.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
We make errors.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
We miss critical information, sometimes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋†“์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
And we have difficulty making decisions.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
What's worse is when we experience stress.
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๋” ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
When we're in a moment of overwhelm.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„
11:30
We don't just reflect on the past when we rewind,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฐ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
11:33
we end up being in the past ruminating, reliving or regretting
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์žฌ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
11:38
events that have already happened.
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ํ›„ํšŒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
Or under stress, we fast-forward the mind.
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ํ˜น์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
Not just to productively plan.
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์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
But we end up catastrophizing or worrying
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
11:47
about events that haven't happened yet
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์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฑ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ
11:49
and frankly may never happen.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
So at this point, you might be thinking to yourself, OK,
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์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜,
11:54
mind-wandering's happening a lot.
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๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:57
Often, it happens without our awareness.
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์ข…์ข…, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
And under stress, it's even worse --
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋” ์•…ํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
we mind-wander more powerfully and more often.
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๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
Is there anything we can possibly do about this?
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์—†์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:07
And I'm happy to say the answer is yes.
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์ €๋Š” ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
From our work, we're learning
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
12:11
that the opposite of a stressed and wandering mind is a mindful one.
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
Mindfulness has to do with paying attention
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๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€์€ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ
12:20
to our present-moment experience with awareness.
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ํ˜„ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
And without any kind of emotional reactivity of what's happening.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์—†์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
It's about keeping that button right on play
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๋งค ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š”
12:30
to experience the moment-to-moment unfolding of our lives.
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์žฌ์ƒ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
And mindfulness is not just a concept.
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๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
It's more like practice,
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์—ฐ์Šต์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ 
12:38
you have to embody this mindful mode of being to have any benefits.
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ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ฒดํ™”์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
And a lot of the work that we're doing, we're offering people programs
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘์—…์€, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ถ์—์„œ
12:46
that give our participants a suite of exercises
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
12:49
that they should do daily
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๋งค์ผ์˜ ์—ฐ์Šต ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ
12:51
in order to cultivate more moments of mindfulness in their life.
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์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
And for many of the groups that we work with, high-stress groups,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋†’์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ
12:59
like I said -- soldiers, medical professionals --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ตฐ์ธ, ์ „๋ฌธ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์ธ๋ฐ,
13:03
for them, as we know, mind-wandering can be really dire.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ, ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์ •๋ง ๋”์ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
So we want to make sure we offer them very accessible,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:12
low time constraints to optimize the training,
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๊ต์œก์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„,
13:15
so they can benefit from it.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
And when we do this, what we can do is track to see what happens,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:21
not just in their regular lives
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
13:22
but in the most demanding circumstances that they may have.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ์ถ”์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
Why do we want to do this?
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:27
Well, we want to, for example, give it to students right around finals season.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ง๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
Or we want to give the training to accountants during tax season.
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ํ˜น์€ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํšŒ๊ณ„์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
Or soldiers and marines while they're deploying.
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ตฐ์ธ๊ณผ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
Why is that?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
13:38
Because those are the moments
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€
13:40
in which their attention is most likely to be vulnerable,
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์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ
13:43
because of stress and mind-wandering.
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
And those are also the moments
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€
13:47
in which we want their attention to be in peak shape
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์ •์— ๋‹ฌํ•ด
13:49
so they can perform well.
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๋” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
So what we do in our research
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
13:52
is we have them take a series of attention tests.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ฃผ์˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
We track their attention at the beginning of some kind of high-stress interval,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋†’์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:59
and then two months later, we track them again,
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2๋‹ฌ ํ›„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜์—ฌ
14:01
and we want to see if there's a difference.
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์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
Is there any benefit of offering them mindfulness training?
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๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ๊ต์œก ์ œ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:06
Can we protect against the lapses in attention
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๋†’์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๋Š”
14:08
that might arise over high stress?
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์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:12
So here's what we find.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
Over a high-stress interval,
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๋†’์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ๋™์•ˆ
14:15
unfortunately, the reality is if we don't do anything at all,
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด, ํ˜„์‹ค์€
14:18
attention declines,
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์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ 
14:19
people are worse at the end of this high-stress interval than before.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋†’์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ์•…ํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
But if we offer mindfulness training, we can protect against this.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
They stay stable, even though just like the other groups,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋†’์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•จ์—๋„
14:30
they were experiencing high stress.
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์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:32
And perhaps even more impressive
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋” ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
14:34
is that if people take our training programs
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:36
over, let's say, eight weeks,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 8์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ
14:38
and they fully commit to doing the daily mindfulness exercises
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์ผ ๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:41
that allow them to learn how to be in the present moment,
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ํ˜„ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
14:46
well, they actually get better over time, even though they're in high stress.
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๋†’์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์—์„œ๋„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:50
And this last point is actually important to realize,
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์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
14:52
because of what it suggests to us
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
14:54
is that mindfulness exercises are very much like physical exercise:
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๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ์—ฐ์Šต์ด ์šด๋™๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:58
if you don't do it, you don't benefit.
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ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด, ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:01
But if you do engage in mindfulness practice,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
15:03
the more you do, the more you benefit.
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๋งŽ์ด ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
And I want to just bring it back to Captain Jeff Davis.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ œํ”„ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„์Šค ๋Œ€์œ„์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
As I mentioned to you at the beginning,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
15:13
his marines were involved in the very first project
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๊ทธ์˜ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”
15:15
that we ever did, offering mindfulness training.
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์ œ์ผ ์ฒซ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
And they showed this exact pattern, which was very heartening.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
We had offered them the mindfulness training
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ผํฌ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ „์—
15:24
right before they were deployed to Iraq.
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๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
And upon their return, Captain Davis shared with us
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๋ณต๊ท€ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„์Šค ๋Œ€์œ„๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
15:30
what he was feeling was the benefit of this program.
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋‚€ ์ ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
He said that unlike last time,
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋ฒˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
15:37
after this deployment, they were much more present.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ํ›„, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ž˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
They were discerning.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„๋ณ„๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
They were not as reactive.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
And in some cases, they were really more compassionate
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด
15:46
with the people they were engaging with and each other.
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์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ฐ„์— ๊ณต๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:49
He said in many ways,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ
15:50
he felt that the mindfulness training program we offered
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๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
15:53
gave them a really important tool
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์™ธ์ƒ ํ›„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
15:54
to protect against developing post-traumatic stress disorder
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์™ธ์ƒ ํ›„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”
15:59
and even allowing it to turn into post-traumatic growth.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
To us, this was very compelling.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:05
And it ended up that Captain Davis and I --
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๋ฐ์ด๋น„์Šค ๋Œ€์œ„์™€ ์ €๋Š”
16:07
you know, this was about a decade ago, in 2008 --
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2008๋…„์ด๋‹ˆ 10๋…„ ์ „ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ธ๋ฐ
16:09
we've kept in touch all these years.
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์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:12
And he himself has gone on to continue practicing mindfulness
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ
16:16
in a daily way.
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๋งค์ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:17
He was promoted to major,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ,
16:20
he actually then ended up retiring from the Marine Corps.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ „์—ญํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:23
He went on to get a divorce, to get remarried,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ดํ˜ผํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์žฌํ˜ผํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
16:27
to have a child, to get an MBA.
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์•„์ด๋„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ณ , MBA๋„ ๋งˆ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:29
And through all of these challenges and transitions and joys of his life,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ถ์—์„œ์˜ ๋„์ „๊ณผ ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์จ์„,
16:34
he kept up with his mindfulness practice.
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๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ์—ฐ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:37
And as fate would have it, just a few months ago,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „์—,
16:41
Captain Davis suffered a massive heart attack, at the age of 46.
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๋ฐ์ด๋น„์Šค ๋Œ€์œ„๋Š” 46์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์ค‘์ฆ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:46
And he ended up calling me a few weeks ago.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ์ „์— ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
And he said, "I want to tell you something.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:52
I know that the doctors who worked on me, they saved my heart,
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์ €๋ฅผ ์ง„๋ฃŒํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด, ์ œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
16:56
but mindfulness saved my life.
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๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€์€ ์ œ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:00
The presence of mind I had to stop the ambulance
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๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
17:03
that ended up taking me to the hospital," -- himself,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:07
the clarity of mind he had to notice when there was fear and anxiety happening
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๋‘๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ˜์ง€
17:12
but not be gripped by it --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
he said, "For me, these were the gifts of mindfulness."
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"์ €์—๊ฒŒ, ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:17
And I was so relieved to hear that he was OK.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ ์„œ์•ผ ์ €๋Š” ์•ˆ์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:19
But really heartened to see that he had transformed his own attention.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:25
He went from having a really bad boss --
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ๋ป”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด
17:28
an attention system that nearly drove him off a bridge --
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์ •๋ง ๋‚˜์œ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œํ•˜๊ณ 
17:31
to one that was an exquisite leader and guide,
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17:34
and saved his life.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:37
So I want to actually end by sharing my call to action to all of you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ €์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ์ง€์นจ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:41
And here it is.
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:42
Pay attention to your attention.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด์„ธ์š”.
17:45
Alright?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
17:46
Pay attention to your attention
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ 
17:49
and incorporate mindfulness training as part of your daily wellness toolkit,
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๋”ด์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ธธ๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ถ์—
17:54
in order to tame your own wandering mind
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
17:57
and to allow your attention to be a trusted guide in your own life.
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๋งˆ์Œ์ฑ™๊น€ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์›ฐ๋น™ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€์„ธ์š”.
18:01
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:02
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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